Islamic Terrorism and Syrian Civil War

By Habiballa Ahmed

Terrorism is, in its broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror or fear, in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim. Fortna, Virginia Page (20 May 2015).] It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence against civilians or non-combatants. Although the term has been in use since at least the 1970s, it initially became popular when journalists and politicians publicly introduced and started using the term "Islamic terrorists" following the September 11 attacks. Rather than being used to describe a type of activity, the term has often been used politically as a term of abuse or denunciation, both by insurgent groups and by governments against each other. There is no universally agreed upon definition of the term, and many definitions exist.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Lulu.com
• Release date: May 13, 2017
• ISBN: 9781365959684

Book preview

Islamic Terrorism and Syrian Civil War

Islamic Terrorism and Syrian Civil War

Islamic complex guide  to Islamic  tourist since the  First Islamic Fighting had toke a place the Muslins Winners don’t follow the Islamic  Constriction Since First Islamic Fighting times.

Habiballa Ahmed

I am Artist, Live is Arts

ISBN: 978-1-365-95968-4

2017

Table of Continents

Table of Continents

Part One

Introduction

Chapter One

New opinion about Arabic Race

Arabic race and Israelis race

Lives sons in Arabic LO-AY

AFRAH in Arabic GAFRAH in Israeli language

Chapter Tow

Jews and Arabs

are 'genetic brothers'

Genetic signatures

Good opportunity

Chapter Three

Islamic Complex

Lead to Terrorism

Background

QURA dispute

Siege of Othman

Succession of Ali

Battle of the Camel

Arbitration

Conflict with Kharijites

Peace treaty with Hassan

See this books

Chapter Four

The problem of Muslims

Islamic complex

History

Motivations of Islamic terrorism

Religious motivation

Or as another observer described it:

Chapter Five

Islamic Jihad

Quran and violence and Jihad in Hadith

Chapter Six

Jihad and Islamic

Societal motivations

Economic motivations

Citizenship issues

Chapter Seven

Profiles of terrorists

NATO researcher studying

Views of modern Islamic scholars

Opinion surveys

Chapter Eight

Suicide attacks

Attacks

Hijackings

Kidnappings and executions

Kidnapping as political tactic

Islamist self-justifications

Kidnapping as revenue

Chapter Nine

Kidnapping women for sex

Sex

Islamist self-justification

Kidnapping as psychological warfare

Internet recruiting

Chapter Ten

Important books

List of Islamic terrorist attacks

Part  Tow

Chapter One

Examples of organizations and acts

Argentina

Central Asia

Afghanistan

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

Europe

Chapter Two

terrorism in Russia

Beslan school victim photos

Chapter Three

Terrorism in the Balkans

Turkey

Iraq

Chapter Four

Israel and the Palestinian territories

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Lebanon

Saudi Arabia

Yemen

North and East Africa

Egypt

Algeria

Nigeria

Chapter Five

North America

Canada

United States

South Asia

Bangladesh

India

Pakistan

Southeast Asia

Indonesia

Thailand

Terrorism in the Philippines

East Asia

China

Oceania

Australia

Chapter Six

Al-Qaeda

Qaeda's stated aim

Part Three

Chapter One

Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Prevalence relative

Chapter Two

Syrian Civil War

The conflict

Governments in Syria

Population Information

Jewish Population in Syria

Sources:

Part Four

Chapter One

Why is Syria at War

Who is Fighting?

Obama criticized Russian

The Raqqa

Sources:

