Pure Gems of Ramayanam

By krishnan aravamudan

His first book Srimad Valmiki Ramayanam in English is a truthful but concise reproduction of the original work in Sanskrit by Sage Valmiki. It is a well-known Indian epic.
His second book Ramayana Th oomanigal in Tamil is an elaborate research work on the role of twelve characters of Valmiki Ramayanam.
His third work is Mahabharathathil Krishnan in Tamil dealing with the role of Lord Krishna in Mahabharatham, another great Indian epic.
His fourth book is Kamban Kanum Th irumal in Tamil . He has chosen three hundred and seventy five wonderful verses from the well-known Tamil masterpiece Kamba Ramayanam, in which the great poet Kamban depicts Rama, a man, as Lord Vishnu, the God. These verses are based on a very rich
background in Tamil literature.
The present work Pure Gems of Ramayanam is an English translation of his Ramayana Th oomanigal in Tamil, the second book written by him. It is a research work on the twelve characters of Valmiki Ramayanam.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Partridge Publishing India
• Release date: Sep 22, 2014
• ISBN: 9781482837193

krishnan aravamudan

Mr. A.Krishnan is a Post Graduate in Mathematics of University of Madras(India) and a Gold Medalist. He hails from a well-known family of scholars. He served as The Managing Director of a leading Public Sector Bank. He took up writing after retirement form active service in the year 1996.

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Pure Gems

of Ramayanam

krishnan aravamudan

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Copyright © 2014 by krishnan aravamudan.

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Contents

Preface

1 Rama

2 Sita

3 Lakshmana

4 Hanuman

5 Ravana

6 Kumbakarna

7 Dasaratha

8 Kaikeyi

9 Bharatha

10 Sugriva

11 Guha

12 Vibheeshana

Preface

I worship Rama

I worship Lakshmana

I worship Sita

H anuman worshipped thus, before he proceeded to Asoka Garden to search for Sita there. Hanuman, who was not able to succeed in his efforts until then to see Sita, despite all his strenuous efforts, met with success ultimately.

I worship Rama, Lakshmana, Sita as also Hanuman who are always seen together in temples and pictures. I pray to them that this work, which I have undertaken, should be completed successfully.

Ramayanam is a treasure, which is beyond value. Ramayanam is also a vast ocean, with unfathomable depth. Sacred precious stones are hidden in it. As we undertake to research that great epic, many new revelations would start unraveling themselves, one after another. It will be an uphill task to have a good grasp of them all and to understand them all fully and clearly. Several experts, possessing outstanding knowledge, have imbibed the salient features of Ramayanam from their ancestors and teachers and by virtue of their own experiences they enlighten the audiences with awesome commentaries. Ramayanam is an epic of unimaginable dimensions. I have taken up the task of presenting to the readers a detailed study of the characters and their roles, which shine like jewels in Ramayanam. This work deals with twelve characters.

There are several characters in Ramayanam. It is my humble view that the characters are not to be placed in the order of their importance, after analyzing them with some yard sticks. Every character has his or her own special highlights. Each has special characteristics. Ramayanam is, in a way, a predetermined drama. It is the story of Rama, who had descended on Earth as a man in order to kill Ravana. It is believed that each and every scene had been preconceived and each character had been assigned the role to perform in the pre-determined manner meticulously. There are characters possessing virtues. Some characters had also to be depicted as possessing loathsome and evil nature. The aim of this work is to analyse thoroughly all the noble as well as ignoble features of these characters. There is a saying that what one learns is as small as sands in the palm, whereas what is left to be learnt is as vast as the world. I might have covered only a small portion of the size of a mustard seed. If I have undertaken this mammoth and sacred story, it is because of my unstinted faith on Rama, due to my Rama Bhakthi. Sita Rama is my God. I trust Rama Nama. Many shortcomings may be found in this humble presentation of mine. They are certainly due to my own incomplete knowledge.

Each character will be found to possess qualities attributable to them alone. Keeping this in view, a detailed study of each character has been undertaken by me. But instead of listing out all the qualities of a particular character and then narrating the scenes in which they are to be found, I have adopted the method of depicting the sequences in Ramayanam in the order in which they have been written by Sage Valmiki and describing how that character stands presented and which quality stands highlighted in those sequences. It is my intention that the reader would find the reading interesting, generating keenness on his part to go ahead with a spirit of enthusiasm provided by the continuity. I believe that such an approach would build up the tempo needed to read with interest and enthusiasm. The reader would not only have the opportunity to know all the features of a particular character, as they appear in the main story, as also to study Ramayanam entirely, instead of reading portions in a scattered way. However, this approach would invariably result in repetitions, which is unavoidable.

This work is based on Srimad Valmiki Ramayanam of Sage Valmiki only. Uttara kandam stands excluded.

The title given to this book is ‘Pure Gems of Ramayanam’. It is a translation of ‘Ramayana Thoomanigal, the title of the original work, written by me in Tamil. ‘Thoomani’ means pure gem and it is a word which has been used by Sri Andal in her wonderful ‘Thiruppavai’. This work now presented to you is the English translation of my original book. I am happy to find that my Tamil book has been very well received by Tamil readers. I thought that an English version would reach vast readers in India and abroad.

My first work was SRIMAD VALMIKI RAMAYANAM in English. That work covered Valmiki Ramayanam, from Bala Kandam to Yudda Kandam in simple English, truthfully, with absolutely no deviation from the original. I had refrained from making any comments on the way the various characters had been depicted by Sage Valmiki. As I had a desire to make a detailed research and offer meaningful comments on the various characters, I chose to take up this work in Tamil to fulfill my ambition.

A doubt may arise as to how the term ‘pure gem’ may apply even to characters who had no positive role to play. It is indisputable that those characters had also played a significant role, mercilessly and relentlessly, making no compromise whatsoever with what had been assigned to them. If they had made even a slight slip, the story would have turned to be different. Ravana had asserted that it was his inborn nature that he would never bend but he may be broken. Kaikeyi was adamant that she would not eat or sleep until she heard that Rama had reached the forest and that she was even prepared to die if her demand was not met. With Ravana never bending, and with Kaikeyi never relenting on her demand to send Rama to the forest, Ramayanam story was enacted as planned. The purity aspect in their case has to be looked into from that angle.

