Design of Marine Risers with Functionally Graded Materials

By Srinivasan Chandrasekaran

Design of Marine Risers with Functionally Graded Materials focuses on the application and use of marine risers fabricated with functionally graded materials (FGM) in ocean environments. Chapters cover the various types of marine risers available, common problems (corrosion), their fabrication and manufacturing, and their application and use in marine risers. A functionally graded materials mould is then subsequently investigated by various structural and metallurgical examinations to assess its suitability as an alternate material in the marine environment. Several characteristics of the newly developed FGM are compared with other conventional materials to explicitly highlight the superiority of the newly developed FGM.

Further chapters focus on novel design methods, such as VIV suppression systems for risers with detailed experimental investigations carried out on cylinders and a chapter on advanced materials, including titanium and composites and their application and use in the marine environment.

• Covers all types of marine risers, materials, properties and behavior
• Features advances in design for functionally graded materials in marine risers and offshore structures
• Includes new additive manufacturing techniques and the design of vortex induced vibrations in marine risers

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: Oct 23, 2020
• ISBN: 9780128235614

Srinivasan Chandrasekaran

He has over 29 years teaching, research and industrial consultancy experience, in which he has supervised many sponsored research projects and offshore consultancy assignments, both in India and abroad. His active research areas include dynamic analysis and design of offshore structures, Structural health monitoring of ocean structures, Risk and Reliability, Fire resistant design of structures, use of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) in marine risers, and Health, Safety & Environmental (HSE) management in process industries. He was a visiting fellow under invitation from the Ministry of Italian University Research (MiUR) to the University of Naples Federico II for two years. During his stay in Italy, he researched the advanced nonlinear analysis of buildings under earthquake loads and other impact loads with experimental validation on full scaled models. He has authored about 170 research papers in peer-reviewed international journals and refereed conferences organized by professional societies around the world. He has authored fourteen textbooks, which have been published by various publishers of high-international repute. He is an active member of several professional bodies and societies, both in India and abroad.

Book preview

Design of Marine Risers with Functionally Graded Materials

Srinivasan Chandrasekaran

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

List of Figures

List of Tables

Chapter 1. Marine risers: introduction

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Type of risers

1.3 Drilling riser

1.4 Completion and workover risers

1.5 Top-tensioned risers

1.6 Steel catenary risers

1.7 Flexible risers

1.8 Layout configurations

1.9 Riser components

1.10 Vortex-induced vibrations

1.11 Dynamics of risers

1.12 Corrosion in risers

1.13 Materials for risers

1.14 Moorings

Exercise

Chapter 2. Functionally graded materials for marine risers

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Functionally graded material

2.3 Wire arc additive manufacturing

2.4 Functionally graded material to the marine riser

2.5 Materials and manufacturing

2.6 Mechanical characteristics

2.7 Metal-transfer characteristics

2.8 X-ray computed tomography

2.9 Tension test

2.10 Structural properties

2.11 Microstructure analyses

2.12 Energy dispersive X-ray analysis

2.13 Microhardness

2.14 Fractography

2.15 Pitting corrosion

2.16 X-ray diffraction analysis

Exercise

Chapter 3. Vortex-induced vibration

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Vortex-induced vibration

3.3 Vortex-induced motion

3.4 Lock-in phenomenon

3.5 Inline vortex-induced vibration

3.6 Suppression of vortex-induced vibration

3.7 Flow characteristics

3.8 Behavior of flexible members

3.9 Vortex-induced vibration suppression: Experimental investigations

3.10 Experimental setup

3.11 Effect of suppression on vortex-induced vibration

Exercise

Chapter 4. Recent advancements in materials and offshore platforms

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Selection of materials

4.3 Marine environment

4.4 Titanium

4.5 Composites

4.6 Nonferrous metals and other materials

4.7 Buoyancy materials and syntactic foams

4.8 Semisubmersible with postulated mooring failure

4.9 Offshore triceratops with elliptical buoyant legs

Exercise

References

Index

Copyright

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Preface

Design of Marine Risers With Functionally Graded Materials explores the novelty of functionally grading materials for marine risers. The constituent elements are chosen to satisfy both the strength and service life requirements of marine risers in a corrosive environment. A combination of a variety of environmental loads that arise from waves, current, and those arising from the impact of vessels will result in the development of extreme stresses. It makes the analysis and design of marine risers, a complicated process. With progress in the research and scientific developments, several geometric forms of the production risers such as flexible risers, steel catenary risers, and hybrid risers are also deployed successfully for both exploration and production. The first chapter deals with the basics of marine risers, various geometric configurations, layout preferences for offshore platforms, and fatigue load issues. Besides, alternate materials used for marine risers are also briefly discussed.

Under the corrosive marine environment, a corrosion-resistant alloy of duplex stainless steel, functionally graded with carbon–manganese steel along with its inner layer, is examined. Detailed experimental studies carried out to assess both the mechanical and metallurgical properties are discussed in the second chapter. The interface strength of functionally graded materials (FGM), fabricated using cold metal transfer, gas metal arc welding, based on the wire arc additive manufacturing in the lab scale, is compared with an X52 carbon–manganese steel to highlight the superiority of the proposed FGM.

The design of risers to withstand the oscillatory motion during the formation of vortices is a challenging task. Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is the outcome of such exciting, periodic forces, causing a response closer to the resonance period. Being undesirable, the suppression of VIV will improve the safe and comfortable working environment of offshore drilling by enhancing the design life of structural members. In the third chapter the VIV phenomenon in the context of marine risers is presented in detail. A few recent research studies carried out to suppress VIV in cylindrical members are also discussed. Experimental investigations carried out on a scaled model to examine its behavior with and without suppression systems are presented. It is seen that by attaching stripping wires, turbulence is generated within the laminar boundary layer of the model. Such protrusions on the surface of the bluff body have a considerable effect on the vortex-induced formation process and resulting oscillations of the cylinder.

The recent development of structural forms of offshore compliant structures is unique and expensive by design, installation, commissioning, and operability. See, for example, the buoyant leg storage and regasification platform and triceratops. Ocean structures are more focused on being form-dominant rather than strength-based design. Compliant and floating structures, when coupled with risers and moorings, show a complex behavior under environmental loads. Therefore recent studies lead to the use of modern materials for their construction as their repair is undesirable due to their limited accessibility for structural intervention. In the fourth chapter the use of different materials is discussed, which will be complementary to FGM. The dynamic analyses of semisubmersibles under the postulated failure of mooring lines, discussed in the chapter, will be an investigative research domain. Further, a novel study on offshore triceratops with buoyant legs of the elliptical cross section is also presented, which elaborates on the recent advancements in the cross-sectional shape of members of offshore platforms.

The author expresses his immense gratitude to all his teachers, research scholars, graduate students, and colleagues for their support and advice at various capacities. In particular, the research outcome shared by Merin Thomas, Syed Azeem Uddin, and Dr. Nagavinothini needs a special mention. The author also specially thanks Dr. Hari Sreenivasan, Assistant Prof., School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar for coauthoring the second chapter of this book. The author also expresses his gratitude to Prof. Murugaiyan Amirthalingam, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras for his valuable inputs and technical support. The author also thanks the Chairman, Centre of Continuing Education, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, for extending administrative assistance in preparing the manuscript of this book.

List of Figures