Chapter Two

Syria war guarantees shared

interests of powers,

Chapter Three

Russian involvement in

the Syrian Civil War

Syria and Moscow  relations

Syrian Civil War

Russian jihadists in Syria

Economic importance arms sales

Political statements

September

Vladimir Putin dismissed

Chapter Four

Russian peace initiatives

Military assistance

prior to the intervention

Intervention and airstrikes

Role of private contractors

Russian nationals fighting

with rebel groups

Cooperation attempts with U.S. and UK

Discussing a long-term political settlement

Domestic

Foreign

See this books

Part Five

Chapter One

Russia accused of war crimes

Russia could be guilty

Advertisement

Part Six

Chapter One

CIA

CIA could be guilty

Coup of 1949

Attempted regime change

Operation Straggle

Operation Wappen, 1957

Assassination plot, 1957

Extraordinary rendition

Paramilitary raids, 2004–08

War, 2011–16

See more Source

Chapter Two

The war in Syria, explained

Syria’s civil war began

Chapter Three

The US policy about Syria

US bombing Syria

Chapter Four

Trump’s Policy

Part Seven

Chapter One

Social and economic

background

Protests in Douma

Armed insurgency

Ceasefire attempt

Renewed fighting

Kurdish activists report

Rebel offensives

Government offensives

Continued fighting

Government offensives

Chapter Two

Government offensives and

Presidential election

Northern Al-Nusra Front

and Islamist takeover

Resurgent ISIL advance

Russian intervention

and government offensive

Partial ceasefire

Chapter Three

SDF advances and

Turkish military intervention

U.S. intervention over

Khan Shaykhun chemical

Chemical weapons

Cluster bombs

Anti-tank missiles

Belligerents

Syrian Armed Forces

National Defense Force

Main article: Shabiha

Christian militias

Chapter Four

Hezbollah

Iran

Foreign Shia militias

Russian military intervention

in the Syrian Civil War

Syrian Opposition

Free Syrian Army

Chapter Five

Islamic campaign

Al-Nusra Front

Syrian Democratic Forces

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)

Western coalition

Political opposition

Syrian National Council

Syrian Democratic Council

International reactions

Humanitarian aid

Part Eight

Chapter One

Deaths

Casualties of the Syrian Civil War

Disease

Refugee migration

Syria's civil war victims

Sectarian threats

Chapter Two

Crime Move

Cultural heritage

Spillover

Peace initiatives

Chapter Three

Calculation

Assad government

Demographics

Socioeconomic background

Human rights

Protests, civil uprising, and defections

Early armed insurgency

Ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012)

Renewed fighting (June–October 2012)

September

October

Rebel offensives (November 2012 – April 2013)

Government offensives (April–June 2013)

Continued fighting (July–October 2013)

Government offensives

Chapter Four

Fighting between ISIS

and other rebel groups

Government offensives and Presidential election

Civil war spill over to Iraq

The Southern Front (October 2014 – February 2015)

Northern Al-Nusra Front and Islamist takeover (October 2014 – March 2015)

Army of Conquest advances in Idlib (April 2015 – June 2015)

Resurgent ISIL advance (May 2015 – September 2015)

Russian intervention and

government offensive

Partial ceasefire (from 26 February–July 2016)

SDF advances and Turkish military intervention

Chapter Five

Russian

Turkish backed ceasefire

U.S. intervention over Khan Shaykhun

Advanced weaponry and tactics

Chemical weapons

Cluster bombs

Thermobaric weapons

Anti-tank missiles

Chapter Six

Ba'athist Syria and allies

National Defense Force

Shabiha

Chapter Seven

Christian militias

Hezbollah

Iran

Foreign Shia militias

Russia

Chapter Egiht

Syrian Opposition

Free Syrian Army

Islamic Front

Salafist factions

Al-Nusra Front

Syrian Democratic Forces

Chapter Nine

Islamic State of Iraq

and the Levant (ISIL)

Dā'ash

Western coalition

Political opposition

Syrian National Coalition

Syrian National Council

National Coordination

Syrian Democratic Council

Censoring and propaganda

International reactions

Humanitarian aid

Foreign involvement

Chapter Ten

Impact

Deaths

Disease

Refugee migration

Human rights violations

Sectarian threats

Crime wave

Cultural heritage

Spillover

Peace initiatives

Part Nine

Chapter One

Source & References

References

Author Bio

Part One

Chapter One2

Chapter Tow4

Chapter Three6

Chapter Four15

Chapter Ten36

Chapter Six21

Chapter Seven27

Chapter Eight31

Chapter Nine34

Chapter Five19

Introduction

Terrorism is, in its broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror or fear, in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim. Fortna, Virginia Page (20 May 2015).] It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence against civilians or non-combatants. Although the term has been in use since at least the 1970s, it initially became popular when journalists and politicians publicly introduced and started using the term Islamic terrorists following the September 11 attacks. Rather than being used to describe a type of activity, the term has often been used politically as a term of abuse or denunciation, both by insurgent groups and by governments against each other. There is no universally agreed upon definition of the term, and many definitions exist.