It is difficult for me to mention the names of those who were behind me in making this work possible. I express my gratitude to them.

A. KRISHNAN

Old 72, New 15, Luz Avenue,

Mylapore, Chennai 600004.

Phone No: 044 -24992998

1

Rama

I t is well known that Lord Narayana chose to take incarnation as Rama, as a man, in order to kill Ravana. But Rama did not appear in this world, as any other ordinary man, possessing only valour. He distinguished himself as an outstanding personality, possessing all noble and virtuous qualities, moulding him as the tallest among all those known for their greatness. The way he led his life was an example for everyone to emulate. It is my humble effort to bring out in this book all his admirable and unequalled qualities.

Sage Valmiki describes very beautifully the qualities of Rama in the very first Sargam (Chapter) of his Ramayanam. It was the celestial Sage Narada who had narrated the story of Rama to Sage Valmiki and the latter learnt the sacred story for the first time, when Sage Narada appeared before him. Sage Valmiki, with all sincerity and eagerness enquired of Sage Narada, Who, now living in this world, is the embodiment of virtuous qualities, the one with valour, knowing fully well the tenets of Dharma(Righteousness), possessing the sense of gratitude, uttering truth, adhering to vows firmly, distinct for leading a blameless life, kindly disposed to all living beings, very learned, achieving all tasks, having sweet personal appearance, possessing tremendous strength of mind, conquering anger, radiant, not envious towards others and whom, when engaged in a ferocious battle, even gods tremble to face.

(These are the sixteen qualities which Sage Valmiki had mentioned to Sage Narada)

We could understand what each of the above qualities signified and what highest standards these set. Sage Narada admitted that it would be rare to find one possessing all these qualities together but revealed that it was Rama of Ikshvaku dynasty who was the only one adorning himself with all those qualities.

So far as Rama was concerned, these qualities which Rama possessed, derived for themselves such unique characteristics, which were not found in any other person whom any one might come across anywhere in the world, in any scripture or in any epic. We would see in this book, how each of these qualities, paints Rama in a way, as the one possessing them in a much broader and enlightened manner than what the mere terms literally convey. For example,

Embodiment of all good qualities

When Rama is described as the one possessing all noble qualities, there are two qualities in him which come up for admiration particularly, more than the others. They are his accessibility to all and his merciful nature. Rama was easily accessible to everyone, irrespective of status, whether highly or lowly born. Even though he belonged to a royal family, which was to be considered as the highest from the considerations of status, he moved without any inhibition, showed extreme affection and kindness even towards others who bore a much lower status in society. His mercy was not confined to his friends and relations, but even towards his enemies and those antagonistic to him.

Possessing a sweet personal appearance

Rama’s attractive features were indeed divine. Those who were charmed by his personality were not only his father, mothers and wife; all people, irrespective of whether, female or male, had lost themselves in awe while looking at Rama’s handsome face.

Outstanding valour

A person with outstanding valour must possess some unique qualities. Once he steps into the battle ground, he should emerge victorious. The enemy should either be killed or he should run away from the battlefield for saving his life. The enemy who thus runs away should not be chased and hit. The one, considered as an outstanding warrior, should under no circumstances, retreat. Rama was a symbol of outstanding prowess in warfare.

Very learned

A learned person should possess full knowledge of all scriptures. Besides being himself learned, he should also acknowledge the greatness of other learned personalities, and should not be jealous of them. (One learned man would not be seen normally respecting another learned man. He would tend towards finding fault in others.) Rama was pure as a learned man.

Conquering anger

It would not be proper to consider Rama as the one who never showed anger. If there were justifiable grounds to show anger, anger ought to be then shown. But that anger must be brought under control immediately. Rama belonged to that category.

We shall see in this book how Rama’s various qualities come into display in different contexts.

Narada narrated to Valmiki Rama’s story in brief but before doing so, he brought out Rama’s sixty four qualities.

They are,

- Tremendous prowess.

- Shines because of radiance around him.

- A person of firm conviction.

- Very charming personal appearance.

- Possessing tremendous intelligence.

- Adheres to the principles of law.

- Speaks clearly.

- A man of riches.

- Destroys his foes.

- Has strong and raised shoulders.

- His arms are strong.

- His neck is like a conch.

- His cheeks are chubby.

- His chest is broad.

- He is a great archer.

- Bones in his neck are covered by well grown muscles.

- His long arms reach beyond his knee caps.

- His head is elegant.

- His forehead is elegant.

- His gait is elegant.

- His limbs are proportionate to one another, well- marked and separated.

- His complexion is attractive.

- He is mighty.

- His eyes are broad.

- His personality signifies prosperity.

- His features depict auspiciousness.

- He is a believer in Righteousness and talks truth only.

- He is keen on doing good things to the people.

- His fame is well known.

- He has wealth of knowledge and is wise.

- He is pure and clean.

- People are attracted towards him.

- He is cool, and calm. He thinks carefully before acting.

- He is like God Brahma.

- He is modest.

- He is generous.

- He vanquishes enemies.

- He protects all living beings.

- He protects Righteousness with determination.

- He protects the tenets of Righteousness set by him for himself.

- He protects all his own people.

- He knows Vedas and all their various segments.

- He is an expert in archery.

- He knows the messages of all scriptures.

- He has a tremendous memory power.

- He knows the implications and the intricacies of all the essential aspects of the codes relating to the mankind.

- He is loved by all humanity.

- He is noble.

- He is majestic.

- He is shrewd.

- Great people crave for him like the rivers merging with the sea.

- He is worshipped.

- He treats all as equal.

- He looks at everyone with kind disposition.

- His mother Kausalya’s happiness grows because of him.

- All great qualities are enshrined in him.

- In majesty he is like an ocean.

- In courage, he is like Himalayas.

- In prowess, he is equal to Lord Vishnu.

- For sweet personal appearance he is like Moon.

- In anger, he is like the deadly fire in deluge.

- In forbearance, he is like Earth.

- In generosity, he is like Kubera.

- In truthfulness, he is like another God of Truth, Dharma.

Rama’s qualities were so many that they could not be counted. The qualities of Rama, which Sage Narada had brought out, were those which Rama had displayed and revealed in various contexts in Ramayana. We shall see, in detail, in this book an analysis of all these episodes.

