Trends In Hydraulics

By Ritesh Thalla

New trends are emerging are this book is out another trend that might be just in the corner of disrupting Various domains of interest such an engineering and other areas. This book is about the progress that is happening in the field of hydraulics.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Point Six Technologies Pvt Ltd
• Release date: Jul 13, 2020
• ISBN: 9789390040506

Ritesh Thalla

Born in Mumbai on 18th may 1993 after completing my job as a software tester I devoted my next 11 months researching how the trend in engineering and technology is progressing. This book is an account of small amount of research on hydraulics engineering and trends and in the same subject.

Book preview

Chapter 1

WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN

Water

The world is made up of 70percent water and just 30percent land, that statistic shows the importance of water to the existence of the world. Also, water plays a vital role in the daily activities of man ranging from transportation, occupation, research work, feeding, and lots of other things. Water exists in different forms such as;

•Natural water bodies examples include rivers, lakes, oceans e.t.c

•Drinking and domestic water for daily activities (drinking, cleaning, and cooking)

•Stormwater that needs to be drained from the streets or hard surfaces to prevent flooding

•Wastewater from industries

•Artificial water bodies such as fountains, swimming pools, water basin and other waters that are contributing to the amenities of cities.

Most people are not aware of the roles which water play in our everyday activities and life. It plays a significant role aside from the bitter experiences of flooding and drought disasters, the Water cycle, which involves precipitation, percolation, surface run-off, and finally evaporation within urban paved areas which makes it nearly impossible for water to run its course. Urban Water is polluted with impurities, which makes it challenging to percolate the ground due to covered surfaces (concrete or asphalt) hereby making storm-water rapidly collected and quickly discharged through the drainage system, leaving no room for evaporation.

• Stormwater

Stormwater, which occurs as a result of rain or precipitations, which includes ice melt and snowdrops. Stormwater can sink into the ground (infiltrate) or can be stored in well-designed reservoirs, ponds, puddles, it can also evaporate or run-off on a covered surface. Stormwater run-off is designed to conveyed or deposited into a nearby river, stream, or other water bodies. It is also hazardous to our physical environment as it can bring about adverse effects such as flooding when it is in excess and drought when there is an absence of it. Man, in his way has altered the natural flow of nature through the various types of development being carried out on the natural environment such as;

•Cutting down of trees for the production of other materials and sighting of buildings for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes which is known as Deforestation.

•Covering or paving of ground surface can hinder infiltration, which might affect evaporation hereby leading to drought,

•pollution of drainage patterns or systems.

However, man have also tried to device several ways of managing stormwater in cities since majority of the ground surface have been paved or covered because if they are not properly dealt with or controlled it can bring about flooding and that led to the implementation of sewage system in order to regulate and conserve stormwater for domestic and industrial purpose. The sewage system design are;

•Separate sewerage disposal

•Combined sewerage disposal

Separate sewerage disposal: this type of sewerage disposal system provides two separate network pipe that carries the stormwater and wastewater. The stormwater discharges directly to the receiving water or treatment area if it is polluted while the wastewater is connected to the wastewater treatment.

Combined sewerage disposal: here, the wastewater and stormwater are transported by a single network pipe. The wastewater and stormwater are treated together before discharging to rivers.

Stormwater varies from place to place, country to country, and city to city. Therefore, the mode or strategy of managing it will vary because what might work in the United States might not work in India. Technology has helped to design other ways of conserving stormwater and making it sustainable. This book is targeted on providing every individual and institutions with an insight into the ideas of Water sensitive urban design (WSUD)

Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)

Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is a process whereby, urban water, such as stormwater, groundwater and wastewater are managed and supplied into urban design to reduce environmental degradation and pollution to make the environment conducive for habitation, recreational activities and also improve aesthetics. Water sensitive urban design is a term which is known by different names depending on the country, in the united states and Australia it is known as Low-impact development (LID) while in the United Kingdom it is known as Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS).

What is Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)?

Water sensitive urban design is an integration or an approach to planning and designing urban areas to ensure that stormwater and wastewater are optimally managed and treated within a catchment area under proper supervision. WSUD is aimed at meeting the primary objectives of conserving water and protecting human properties and developments through the following ways:

A. Manage catchment to improve water resources through the following methods:

1. To safeguard sources of public drinking water

2. To protect and manage waterways and wetlands

3. To provide sustainability of quality water resources for the future

4. Helps to reduce pollution of water resources throurg

the provision of non-structural controls

5. Improve and manage water resources, both surface and groundwater.

6. Oversee surface flow from all rainfall activities as high In the catchment area as possible.

7. Reduces changes to hydrology at critical internal and the final output points of the stormwater system.

8. To protect the image of nature such as the natural landforms and natural vegetation.

B. Oversee risk to life and property.

1. It helps to reduce the breakout of diseases.

2. Prevent flooding

3. To maintain surface run-off in other to prevent destruction or damages to downstream infrastructures.

APPROACHES TO MANAGING URBAN STORMWATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY

Managing urban stormwater involves collecting, treating,