Broad categories of political organizations have been claimed to have been involved in terrorism in order to further their objectives, including right-wing and left-wing political organizations, nationalist groups, religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments. The symbolism of terrorism has been said to exploit human fear to help them achieve these goals. Terrorism-related legislation has been adopted in various Western states such as Canada, the UK and the US since the September 11 attacks regarding it as a crime, however there is no universal agreement as to whether or not terrorism can be regarded as a war crime. According to data from the Global Terrorism Database by the University of Maryland, College Park, more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism, resulting in at least 140,000 deaths, have been recorded from 2000 to 2014.

Chapter One

New opinion about Arabic Race

Arabic race and Israelis race

Hebrew   in Arabic language is EBRIYY or Abray and Arabic is Araby just a simple letter change  in the position of it.

Their  old map had drawn  by Romanic before Islamic period  there said Arabic land and on that times the Arabic land consist of Israeli and Arabic so the majority description of all this race may be Arabic . Arabic belonged to Ismael he is son of Ibrahim.

Israeli belonged  to Isaac and said Israeli  came from them prophet father Jacob but in my opinion ISRAH mean in Arabic the man who traveling from aria to aria  at night then eel in Israeli means god … so that Israeli mean the immigration people to the god … secondly may be belonged to Sarah Sarah-eel or Sarah she was immigrated  to the god.

Hager the mother of Arabic Ismael has the same meaning as Sarah but its mean immigrated or the person who was lifted her land so my be Sarah is Hager same person by defriend understanding 

Arabian had said we are the son of A sacrifice person who is Ismael

Israeli said we are a son of A sacrifice person Isaac is  same folklore and same action that mean whatever the name the person is one …. Isaac mean in Arabic EISAHAG = equal ( the person was getting die or - when you crushes something  until had ben old, So this means Ismael his familiar  title is Isaac

Lives sons in Arabic LO-AY

AFRAH in Arabic GAFRAH in Israeli language

Joseph in Arabic YOUSIF  he is brother Binyamin   and until now we have a country called Binyamin is a Yemen country

So Joseph has an kingdom that kingdom supposed to be near than Binyamin and there some kingdom called in Sudan SOBAH ( NOBAH –Nubian ) in Ethiopia = Shaba at Yemen call Saba. Then what is mean let me ex[lain SOUBAH or Nubian Nubia = SOUBA jus replace S instead of N put YO before S and replace the b to f = YOUSEF =Joseph  then my conclusion 2 part sons of Joseph and sons of Binyamin all of them sons of Jacob all the people know Yemen is original of Arabian and Yemen came from Binyamin and Binyamin is brother of prophet joseph   all of them is sons of Jacob so this mean Israeli is Arabic is one nation and one father but because of slave live in Egyptian the Joseph son could not know the son of them uncle Binyamin. Ahmed means Judah  that my all opinion  god bless    the all human Amen.

Chapter Tow

Jews and Arabs

are 'genetic brothers'

BBC

Jewish heritage has been maintained

They may have their differences but Jews and Arabs share a common genetic heritage that stretches back thousands of years.

The striking similarities in their biology have just been revealed in a study of over 1,300 men in almost 30 countries worldwide.

Scientists compared the men's Y chromosomes, the tiny structures within cells that carry the genetic instructions that tell a developing fetus to become a boy.

The comparison also showed that Jews have successfully resisted having their gene pool diluted, despite having lived among non-Jews for thousands of years in what is commonly known as the Diaspora - the time since 556 BC when Jews migrated out of Palestine.

Genetic signatures

Throughout human history, alterations have occurred in the sequence of chemical bases that make up the DNA in the Y chromosome, leaving variations that can be pinpointed with modern genetic techniques.

Related populations carry the same specific variations. In this way, scientists can track descendants of large populations and determine their common ancestors.

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that Jewish men shared a common set of genetic signatures with non-Jews from the Middle East, including Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese.

These signatures were significantly different from non-Jewish men outside of the Middle East. This means Jews and Arabs have more in common with each other, genetically speaking, than they do with any of the wider communities in which they might live.