(It would appear that some of Rama’s qualities have been appearing above, more than once. It has been done with a view to fully reflect what Narada had conveyed to Valmiki).

All gods led by Indra approached Lord Brahma and prayed for the killing of Ravana, who was oppressing them also in addition to those on Earth. Brahma pointed out to them that, due to a boon granted by him already to Ravana, the latter could be killed only by a man. At that time, Lord Sriman Narayana appeared before them all. Accepting their prayers, Lord Narayana promised them saying, I shall kill Ravana, his sons, grandsons, ministers, relations, friends and all those belonging to Rakshasa race, for the sake of doing good to the world. I shall also live in Earth and rule for eleven thousand years. Lord Narayana then thought over within himself and decided to be born to King Dasaratha, manifesting himself as that king’s four sons.

It would thus be clear that when Lord Vishnu had decided to incarnate as Rama, his decision was not only to kill Ravana, but also to eliminate all those aligned and allied with the latter and the entire Rakshasa race. He was also keen to rule the Earth for eleven thousand years, thereafter. It was not on account of an ambition to be a ruler. It was his determination that the people should admire his rule as RAMARAJYA setting an example for uprightness. He would stick to Righteousness (Dharma) strictly as his fundamental principle. It was, therefore, necessary for Rama to adore himself with the most admirable qualities, not found in anybody else.

It was because Rama’s mission, in his incarnation, to annihilate the entire Rakshasa race, root and branch, it became inevitable for him to invade Lanka, lay siege and wage a huge war there. It was, in this pretext, the entire Ramayana story was conceived, with a well -drawn out plan, with meticulous care of how the various sequences were to happen. There were several characters taking part in this plan. Good characters were many. Bad characters were also there. Whatever role was assigned to each, that has been enacted with admirable perfection. The role of Rama was such that he shined as the noblest son, as the noblest brother, as the noblest husband, as the noblest friend, as the noblest king, and in a wholesome manner as the noblest Man, as the embodiment of Dharma (Righteousness).

(There are incidents in Ramayanam in which Rama’s role might be subject to disputes about his propriety. But, after a thorough analysis of the relevant factors, ultimately, strictly according to scriptures and an uninhibited interpretation of the truth behind the incidents, whatever Rama did, would always be accepted as adhering to the principles of Dharma. This subtle aspect of Rama’s character is what we are going to see unraveled in this book. There is another facet of Rama’s character. Rama carried out anything after prior thought and no one would be able to guess what all were passing through his mind.)

Rama was born in the month of Chaithra, Sukla Paksha Navami Thithi, and Punarvasu as the birth star and in Kataka Lagna. He had five planets in the ascendant in his horoscope. Sage Valmiki describes Rama’s birth in the following manner.

Lord Janardhana was born as Rama, who possessed all divine features, appearing together in one person. He was the manifestation of Lord Vishnu, who is worshipped by the entire Universe, carrying within himself half of Lord Vishnu’s Amsa (DIVINE POWERS). Rama took birth as the son of Kausalya in order to glorify Ikshvaku dynasty.

These words have several sacred significances. Rama was said to possess divine features. Commentators interpret this to convey that Lord Vishnu revealed His own true form to mother Kausalya alone, while for the whole world the divine features revealed themselves in him, in the shape of a man. Punarvasu star signifies that the one, who loses anything, will eventually regain what has been lost. (The implication is clear.) Five planets in the ascendant confer Emperorship of the whole world.

Sage Vasishta chose the name Rama for the child. Rama literally means ‘one who attracts’ by his very appearance. In fact, Rama attracted everyone not only by his outward personal appearance but also by his various admirable qualities.

Rama and Lakshmana were always seen together. Rama would not eat food without Lakshmana remaining with him. Rama would not sleep without Lakshmana lying beside him. It was, as though, the two had different bodies, but a single soul.

All the four sons of Dasaratha distinguished themselves in an outstanding manner in every respect. They were brilliant in learning. However, Rama, with his effulgence and brilliance, shined distinctly more than others, because of his truthful valour and he was intrinsically loved by the whole world like Moon which is free from any blemish. The emphasis here is ‘like Moon free from blemish’. Ordinarily, Moon is considered to have a blemish. But Rama had no blemish whatsoever. Whether in the deployment of elephants or horses in warfare or in the utilization of chariots, Rama acquired unmatched expertise. Rama knew all the delicate aspects of archery and was unequalled in the use of bows and arrows and all weapons. Whenever Rama had an opportunity to fight in a battle, Lakshmana invariably accompanied him and Rama -Lakshmana combination was formidable in any warfare. Besides such accomplishments in various regal segments, he, as the son, was humbly devoted to his father, rendering services to Dasaratha in all possible ways.

Rama was only twelve years old when Sage Viswamithra approached Dasaratha requesting him to send Rama along with the former to the forest, to enable the Sage to perform important Yagas. The Sage pointed out to Dasaratha that two dreaded Rakshasas, namely, Maricha and Subhahu were bent on spoiling his efforts to complete important Yagas and only Rama would be able to kill them. He asserted further that none other than Rama could eliminate them.

(Sage Viswamithra was paving the way for Rama to put his foot forward, to begin with, in vanquishing two important Rakshasas, in the process of Rama fulfilling his mission for which he had taken the incarnation. But how could Viswamithra reveal this inner secret?)

Dasaratha asked the Sage, Who is directing Maricha and Subhahu to prevent you from pursuing your penance and completing your sacred yagas?

The Sage replied, It is Ravana who is behind them. Whenever Ravana, by his own presence, could not indulge in such atrocities, he nominates Maricha and Subhahu and directs them for such evil adventures.

On hearing these words of the sage, Dasaratha revealed his response absolutely clearly that he would not agree to send Rama to the forest at all. Dasaratha knew fully about Ravana and about the latter’s violent and explosive exploits and so he rejected the Sage’s request outright.

In fact, the Sage had stated, using the subtle words that he knew of Rama as a ‘Mahatma’ and as of possessing ‘Truthful Valour’. According to King Dasaratha, Rama was a lad and of an age when even moustache would not grow. But, Sage Viswamithra knew very well that Rama was Paramathma (Supreme Soul-Sriman Narayana), because he was a Brahma Rishi, and had inner vision.

