World War 2 In Review No. 26: American Fighting Vehicles

By Merriam Press

Merriam Press World War 2 In Review Series

2023 eBook Edition

Coverage of these six American tanks of World War II and the pre-war period, including service, prototype, test and experimental models of these vehicles:

(1) Six-ton Tank M1917

(2) Tank Mark VIII

(3) Christie Tank Designs

(4) Marmon-Herrington CTLS Light Tanks

(5) M22 Light Tank “Locust”

(6) M24 Light Tank “Chaffee"

595 B&W/color photos/illustrations

• Language: English
• Publisher: Lulu.com
• Release date: Nov 9, 2017
• ISBN: 9781387354818

Book preview

World War 2 In Review No. 26: American Fighting Vehicles

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Hoosick Falls, New York

2023 eBook Edition

ISBN 9781387354818

Copyright © 2017 by Merriam Press

All rights reserved.

Additional material copyright of named contributors.

The views expressed are solely those of the author(s).

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the United States of America by

Merriam Press, 489 South Street, Hoosick Falls NY 12090

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On the Cover

Six-ton Tank M1917

The M1917 was the USA’s first mass-produced tank, entering production shortly before the end of World War I. It was a license-built near-copy of the French Renault FT, and was intended to arm the American Expeditionary Forces in France, but U.S. manufacturers failed to produce any in time to take part in the War. Of the 4,440 ordered, about 950 were eventually completed. They remained in service throughout the 1920s but did not take part in any combat, and were phased out during the 1930s.

The USA entered the First World War on the side of the Entente Powers in April, 1917, without any tanks of her own. The following month, in the light of a report into British and French tank theories and operations, the American Expeditionary Forces’ commander-in-chief, Gen. John Pershing, decided that both light and heavy tanks were essential for the conduct of the war and should be acquired as soon as possible. A joint Anglo-American program was set up to develop a new type of heavy tank similar to those then in use by the British. It was, though, expected that sizeable quantities would not be available until April of the following year. Because of the wartime demands on French industry, the Inter-Allied Tank Commission decided that the quickest way to supply the American forces with sufficient armor was to manufacture the Renault FT light tank in the USA.

A requirement of 1,200 was decided, later increased to 4,400, and some sample Renault tanks, plans, and various parts were sent to the U.S. for study. The design was to be carried out by the Ordnance Department, under the job title Six-ton Special Tractor, and orders for the vehicles placed with private manufacturers. However, the project was beset by problems: the French specifications were metric and incompatible with American (imperial) machinery; coordination between military departments, suppliers, and manufacturers was poor; bureaucratic inertia, lack of cooperation from military departments, and possible vested interests delayed progress.

The Army in France was expecting the first 300 M1917s by April, 1918. In the event, production did not begin until the autumn, and the first completed vehicles emerged only in October. Two tanks arrived in France on November 20, nine days after the end of hostilities, and a further eight in December. In the summer of 1918, with no sign of the M1917s and U.S. troops desperately needed at the Front, France supplied 144 Renault FTs, which were used to equip the U.S. Light Tank Brigade.

After the war, the Van Dorn Iron Works, the Maxwell Motor Co., and the C.L. Best Co. built 950 M1917s. 374 had cannons, 526 had machine guns, and 50 were signal (wireless) tanks. These were delivered to the Tank Corps, to complement about 200 Renault FTs brought back from France.

There are several features that distinguish the M1917 from the Renault FT.

External

The exhaust is on the left hand side instead of on the right.

The FT mantlet for the machine-gun or 37mm cannon is replaced with a new design.

All-steel idler wheels replaced the steel-rimmed wooden ones on the FT.

Additional vision slits are added to aid the driver.

All M1917s have a polygonal turret; none used the circular turret type fitted to approximately 50% of Renault FTs.

The frontal armor below the turret was also slightly modified.

Internal

The original bulkhead separating the crew from the engine compartment was substantially improved.

The original Renault engine was replaced with a 4-cylinder 42-horsepower Buda engine.

The engine is fitted with an improved Pressurized water cooling system with a water pump.

The vision slits for the driver were sited approx 2 in (51 mm) higher in the M1917 than on the Renault in accommodation of taller American personnel.

Operational Use

The M1917 did not take part in any combat.

In June 1920 the Tank Corps was abolished as a separate branch, and control of tanks handed to the infantry. The number of tank units was progressively reduced, and the vehicles mothballed or scrapped.

Five accompanied the U.S. Marine Expeditionary Force to Tientsin in April 1927 under General Smedley Butler, but there is no record of shots being fired. They returned to the USA in late 1928.

In July 1932 six M1917s were deployed in Washington D.C. during the dispersal of the Bonus Army. George S. Patton Jr. states in his diaries that these vehicles were carried in trucks as a deterrent, but contemporary film shows them moving on their tracks along Pennsylvania Avenue. It is not believed that any shots were fired.

In 1940 the Canadian Army bought 250 surplus examples at scrap value (about $240 each) and the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps gained valuable experience and training on them before embarking to Europe and using the more modern equipment. The Canadian Army took delivery of 236 surplus M1917s. Fifteen of them apparently went to Camp Borden for training use, while others went to train individual units such as the Fort Garry Horse and possibly another three.

Variant

M1917 A1: In 1929 an M1917 was fitted with a Franklin six-cylinder, 67 hp, air-cooled engine. This involved lengthening the engine compartment by approx. 1 foot. In 1930-31 seven M1917s were fitted with the 100 hp version of the Franklin. This raised the top speed to 9 mph.

Type: Light tank

Place of origin: United States

Weight: 7.25 tons

Length: 16 feet 5 inches

Width: 5 feet 10½ inches

Height: 7 feet 7 inches

Crew: 2

Armor: 0.25 to 0.6 inches

Main armament: 37mm M1916 gun or Marlin M1917 machine gun, later replaced by the M1919 Browning machine gun

Secondary armament: none

Engine: Buda HU modified 4-cylinder, with forced water cooling, 42 HP

Transmission: sliding gear, 4 speed forward, 1 reverse

Suspension: coil and leaf springs, with bogies and rollers.

Fuel capacity: 30 gallons (30 miles on the road)

Operational range: 48 km (30 miles) on road.

Speed: 8 km/h (5.5 mph)

Surviving Examples

Approximately 20 M1917s survive.

Depiction in Films

M1917s were used by U.S. film-makers on numerous occasions as a substitute for Renault FTs, to depict either American tank actions during World War I or Renaults in use by European armies during and after the War.