Good opportunity

Dr. Mark Job-ling of Leicester University, UK, one of the authors of the new study, told the BBC: "The kind of DNA we have used to analyses this question is the human Y chromosome. This represents only 2% of our genetic material and it is passed down from father to son.

"This makes it particularly interesting to use in a study of Jewish populations because Jewishness is passed down from the mother to children - it is maternally inherited. So using a paternally inherited piece of DNA gives us a good opportunity to see the signal of mixture with other populations if this has occurred.

"The fact that we don't see it suggests that after the Diaspora these populations really have managed to maintain their Jewish heritage.

Dr. Jobling dismissed the idea that the study could have any political implications. It seems that in many of these situations where groups are in conflict with each other they are likely to be pretty much genetically indistinguishable, and this factor, to the peoples involved in these conflicts, clearly isn't the point and isn't likely to change their behavior very much. (news.bbc.co.uk)

Chapter Three

Islamic Complex

Lead to Terrorism

First FITNA had taking  a place, the muslins winners by force against the sons of Ali, even one of the had killed, and  then a barbarism start to led Muslim as animal  without  fallow any constriction of Islam or any law in the word until now more Muslim  anti any law on the word ( only can give a theory of law but can’t applied it)  but use Islam term as a cover to let the society respected him.

Islamic is some mixed between Bible and Torah. look like a Holy Book. Since that time we are lost our direction and aim.

Background

The Islamic caliphate expanded very quickly under Muhammad and the first three caliphs. In 639 MUAWIYAHH I was appointed the Governor of Syria by Umar after his elder brother YAZID IBN ABI SUFI (Governor of Syria) died in a plague, along with Abu UBIDALLAH IBN ALJARAH (the Governor before him) and 25,000 other people.[

History of the Jihad By Leonard Michael Kroll Page 123][

Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present By Mark Weston Page 61]

The rapid Muslim conquest of Syria and Egypt and the consequent Byzantine losses in manpower and territory meant that the Eastern Roman Empire found itself struggling for survival. The Sassanid Dynasty in Persia had already collapsed.

The Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate, but there was a cost associated with it. Many desert nomads and some bandits living between current-day Iraq and Saudi Arabia also joined in, not out of commitment to Islam but to share the spoils and benefit from the change in the social order, after the defeat of the Persian Empire.[

Modern Intellectual Readings of the Kharijites By Hussam S. Timani Page 49 Some modern scholars like R.E. Brunnow trace the origins of the Qurra and the Kharitites back to Bedouin stock and desert tribesmen, who had become soldiers not out of commitment to Islam but to share the spoils. Brunnow held that the Kharijites were Bedouin Arabs (Beduinenaraber) or full blooded Arabs.]

Before Islam, the Roman-Persian Wars and the Byzantine–SASANIN wars had occurred every few years for hundreds of years between 69 BC and 629 AD. High taxes were imposed on the populations in both the Byzantine Roman and Sassanid Persian empires to finance these wars. There was also continuous bloodshed of the people during these wars. The Arab tribes in Iraq were paid by the Persian Sassanid’s to act as mercenaries, while the Arab tribes in Syria were paid by the Byzantines to act as their mercenaries. The Persians maintained an Arab satellite state of LAKHM and the Byzantine Empire maintained the Arab satellite state of GHASSAN, which they used to fight each other.[

A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 10] The Syrians and the Iraqis had been fighting each other for centuries. Therefore, each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic state to be in their area.[

Iraq a Complicated State: Iraq's Freedom War By Karim M. S. Al-Zubaidi Page 32]

As Othman bins AFAAN became very old, Marwan I, a relative of MAWWIYAH I, slipped into the vacuum and became his secretary, slowly assuming more control and relaxing some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr and the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa, the adopted son of Othman, had no senior positions.