Sage Viswamithra added another significant remark about Rama, saying, Sage Vasishta and other sages, like him, knew Rama as possessing such attributes.

These words had no impact on Dasaratha.

Sage Vasishta stressed on Dasaratha to agree to send Rama along with Viswamithra saying, Send Rama! It is with a view to do something good to Rama that Sage Viswamithra is inviting Rama to go along with him.

Dasaratha relented and agreed to send Rama with Viswamithra. Lakshmana was also asked to accompany them.

In this episode, there is a very significant occurrence. Sage Viswamithra referred to Rama as Mahatma (Great Soul) only. He chose not to describe Rama as Paramathma (The Absolute Soul namely the Supreme Lord Narayana) though only that would have been appropriate and Viswamithra knew the whole truth behind Rama. If Viswamithra had revealed that real secret, it would tantamount to declaring to the entire humanity that Rama was not a man but God and that would have had the effect of revealing that Rama was indeed Lord Narayana, taking incarnation as a man. Further, Ravana was being introduced for the first time, in this context, though indirectly. As the master for both Maricha and Subhahu, it was Ravana who was behind the various atrocities and Sage Viswamithara had sent a message impliedly, without using plain words, that by eliminating Maricha and Subhahu, Rama was only indicating that his ultimate attack was going to be directed against Ravana.

Further, Viswamithra referred to Rama as SATYA PARAKRAMAH, the literal meaning of which is ‘truthful valour’. It may be understood as ‘truth as valour’ too. Truth was Rama’s valour! One of the thousand names of Lord Vishnu is Satya Parakramah.

On a further analysis, we notice that Sage Viswamithra used the words AHAM VEDMI (in Sanskrit) meaning,’I know’. For telling ‘I know’, there are other equivalent words but Sage Viswamithra used the word,’VEDMI’. He had in his mind, ‘I know of Rama in totality. I know of his ancient origin, his long ranging mission. He is a VEDA PURUSHA’ (referred to in Vedas as the Supreme Person). By using the word VEDMI, Sage Viswamithra had perhaps these various connotations in his mind.

Sage Viswamithra took Rama and Lakshmana along with him to the forest. The Brahma Rishi imparted to Rama the two most powerful and sacred Manthras called BALA and ATHIBALA. Viswamithra clarified that by absorbing these two Manthras, Rama would never feel tired; would be free from any sort of illness; his body would never become weak; there would be no threat from Rakshasas, either while remaining awake or taking rest closing the eyes; would be free from hunger and thirst.

Sage Viswamithra addressing Rama, said, There is no one equal to you in valour. There is no one in all the three worlds comparable to you in any respect, not in beauty, not in capability, not in knowledge and wisdom, not in stepping into actions after a thorough self-analysis, not in conversation with perfect conviction. You would attain immense fame because of these two Manthras.

In this context, there was one matter which has not been explicitly stated but understood impliedly. It had been stated that Viswamithra imparted these Manthras to Rama. There was no mention that Lakshmana was also the recipient of these Manthras. Where the name Rama occurred, we should infer that the name Lakshmana was also implied, because they both were inseparable and Rama would not do anything with Lakshmana getting excluded.

Tataka, the ferocious and mighty Rakshasi, threw huge stones at Rama and Lakshmana in the forest. She also roared in a high pitch with a view to frighten the two boys. Viswamithra instructed Rama, Kill her; do not hesitate because the opponent is a woman. Rama and Lakshmana reduced to powder all the huge stones hurled at them, by attacking with their powerful arrows. Tataka started running towards them with the sinister motive of crushing them. Rama told Lakshmana, We shall cut off her nose and ears. Let us not kill her being a woman. On hearing this, Viswamithra emphasized, Do not hesitate because the one confronting you is a woman. Kill her forthwith; that would not be sinful. She would gain vaster strength, if darkness spreads. Rama replied with respectful words, You have asked us to do what ought to be done. My father had instructed me to abide by what you direct us to do. So saying, he discharged a single arrow which pierced through Tataka’s chest, killing her instantly. The young boy Rama thus easily destroyed Tataka, who was known to possess the strength of one thousand elephants.

What we notice in this episode is not only the superb valour of Rama coming into play. His high respect and regards towards Sage Viswamithra and his own father are qualities which are brought out prominently. When he was asked to carry out whatever Sage Viswamithra had desired, he was confident that the Sage would never suggest what was improper. There was, therefore, no scope to fear that the sin of killing a woman would attach to him. Rama had followed the dictum, There is no Manthram more sacred than the father’s words. Rama had also followed the saying, The teacher’s word is God’s word. Rama’s obedience, in this episode, depicts these two high principles of moral code.

Rama had, at first, raised the doubt, though young in age, whether, by killing a woman, he would still be adhering to the principles of Righteousness. This doubt is bound to arise in the mind of anyone, who had learned the scriptures. Sage Viswamithra having clarified by virtue of his vast knowledge of the same scriptures, Rama was convinced that he would not be deviating from the principles of Righteousness. Rama was one, who adhered not only to his own principles of Righteousness but he protected the tenets of Righteousness of others also. If he had failed to kill Tataka, he would have committed the folly of not protecting the sages performing yagas.

Indra and other gods hailed Tataka’s killing at the hands of Rama. They praised Rama saying, Well done! Well done! They then addressed Viswamithra,

We are all extremely happy over what has happened just now. You please show your affection to Rama and give him all the weapons and Astras, which you have acquired by your truthful valour and severe austerities. He has been serving you with determination. He is fit to receive them from you. There is a great work to be done to us by him

(There is a strong indication here of the purpose of incarnation of Rama).

Sage Viswamithra offered to Rama several powerful Astras and weapons which would help him to conquer everyone, whether the opponents were Gandarvas, Uragas, Gods, Asuras or Rakshasas. The Astras included among several others, Dharma Chakra, Kala Chakra, Vishnu Chakra, Brahma Astra, Agneya Astra, and Narayana Astra. These astras and weapons also included those, which were capable of sending the enemy into a trance, vanquish his anger, transform him into friendliness, eliminate him, batter him, burn him and make him cry. They were also capable of sucking the enemy’s powers. All these became Rama’s invaluable possession. Rama got imparted from Viswamithra the Manthras by which these weapons could also be withdrawn. All these Astras appeared themselves before Rama and acknowledged that they were at Rama’s disposal at all times. Rama absorbed all of them and derived the power to use them when required.

