Haggai, Malachi: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture

By Richard A. Taylor and E. Ray Clendenen

THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY is for the minister or Bible student who wants to understand and expound the Scriptures. Notable features include:* commentary based on THE NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION;* the NIV text printed in the body of the commentary;* sound scholarly methodology that reflects capable research in the original languages;* interpretation that emphasizes the theological unity of each book and of Scripture as a whole;* readable and applicable exposition.

• Language: English
• Publisher: BH Publishing Group
• Release date: Oct 1, 2004
• ISBN: 9781433672668

Book preview

General Editor

E. RAY CLENDENEN

Associate General Editor, OT

KENNETH A. MATHEWS

Associate General Editor, NT

DAVID S. DOCKERY

Consulting Editors

Old Testament

L. RUSS BUSH

DUANE A. GARRETT

PAUL R. HOUSE

LARRY L. WALKER

New Testament

RICHARD R. MELICK, JR.

PAIGE PATTERSON

CURTIS VAUGHAN

B. PAUL WOLFE

Manuscript Editor: LINDA L. SCOTT

© Copyright 2004 • B&H Publishing Group

All rights reserved

ISBN: 978-08054-0121-9

Dewey Decimal Classification: 224.9

Subject Heading: BIBLE. O.T. Haggai \ BIBLE O.T. Malachi

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-25014

Printed in the United States of America

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

Unless otherwise indicated. Scripture quotations are from the Holy Bible, New International Version (NIV), copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondcrvan Bible Publishers. Quotations marked HCSB are from The Holman Christian Standard Bible© Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 by Holman Bible Publishers. Used by permission. Scripture quotations identified as TEV are from the Today's English Version, Second Edition Copyright © 1966, 1971, 1976, 1992 American Bible Society. Used by permission. Scripture quotations marked RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyrighted 1946, 1952, © 1971, 1973. Scripture quotations marked NASB are from the New American Standard Bible.© The Lockman Foundation, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977. Used by permission. Scripture quotations marked NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked NKJV are from the New King James Version. Copyright © 1979, 1980, 1982, Thomas Nelson, Inc., Publishers. Scripture quotations marked NLT are taken from Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright © 1996. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton Illinois 60189. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked ESV are from The New English Standard Version. Copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a division of Good News Publishers. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked NEB are from The New English Bible. Copyright © The Delegates of the Oxford University Press and the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 1989. Reprinted by permission. Scripture quotations marked JPSV are from TANAKH A New Translation of THE HOLY SCRIPTURES According to the Tranditional Hebrew Text Copyright © The Jewish Publication Society, 1985. Used by permission. Scripture quotations marked NET are from The NET Bible: The Translation That Explains Itself Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2001 by Biblical Studies Press, LLC, Used by permission. Scripture quotations marked NJB are from The New Jerusalem Bible. Copyright © 1990 by Darton, Longman & Todd, Ltd. and Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. Used by permission.

For

Diane, Alison, Sophie, Bill, and Renee

I thank my God every time I remember you

(Phil 1:3)

For

My loving mother, Bertha Clendenen Pipes

with thanks and admiration for her strength of character,

her faith and faithfulness, her hard work on my behalf,

her kindness and wisdom.

For my mother-in-law, Mary Phipps,

whose constant communion with God has nurtured my faith

as it nurtured faith, wisdom, and love in my wife, Mimi,

my greatest earthly treasure.

And for my children, Ann and Jonathan.

My Lord has truly thrown open the floodgates of heaven

and flooded me with blessing

(Mal 3:10)

Editors' Preface

God’s Word does not change. God’s world, however, changes in every generation. These changes, in addition to new findings by scholars and a new variety of challenges to the gospel message, call for the church in each generation to interpret and apply God’s Word for God’s people. Thus, THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY is introduced to bridge the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This new series has been designed primarily to enable pastors, teachers, and students to read the Bible with clarity and proclaim it with power.

In one sense THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY is not new, for it represents the continuation of a heritage rich in biblical and theological exposition. The title of this forty-volume set points to the continuity of this series with an important commentary project published at the end of the nineteenth century called AN AMERICAN COMMENTARY, edited by Alvah Hovey. The older series included, among other significant contributions, the outstanding volume on Matthew by John A. Broadus, from whom the publisher of the new series, Broadman Press, partly derives its name. The former series was authored and edited by scholars committed to the infallibility of Scripture, making it a solid foundation for the present project. In line with this heritage, all NAC authors affirm the divine inspiration, inerrancy, complete truthfulness, and full authority of the Bible. The perspective of the NAC is unapologetically confessional and rooted in the evangelical tradition.