Sects started to form, among them the Sabaites named after Abdullah Ibn Saba[Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa her life and works by Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi translated by Syed Athar Husain and published by Darul Ishaat Page 39] There is also Jewish literature from that time, regarding Abdullah Ibn Saba. Much of the Jewish literature on him from that time regards him as an apostate from Judaism and asks Jews to keep away from him.[

History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval ..., Volume 2 By Simon Dubnov page 330 where it talks about Abdullah Ibn Saba][

Jewish Literature from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century: With an ... By Moritz Steinschneider, William Spottiswoode page 59][

history of the jews, Volume 2 By Ernst G. Maier Page 330][

There is also other non-Muslim literature from near that time like The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus By Bar Hebraeus]

QURA dispute

There was also the movement towards more autonomous tribal groupings, which was particularly strong in KUFAH, in Iraq; they wanted to rule their own states. Among them developed a group called the Qurra, which later became known as the Kharijites.[

al-Baladhuri and At-Tabari 5:66][

Modern Intellectual Readings of the Kharijites By Hussam S. Timani Page 62] The earliest reference to these people are as Ahl al-Qura, the people of the village, those who fought with Abu Bakr against the desert tribes of Yamama during the Ridda wars when some of the tribes refused to pay taxes.[

MUAWIYAH Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley Page 13][

Modern Intellectual Readings of the Kharijites By Hussam S. Timani Page 61][

MUAWIYAH Restorer of the Muslim Faith by Aisha Bewley, page 14, with text from Al-Baladuri] Afterwards they were granted trusteeship over some of the lands in Sawad in Iraq and were now called Ahl al Ayyam, those who had taken part in the eastern conquests.[

MUAWIYAH Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley Page 13][

MUAWIYAH Restorer of the Muslim Faith by Aisha Bewley, page 14, with text from Al-Baladuri 8] Some modern scholars like R. E. Brunnow trace the origins of the Qurra and the Kharijites back to Bedouin stock and desert tribesmen, who had become soldiers not out of commitment to Islam but to share the spoils. Brunnow held that the Kharijites were Bedouin Arabs or full blooded Arabs.[

Modern Intellectual Readings of the Kharijites By Hussam S. Timani Page 49]

The Qurra received the highest stipend of the Muslim army, the sharaf al ata, and they had the use of the best lands which they came to regard as their private domain. The Qurra received stipends varying between 2,000 and 3,000 dirhams, while the majority of the rest of the troops received only 250 to 300 dirhams. The other Ridda tribesmen in KUFAH, in Iraq, resented the special position given to the Qurra. The tension between the Ridda tribesmen and the Qurra threatened the Qurra's newly acquired prestige. The Qurra therefore felt obliged to defend their position in the new but rapidly changing society.

The Qurra were mainly based in KUFAH, in Iraq.[

Modern Intellectual Readings of the Kharijites By Hussam S. Timani Page 61-65 about the writings of M. A. Shahban, In his Islamic History A.D. 600-750 (A.H. 132): A new Interpretation (1971)] They had not been involved in Syria. But later when Othman declined to give them more lands in Persia they felt that their status was being reduced and therefore started to cause trouble. He also removed the distinction between the Ridda and pre-Ridda tribesmen which was not to their liking and lessened their prestige. As a result, they rebelled.

Some of the people with their tribal names as Qurra had been expelled from KUFAH, in Iraq, for fomenting trouble and were sent to MUAWIYAHH in Syria. Then they were sent to Abdur Rahman ibn Khalid ibn Walid who sent them to Othman in Madina. In Madina they took an oath that they would not cause trouble and following the example of Muhammad, Othman accepted their word and let them go.[

MUAWIYAH Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley Page 16] They then split up and went to various different Muslim centers and started fomenting rebellion, particularly in Egypt.

The Qurra then felt that Abu Musa al-Ashari could look after their interests better. In 655 the Qurra stopped Othman's governor Sa'id ibn al-'As at Jara'a, preventing him from entering KUFAH and declared Abu Musa al-Ashari to be their governor.[

MUAWIYAH Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley Page 14]

In 656, The Qurra approached Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr the son of Abu Bakr and the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and asked him why he was not a governor. They had fought under the service of his father in the Ridda wars. They also asked Othman's adopted son, Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa, who Othman had refused to appoint as a governor of any province, why he was not a governor.