(These were given to Rama, in anticipation of many battles which Rama had to fight against various Rakshasas and Ravana, at a later stage. Also, let us recollect what Sage Vasishta hinted to Dasaratha that it was Viswamithra’s motive to do good things to Rama, while seeking Rama to accompany him to the forest. This was one of the good gifts to Rama, the other being the winning the hands of Sita.)

Viswamithra started the yaga after observing strict rituals for six days. Rama and Lakshmana were awake throughout to guard carefully. Maricha and Subhahu, along with many other Rakshasas, appeared in the sky with the intention of spoiling the performance of the yaga. They were about to pour blood and other filth over the platform. On seeing them, Rama grew extremely angry. His first strategy was to prevent the filthy matters falling on the sacrificial platform and, for that, he created a roof like structure by deploying arrows to that effect, over the platform. Rama, then sent, Manava astra to hit Maricha, which threw the latter across the sea water beyond one thousand Yoganas. Maricha was, however, not killed. Rama then sent Agneya astra which killed Subhahu at once. Other Rakshasas were also killed. Viswamithra successfully completed the yaga. All the sages were immensely happy over the remarkable deeds of Rama and Lakshmana in protecting them.

There is a commentary on Rama allowing Maricha to remain alive. Tataka had two sons, Maricha and Subhahu. As heirs to the slain Tataka, who would perform the last rites and ceremonies for her? At least one of her sons had to be spared to live for that purpose. So, Rama preferred to kill only one of her two sons. But, Rama had not revealed his real motive to anyone. Sage Valmiki had also chosen not to comment. We have already known that no one would be able to guess what was passing through Rama’s mind. Rama would certainly have spared Maricha for him to carry out the most important task expected of him for his mission to be fulfilled, though in the most negative way. But how could that is disclosed? We would be seeing, later on, how Maricha was let off to escape alive for the second time. By and large, no one can unfathom what lay deep in Rama’s mind!

Rama and Lakshmana, after spending the night, woke up the next day morning, completed their daily rituals and addressed all the sages offering themselves for any further services expected of them. All the sages spoke to them, in the presence of Viswamithra.

King Janaka of Mithila is going to perform a noteworthy yaga. We are all going there. You also accompany us. You are the only one fit to have a look at the most powerful bow in Mithila. That bow, which is of immeasurable strength and brilliance, was long ago gifted by the gods, in the yaga assembly of Janaka. No gods could set the bow and tie its string; no Asuras; no Rakshasas, no men, no Gandarva, despite their best efforts. No king and no prince desirous of knowing its strength has been able to tie the string, not even lift it. Oh! Tiger among men! Let you witness the yaga in Mithila and have a look at the bow which is wonderful to see.

Thus, all the sages had, in their mind, the firm belief that only Rama would be able to handle the most powerful bow of Lord Siva, held in Janaka’s possession.

Sage Viswamithra was taking Rama and Lakshmana along with him to Mithila. Before reaching Mithila, they happened to pass trough Sage Gauthama’s asramam, which looked totally deserted for many years. Ahalya, wife of Sage Gauthama, was turned into a stone due to Sage Gauthama’s curse and that stone was lying in the asramam. By the grace of Rama, whose foot touched that stone, Ahalya was released from the curse and she emerged with her original form. Freed from the curse, she worshipped Rama. Sage Gauthama also appeared at that spot and he and Ahalya were reunited. Rama would appear to have revealed his divinity in this episode, as His feet had displayed the sanctity of converting a stone into a true woman, regaining her original form. Rama’s feet distinguished themselves by not only releasing the curse of Ahalya, but also by reuniting her with her husband. The other significance of this episode was that prior to his own wedlock of marrying Sita, he had made that wonderful contribution of reuniting a sacred couple who remained separated for hundreds of years, by a curse.

Sage Viswamithara, then, accompanied by Rama and Lakshmana, proceeded to the city of Mithila. King Janaka led by his preceptor Sage Sadananda, received Viswamithra ceremoniously. Janaka expressed great joy over Viswamithra’s graceful presence for conducting his Yaga. He had a look at Rama and Lakshmana with awe, whose brilliant personalities had impressed him beyond measure. He enquired, With their valour equal to Lord Vishnu, with their majestic movements similar to lion and elephants, with their commanding personalities like those of the tigers and bulls, with their eyes resembling the lotus flowers, with their handsome faces like those of Aswin gods, these two boys appear to be gods, who have descended on Earth from the Heaven, on account of the good luck of all of us and to bring to my race, fame and uplift. Who are they and why have they come all the way by foot?

Viswamithra introduced them as King Dasaratha’s sons. He also told Janaka about Rama’s wonderful deeds of killing several Rakshasas as also the release of Ahalya from the curse. Ahalya’s son was Sage Sadananda.

(We find how Janaka, with his brilliance, describes Rama and Lakshmana. It would appear that he had something telling him, in his inner mind, that the two brothers would play a glorious role in the fame and uplift of his own race by marrying Sita and Urmila respectively. King Janaka was a Rajarishi and he should have had the ability to predict future events. If, indeed he had those inner abilities, the presence of the two ‘divine’ brothers and their appearance would certainly have made them come into play then.)

Janaka took Viswamithra to his royal court the next day. Rama and Lakshmana went along with them. Viswamithra requested Janaka to show the bow of Lord Siva to Rama. Janaka narrated how he happened to possess that wonderful bow. He then expressed,

Gods, Asuras, Rakshasas, Kinnaras, Mahoragas, Gandharvas, Yakshas, none of them had the strength needed to tie the string, or to set an arrow in it. Why? None was able even to lift it. I wonder what men can do?

Janaka had vowed that his daughter Sita would be given in marriage to that person who took the bow in his hand and tied its string. Even though Janaka was overwhelmed by Rama’s brilliance, it looked as though he was pessimistic about a man succeeding.

Lord Siva’s bow was brought to the royal assembly. The bow was kept inside a box with eight wheels and five thousand men were required to bring that box into the assembly. Sage Viswamithara asked Rama, Beloved Rama! See that bow.