Siege of Othman

As MAWIYAH and Caliph Othman were preparing to besiege Constantinople, in 656, Muhammad Abu Bark showed some Egyptians the house of Othman ibn al-AFFAN. Finding the gate of Othman’s house strongly guarded by his supporters, the QURRA climbed the back wall and sneaked inside, leaving the guards on the gate unaware of what was going on inside. Hassan and Hussein were also guarding Othman at the time. The rebels entered his room and struck him on the head. MAWIYA  sent a relief force led by HABIB ben MULAMA ri to protect Othman, but Othman died before they arrived, so they turned back from the wadi i Kura  According to al-Balladur who gives one of the earliest accounts of these events, Ali was furious and slapped Hassan and Hussein saying How did he get killed when you were at the door?[

MUAWIYAH Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley Page 18]

Othman's death had a polarizing effect in the Muslim world at the time. Questions were raised not only regarding his character and policies but also about the relationship between Muslims and the state, religious beliefs regarding rebellion and governance, and the qualifications of ruler ship in Islam.[

Valerie Jon Hoffman, The Essentials of Ibadi Islam, pg. 8.]

Succession of Ali

The people of Medina asked Ali, who had been chief judge in Medina, to become the Caliph and he accepted. Unlike many of the other companions of Muhammad, Ali had not been involved in the camel caravan trade and had less business and administrative experience. Ali was convinced to make KUFAH the capital.[

Iraq, a Complicated State Page 32]

MUAWIAH I the governor of Syria, a relative of Othman, and Marwan I wanted the murderers of Othman arrested. In Iraq many people hated the Syrians. Some of Ali's supporters were also very extreme in their views and considered everyone to be their enemy. They also felt that if there was peace, they would be arrested for the killing of Othman. Many of them later became the Kharijites and eventually killed Ali.

Battle of the Camel

Aisha Bent Abu Bark (Muhammad's widow), TALHA IBN UBAYD -Allah) and ZUBIAR IBN AWAMM went to Basra to ask Ali to arrest Othman bins AFFAN killers, rather than fighting MUAWIYAHH.  Some chieftains of the KUFAH tribes contacted their tribes living in Basra.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa By Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi p. 44"] A Chieftain contacted Ali to settle the matter.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa By Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi p. 44"] Ali did not want to fight and he agreed.[39] He then contacted Aisha and she agreed to settle the matter.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa By Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi p. 44"] Ali then met Talha and Zubair and both of them left the field.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa By Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi p. 44"]

However, the Qurra and the Sabaites were unhappy with the settlement and launched a night attack.[39] Ali attempted to restrain his men but nobody paid attention, as everyone thought that the other party had breached the trust. Confusion prevailed throughout the night.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa By Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi p. 44"] Qazi K'ab of Basra advised Aisha to mount her camel to tell people to stop fighting.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa By Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi p. 44"] Ali's cousin Zubair was by then making his way to Medina and he was killed in an adjoining valley by a Sabait[39] called AMR ibn Jarmouz, who murdered him while he was praying.[39] Marwan shot Talhah with a poisoned arrow saying that he had disgraced his tribe by leaving the field.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa By Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi p. 44"] With the two generals Zubair and Talhah gone, confusion prevailed.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa By Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi p. 44"][

The Early Caliphate, Maulana Muhammad Ali, Al-Jadda Printers, pg. 169-206, 1983]

Aisha's brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Ali's commander and adopted son, approached Aisha. Ali pardoned Aisha and her brother escorted her back to Medina.[39] Hassan also accompanied her part of the way back to Madina.[Lapidus (2002), p.47

Holt (1977a), p.70 - 72

Tabatabaei (1979), p.50 - 53

Nahj Al-Balagha Sermons 8, 31, 171, 173,] Marwan and some of Ali's supporters who later became the Khawarij caused a lot of trouble. Marwan was arrested but he later asked Hassan and Hussein for assistance and was released. Battle of Siffin

Combat between the forces of Ali and MUAWIYAHH I during the Battle of Siffin, from the Tarikhnama.

The day of the end of Islam and Ali Karam Alah  was difeted that the end of islam and the bean of terrorist

Ali's inability to punish the murderers of Othman and MUAWIYAHH's refusal to pledge allegiance eventually led Ali to move his army north to confront MUAWIYAHH. The two armies encamped themselves at Siffin for more than one hundred days, most of the time being spent in negotiations. Neither side wanted to fight. Then on 29 July 657 (11th Safar), the Iraqis under Ashtar's command, the Qurra in Ali's army, who had their own camp, started the fighting in earnest. The batte lasted three days. The loss of life was terrible. Suddenly one of the Syrians, Ibn Lahiya, out of fear of further civil war and unable to bear the spectacle rode forward with a copy of the Quran on the ears of his horse to call for judgement by the book of Allah, and the other Syrians followed suit. Everyone on both sides took up the cry, eager to avoid killing their follow Muslims - except for the conspirators. The majority of Ali's followers supported arbitration. Nasr b Muzahim, in one of the earliest sources states that al-Ashath ibn Qays, one of Ali's key supporters and a KUFAHn, then stood up and said:O company of Muslims! You have seen what happened in the day which has passed. In it some of the Arabs have been annihilated. By Allah, I have reached the age which Allah willed that I reach. but I have never ever seen a day like this. Let the present convey to the absent! If we fight tomorrow, it will be the annihilation of the Arabs and the loss of what is sacred. I do not make this statement out of fear of death, but I am an aged man who fears for the women and children tomorrow if we are annihilated. O Allah, I have looked to my people and the people of my deen and not empowered anyone. There is no success except by Allah. On Him I rely and to Him I return. Opinion can be both right and wrong. When Allah decides a matter, He carries it out whether His servants like it or not. I say this and I ask Allah's forgiveness for me and you. Then, Nasr b Muzahim says people looked at MUAWIYAH who said He is right, by the Lord. If we meet tomorrow the Byzantines will attack our women and children and the people of Persia will attack the women and children of Iraq. Those with forebearance and intelligence see this. Tie the copies of the Quran to the ends of the spears. So the fighting stopped.[

MUAWIYAH Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley Page 22 from Ibn Hisham from Ibn Muzahim died 212 AH from Abu Mikhnaf died 170 AH]

Every time Ali tried to negotiate the Qurra and the Sabait started wars and launched night attacks, fearing that if there was peace, then they will be arrested.[

Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa her life and works by Allamah Syed Sulaiman Nadvi translated by Syed Athar Husain and published by Darul Ishaat Page 44]

Arbitration

It was decided that the Syrians and the residents of KUFAH, in Iraq, should nominate an arbitrator, each to decide between Ali and MUAWIYAH. The Syrians choice fell on AMR bin al-AAS who was the rational soul and spokesman of MUAWIYAH. 'AMR ibn al-'As was one of the generals involved in expelling the Romans from Syria and also expelled the Romans from Egypt.[

Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Page 31 Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-09-24.] A few years earlier 'AMR ibn al-'As with 9,000 men in Palestine had found himself confronting Heraclius' 100,000 army until Khalid crossed the Syrian desert from Iraq to assist him.[44] He was a highly skilled negotiator and had previously been used in negotiations with the Heraclius the Roman Emperor.[

Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-09-24.] Ali wanted Malik ASHTARor Abdullah bin Abbas to be appointed as an arbitrator for the people of KUFAH, Iraq, but the Qurra strongly demurred, alleging that men like these two were, indeed, responsible for the war and, therefore, ineligible for that office of trust. They nominated Abu Musa al-Ashari as their arbitrator. (During the time of Othman, they had appointed Abu Musa al-Ashari as the Governor of KUFAH and removed OSAMS governor before they started fighting Othman) Ali found it expedient to agree to this choice in order to ward off bloody dissensions in his army. According to Asadul Ghaba, Ali had, therefore, taken care to personally explain to the arbitrators, You are arbiters on condition that you decide according to the Book of God, and if you are not so inclined you should not deem yourselves to be arbiters.[

Asadul Ghaba vol 3, p. 246. Name of book needed]

When the arbitrators assembled at DAUMET UL JANADAL, which lay midway between KUFAH and Syria and had for that reason been selected as the place for the announcement of the decision, a series of daily meetings were arranged for them to discuss the matters in hand. When the time arrived for taking a decision about the caliphate, AMR bin al-AAS convinced Abu Musa al-Ashari that they should deprive both Ali and MUAWIYAH of the caliphate, and give to the Muslims the right to elect the caliph. Abu Musa al-Ashari decided to act accordingly. As the time for announcing the verdict approached, the people belonging to both parties assembled. AMR bin al-AAS requested Abu Musa to take the lead in announcing the decision he favoured. Abu Musa al-Ashari agreed to open the proceedings, and said,