Rama went near the box and opened it. He had a look at the divine bow. He then addressed Viswamithra, Oh! Great Brahman! I shall now touch this magnificent bow. I shall try to lift it and bend it.

Viswamithra and Janaka gave Rama permission to do so.

After securing Viswamithra’s assent, Rama took the bow, held it in the middle of its body, like a toy, as thousands of people were watching him. He lifted the bow as effortlessly as he would lift a toy, tied the string and bent it, when it broke in the middle of its body. The sound, which was produced in the process, was as loud as a thunder, like a mountain breaking up and like an earth quake! Excepting Viswamithra, Janaka, Rama and Lakshmana, all the others became unconscious for a while as a result.

This episode brings before our eyes Rama’s splendid qualities. He sees the bow only after Viswamthra asks him to see! He opens the box, showing no emotion or self- pride. He does not make any gestures of arrogance as others would normally do. With absolute humility, he seeks permission to lift the bow. He takes the bow, strings it and breaks it, but handling the mighty bow like a toy. Whether at the time of lifting it, or stringing it or breaking it, he shows no intolerance, no pride, no aggression of his superior might, but remains calm and composed. He respects the vast assembly by his humility, reveres his preceptors and these qualities enhance his splendor and valour. For all these unequalled and splendid qualities enshrining him, the reward Rama wins is the prize of Sita! For attaining Sita, Rama had no strenuous efforts to make. Rama’s unique qualities entrust Sita with him.

Let us now recall what Janaka had remarked,’ what men can do?’ He saw Rama as a man. Rama was a man, but he had that divine power hidden in him. We should deem that in this episode, Rama had shown that he was indeed PARAMATHMA. Rama demonstrated that only he could do what even gods had failed to do.

There was suggestion of the marriage ceremony taking place forthwith. But Rama was keen to first take King Dasaratha’s permission. This was yet another instance of his outstanding quality.

Messengers of Janaka visited Ayodya for that purpose. Dasaratha visited Mithila with his vast entourage to celebrate the great event in a grand scale. The marriage ceremony was successfully celebrated.

After the marriage celebrations were over, Dasaratha started to return to Ayodya along with everyone, including his four sons and their brides. On the way, Parasurama appeared before them creating a great fear, like a fierce storm blowing suddenly. Even Sage Vasishta could not guess what could be the cause of the sudden appearance of Parasurama before them. Parasurama was known for his hatred against the races of kings and he was bent on destroying them. Dasaratha was apprehensive that Parasurama was aiming to harm his dearest son Rama. Parasurama ignored Dasaratha’s overtures. Dasaratha fell down unconscious. Parasurama spoke with terrible anger to Rama, who had, however, remained calm and unruffled,

Are you the one who broke that Lord Siva’s bow? I do not see any extraordinary valour on your part for having done that. Let you handle this most majestic and superior bow of Lord Vishnu, which is with me and you endeavor to string it. If you are not confident enough to accept this challenge of mine, let you concede that you do not possess that valour. I shall let you know whether I choose to have one- to- one battle against you.

Rama did not return anger with anger immediately. He took away Lord Vishnu’s bow from Parasurama with effortless ease. He thereafter tied its string. He also set an arrow on that bow. Once he demonstrated to Parasurama how truly valourous he was, he spoke to Parasurama with anger,

You spoke to me angrily. I have now set an arrow on Lord Vishnu’s bow. I could, with this arrow, kill you. But I shall not take away your life as you are related closely to my preceptor Sage Viswamithra. Further, you happen to be a Brahmin. Yet, this sacred arrow cannot be dismissed without putting it into use. Shall I render you immobile, so that you are deprived of all movements?

As suggested by Parasurama, Rama absorbed the full power of penance acquired by Parasurama for all these years. Parasurama realized that Rama was Lord Madusudana, the PARAMATHMA and circumbulated him reverently.

In this episode, Rama exhibited not only his unparalleled valour. Even though he was in a fit of anger at first, he did not choose to show his anger to Parasurama. He burst into anger only after he met the challenge thrown at him, successfully. Calmness and patience prevailed on him before the challenge. He did not hesitate to show his anger once he was victorious. He did not forget the codes of conduct, not allowing the angry mood to overtake him. He showed due respect to his guru as also to Parasurama who was related to the latter. He also extended due consideration to the fact that the one before him was a Brahmin, notwithstanding that the latter chose to be an adversary.

There is yet significance in this episode. It was Parasurama who had killed the mighty Karthaviryarjuna. Karthaviryarjuna had, at one time, humiliated Ravana, imprisoning him. Rama had thus conquered Parasurama, who had vanquished Karthaviryarjuna, who had, in turn, humbled Ravana. The message thus became clear that Ravana was bound to be killed by Rama, when the time for that to take place came about.

There is an important commentary about Parasurama episode. Parasurama was, in fact, Lord Vishnu’s previous incarnation. Parasurama’s rough treatment of Rama was intentional, only for the sake of those around to convince for themselves that he had conducted himself true to his well established characteristics. Parasurama revealed to Rama and to Rama only that having accosted and recognized Rama as Lord Vishnu’s incarnation, he was in fact passing on to Rama those full divine powers and authority, as he no longer needed them and it was for Rama to go ahead with his mission for which he was born as a man. Parasurama was keen to hand over to Rama the bow of Lord Vishnu, which was to be used in killing Ravana ultimately.

All returned to Ayodya. In Ayodya, Rama and Sita distinguished themselves as an ideal couple. The closeness between them and their mutual attachment were beyond appropriate words for an apt description. The hearts of both were so inter-twined and so identically proactive as well as reactive that it looked as though they had a single common heart. Sage Valmiki describes that Rama and Sita shined like the divine couple of Vaikunta.

Dasaratha loved all his sons very dearly. But, among his four sons, Rama distinguished himself like Lord Brahma and generated immense happiness in his father. Kausalya shined with unlimited splendor by virtue of having begotten Rama, as her son. Rama observed meticulous care in his personal services to Dasaratha, more as his father rather than as his king. His obedience and devotion to his father were admirable and he would always abide by what his father expected him to do. Rama showed parental kindness to all the people of Ayodya and his attention was invariably directed towards the happiness and well-being of all people. His love and affection were of equal measure to all his mothers, showing no partiality whatsoever. He treated with due respect and humility all his teachers, preceptors and Brahmins. On account of these virtues which Rama possessed, all the people adored him showing tremendous kindness and intrinsic respect towards him. Thus, Rama received not only his father’s admiration and love, but of all people of Ayodya.

In addition to the fine qualities, so far described, there were several many others extolling Rama and these have been mentioned in the beginning of Ayodya Kandam.

- Rama was admired as on par with King Dasaratha for all excellent qualities that were found in all people of the world.

- Rama was always warm-hearted.

- Rama spoke with simplicity. He would always be the first to start a conversation (Instead of observing the formality of others to look to him to respond; he would take the initiative to start the conversation.)

- Though spoken harshly by others, he would not retort using harsh words.

- He would be pleased deriving great joy even if helped only once in any manner.

- Even if a hundred harms are done to him, he would not keep them in his memory. But, he would remember even a single good thing done to him.

- Whenever there were moments of leisure while undergoing training in archery and weaponry, he used those opportunities to converse with experts, elders, wise persons and virtuous people to acquire greater knowledge and to improve the qualities of self-discipline.

- He considered the welfare of the people as of paramount importance. The people therefore loved him.

- He believed that good fame will secure a sure place for him in Heaven. He, therefore, adhered strictly to the codes of conduct prescribed for the kings.

- He will not indulge in any activity which might mar his fame.

- He would not utter words, which were to be avoided.

- He was free from any illness.

- He would act properly in proper time and in proper place.

- He would grasp correctly the intrinsic value of what others convey to him.

- Though valourous, he was never arrogant.

- He made everyone feel free and uninhibited.

- He was sympathetic to those in difficulties and kindly disposed to those who were weak and poor.

- He would talk after a great deal of prior thought and reply likewise.

- His anger and happiness were never without an appropriate purpose.

- He was firm in conviction and had steady conscience.

- He was never lazy.

- He identified himself with noble and virtuous people but punished the cruel and wicked.

- On account of his virtuous qualities and because of his pure conduct, he was treated by all people as the moving soul with them, as their own soul.

- He always spoke Truth, with joy in his heart, adopting straight- forward methods.

- He would never forget what all were required to be kept in memory.

- He was innovative and developed newer and newer skills in his activities.

- He assimilated fully what the three pursuits of life viz. Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Wealth), and Kama (Desire) were intended for.

- He was keen to observe strictly what all have been prescribed in scriptures.

- He set an example of himself for others to emulate him.

- He was submissive to those who were to be respected.

- He would keep in his mind what were required to be so done.

- He would guard as secret, which deserved to be so kept.

- He knew how to acquire funds for the kingdom without causing strain on the people and how to utilize them for the people.

- He would think deeply before embarking on any action.

- He would not permit undesirable persons around him.

- He would not utter undesirable words.

- He could not be cheated.

- He knew the shortcomings in himself as well as in others.

- Once he accepted a person after due and proper scrutiny, he would never desert the latter.

- He knew how to play musical instruments. He was an adept in music.

- He knew the art of sculpture.

- He was never selfish.

- He could not be suppressed by extraneous constraints of circumstances.

- He gained supreme knowledge in all branches of warfare. He possessed extraordinary skills for using elephants and horses in wars and in controlling them.

- Even gods and Asuras could not conquer Rama in war.

Rama, possessing all these various qualities, was held in high esteem in all the three worlds, like Earth for forbearance, Brahaspathi for intelligence and Indra for valour. Earth indeed desired to have a ruler like Rama, who was the sum totality of all excellent qualities converged into a single individual, who was unassailable because of his prowess and who was comparable to those who were the guardians of the worlds.

Rama possessed all these virtuous qualities. There was in fact lot more laudable qualities enshrined in him. Many of the qualities in Rama were not found to be acquainted with any other king anywhere. They were considered as most superior in the world. All of them were found identified with Rama uniformly and collectively and they were beyond enumeration.

This is how Sage Valmiki describes Rama in Ramayanam. Valmiki very rarely comes out with comments of his own. He leaves to the characters themselves to reveal their appropriate qualities at the appropriate time.

Dasaratha had been seeing and hearing about Rama possessing all these virtuous and supreme qualities. He, therefore, nurtured a desire to install Rama as King even as he remained alive.

Dasaratha’s thoughts ran like this.

When shall I, with joy-filled eyes, see my beloved Rama crowned as king? Like God of Rain pouring down heavy rains, he showers love on all people, more than what I have been doing. Like Indra and Yama in valour, like Brahaspathi in intelligence and like Lord Vishnu in looking after the welfare of the people, he is far superior to me in these qualities. I must see him reigning this Earth, even as I am still old, but before I find a place in Holy Heaven!

Dasaratha convened his royal assembly inviting all his ministers and respectable statesmen and expressed what was passing through his mind. He told them,

It is well-known that this kingdom has been administered in the best interests of all people, since the days of my many ancestors. I have run the kingdom to the best of my ability, following the rich and pure tradition of my ancestors and with unmitigated diligence. My body, after serving under the shadow of the royal white umbrella, is now losing its vigour. I am now old. My body, which has lived for thousands of years and has reached its full assimilation, now needs rest. With the concurrence of all those assembled here, I want to nominate my son as the king. Rama is my eldest son. He is like Indra in valour. He cannot be conquered by anyone. He has inherited all my qualities. I, with love, nominate him as the Prince. I want to entrust him with all my responsibilities…… Rama is ‘Lakshmiwan’ (i.e. possesses grace of Goddess Lakshmi fully), by having whom as the most desirable lord of all the three worlds, people would consider themselves as the most fortunate; Rama would be such a guardian…….

Dasaratha was speaking not only as the king, but as a father, as well. A person could be praised by anyone else. But, it was noteworthy that a father, particularly a king of extraordinary prudence, lauded his own son in the presence of various kings, prominent citizens and other distinguished guests in the assembly.

He continued, Rama cannot be conquered by anyone. He has inherited all my qualities. All the three worlds would consider themselves as fortunate to see him installed as the king.

These words coming out of Dasaratha have, in fact, conveyed very beautifully in a nutshell what all were Rama’s qualities. This was a unique gift presented to Rama by his father.

All those who had assembled, praised Dasaratha for his decision, showing their pleasure. Their huge ovation was heard in the whole city. All people, all Brahmins, army personalities and everyone, consulted among themselves in groups, also individually, and collectively and unanimously told Dasaratha,

Oh! Great King! You have reached old age after ruling us for so many years. You have decided rightly to nominate the next king. We are desirous keenly to witness Rama riding the royal elephant and being taken in procession, with the royal umbrella held over his head.

In this way, the whole people, with absolute unanimity welcomed whole heartedly Rama becoming their next king. (This was, in fact, Rama’s unparalleled greatness. It was very clear that the people, instead of expressing their regret to a great king, who was desirous of stepping down, give a thunderous ovation to his son Rama ascending the throne).

Dasaratha could have nominated Rama as his successor, as his own decision and he had the right to do so. But, he regarded it as necessary to seek the opinion of the public. The people’s unanimous desire, which was conveyed in such an overwhelming manner, did not, however, cause Dasaratha any surprise. Such a response from the people was not unexpected. He knew his Rama very well and he was aware how the people knew about him better. Yet, he asked the large gathering, pretending as though he did not know, and so showing inquisitiveness, and innocently,

After listening to my words, coming as they did out of my ruling the kingdom righteously, may I know why you show so much keenness to have Rama as the Prince? As you perhaps regard him as even superior to me, I am somewhat not sure of myself? Will you please tell me frankly?

What he had correctly guessed as the people’s belief was now explicitly expressed by them.

Oh! King! Your son is many wonderful qualities personified. Rama possesses superior divine virtues.

(It would appear that they saw Rama as a God!)

We shall tell you elaborately about Rama. He shines because of his great qualities, who has won our admiration and affection and who delights all of us with tremendous happiness. Oh! King! He is the only one known to us for his ‘truthful valour’ (Satya Parakramah).

(On a previous occasion, Sage Viswamithra used the same words Satya Parakramah, while referring to Rama in his address to Dasaratha. While the people now described Rama as Satya Parakrama, they told that Rama was the only one Satya Parakrama. By thus referring to him, they had brought out that they saw Rama as God. Satya Parakramah is one of the thousand sacred names of Lord Vishnu, which we chant daily in our prayers.)

They continued, Your son is many wonderful qualities personified. You will please listen to us telling about all his qualities, which are divinely bestowed, genuinely cultivated and are rare. Rama possesses excellent super human qualities. He is equal to Indra and is of true valour. He has surpassed all those in Ikshvaku dynasty in all respects.

(People have no hesitation to regard Rama as having surpassed even Dasaratha in all respects)

"He is the noblest person in the world, truthful and devoted to Truth. He is righteous as well as prosperous. He is pleasing to the people like Moon. He is like Earth in forbearance. He is like Brahaspathi in wisdom and like Indra in valour. He knows all the facets of Righteousness, is true to his vows, has upright conduct and is free from jealousy. He is calm, comforting and has full control on all his senses. He is soft, determined in mind and humble. He speaks kindly to all and truthfully. He aligns himself with learned elders and Brahmins and, as a result, his fame, renown and glory get enhanced. He has acquired skills in the use of all weapons, used by gods, Rakshasas and men. He has learnt fully all the branches of education as also Vedas and their auxiliaries. He is unparalleled in the knowledge of music. He is good to good people, magnanimous and highly intelligent. He has been imparted with all round excellent knowledge by eminent Brahmins in various facets of Righteousness (Dharma) and in monetary management. Whenever he goes to other cities or villages, accompanied by Lakshmana, he never returns without recording victory. He makes kind enquiries about the welfare of the citizens, their sons, wives, servants, pupils as a father would enquire of his own son. He asks Brahmins whether their pupils serve them and Kshathriyas whether bodyguards armed with weapons protect them properly, He feels sad while meeting people who are sad and rejoices like a father when he sees people in happiness. He speaks Truth, serves the old and has controlled his senses. He talks with smiles in his face and is always the first to initiate a conversation. He accomplishes all tasks efficiently and avoids controversies. He is like Brahaspath in argument and counter argument. With elongated eyebrows, long reddish eyes, fearlessness, valour, prowess as his attributes, he is admired by the whole world as Lord Vishnu standing before them visually. (Peoples’ assessment is exhilarating). His mind is never blinded by passion. He is capable of ruling all the three worlds. His anger as well as favour are never without a purpose. His mind never indulges in deeds which are fit to be prohibited. He kills those who deserve death according to law and the scriptures and is never angry with those who do not deserve to be killed. He bestows riches to those with whom he is pleased. He shines like Sun by virtue of his noble qualities. He is like Vishnu born as a man. He is the only one fit to rule all the three worlds. Please take early steps to perform his coronation.

Oh! King! The son, whom you have begotten, brings you great glory and bestows to us the people, excellent benevolences. Gods, Asuras, men, Gandarvas, Uragas and several others in cities, other centers keep praying for Rama’s long life, excellent health and tremendous strength. Girls, elders, ladies and all worship gods in mornings and in evenings for Rama’s welfare and prosperity. Let their desire get fulfilled by your decision. We all look forward very eagerly to see the coronation of your son Rama, who is capable of vanquishing all enemies and who will be the finest and greatest of all kings. Please perform his coronation immediately."

We would thus understand for ourselves, what all were great qualities of Rama after going through the descriptions of him, in the above lines. Sage Valmiki, to begin with, enquired of Narada about that person who possessed sixteen personal qualities. Sage Narada replied by bringing out Rama’s sixty four qualities. We, thereafter, came across Dasaratha’s own assessment of Rama. We now went through what the ministers, elders, Brahmins and citizens had portrayed. We would now derive great pleasure by getting into the various episodes in Ramayanam in which all these qualities of Rama came into the fore.

Dasaratha desired to invite Rama to appear before the dignitaries in the assembly and to inform him of the decision taken to install him as the next king. Sumanthara brings Rama in his chariot.

Dasaratha looks at his son, as the latter was still sitting in the moving chariot. For Dasaratha, Rama appears as

- the replica of the King of Gandarvas, who are reputed for their remarkable beauty.

- the one lauded by the entire world for supreme prowess.

- the person with the most admirable qualities.

- the one with unique long arms.

- the one whose movement