Since a commentary is a fundamental tool for the expositor or teacher who seeks to interpret and apply Scripture in the church or classroom, the NAC focuses on communicating the theological structure and content of each biblical book. The writers seek to illuminate both the historical meaning and contemporary significance of Holy Scripture.

In its attempt to make a unique contribution to the Christian community, the NAC focuses on two concerns. First, the commentary emphasizes how each section of a book fits together so that the reader becomes aware of the theological unity of each book and of Scripture as a whole. The writers, however, remain aware of the Bible’s inherently rich variety. Second, the NAC is produced with the conviction that the Bible primarily belongs to the church. We believe that scholarship and the academy provide an indispensable foundation for biblical understanding and the service of Christ, but the editors and authors of this series have attempted to communicate the findings of their research in a manner that will build up the whole body of Christ. Thus, the commentary concentrates on theological exegesis, while providing practical, applicable exposition.

THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY’s theological focus enables the reader to see the parts as well as the whole of Scripture. The biblical books vary in content, context, literary type, and style. In addition to this rich variety, the editors and authors recognize that the doctrinal emphasis and use of the biblical books differs in various places, contexts, and cultures among God’s people. These factors, as well as other concerns, have led the editors to give freedom to the writers to wrestle with the issues raised by the scholarly community surrounding each book and to determine the appropriate shape and length of the introductory materials. Moreover, each writer has developed the structure of the commentary in a way best suited for expounding the basic structure and the meaning of the biblical books for our day. Generally, discussions relating to contemporary scholarship and technical points of grammar and syntax appear in the footnotes and not in the text of the commentary. This format allows pastors and interested laypersons, scholars and teachers, and serious college and seminary students to profit from the commentary at various levels. This approach has been employed because we believe that all Christians have the privilege and responsibility to read and seek to understand the Bible for themselves.

Consistent with the desire to produce a readable, up-to-date commentary, the editors selected the New International Version as the standard translation for the commentary series. The selection was made primarily because of the NIV’s faithfulness to the original languages and its beautiful and readable style. The authors, however, have been given the liberty to differ at places from the NIV as they develop their own translations from the Greek and Hebrew texts.

The NAC reflects the vision and leadership of those who provide oversight for Broadman Press, who in 1987 called for a new commentary series that would evidence a commitment to the inerrancy of Scripture and a faithfulness to the classic Christian tradition. While the commentary adopts an American name, it should be noted some writers represent countries outside the United States, giving the commentary an international perspective. The diverse group of writers includes scholars, teachers, and administrators from almost twenty different colleges and seminaries, as well as pastors, missionaries, and a layperson.

The editors and writers hope that THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY will be helpful and instructive for pastors and teachers, scholars and students, for men and women in the churches who study and teach God’s Word in various settings. We trust that for editors, authors, and readers alike, the commentary will be used to build up the church, encourage obedience, and bring renewal to God’s people. Above all, we pray that the NAC will bring glory and honor to our Lord, who has graciously redeemed us and faithfully revealed himself to us in his Holy Word.

SOLI DEO GLORIA

The Editors

Author's Prefaces

Haggai

In the spring of 1999 Dr. Ray Clendenen, general editor of The New American Commentary, honored me with an invitation to contribute a treatment of the Book of Haggai to The New American Commentary series. It is a pleasure for me to record here my appreciation to Dr. Clendenen for this invitation.

I am also appreciative of my family's sympathetic acceptance of the impact of this project on our shared times together. There were many occasions when Haggai demanded hours that I otherwise would have spent with them. There were other times when, though I was physically present at a family function, my mind was still pondering enigmas of the Book of Haggai. I doubt that these preoccupations always escaped the detection of those who were with me. Yet somehow through it all Haggai has remained a festal name in our household. I am especially grateful for my wife's patient acceptance of the time constraints created by my scholarly endeavors.

I also wish to record my appreciation for the excellent library resources that have been available to me during the preparation of this project. The fine biblical studies collection of Turpin and Mosher Libraries at Dallas Theological Seminary has been an immense help in my work. The resources of Bridwell Library at Southern Methodist University in Dallas have been very helpful to me as well. For published materials that were unavailable to me locally, the staff at Turpin Library were always eager to assist by contacting various libraries in other parts of the country. I also gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Chuck Van Hof, managing editor at Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, for making available to me an advance copy of Michael Floyd's important work on the form criticism of the Minor Prophets.

To comment on any portion of Scripture is both a welcome privilege and a daunting responsibility. Words of the Apostle Paul come to mind: And who is equal to such a task? (2 Cor 2:16). I am painfully aware of my own limitations in this regard. All I can claim to have done in what follows is to have set forth my present understanding of the Book of Haggai. I hope that this discussion will make a modest contribution to contemporary understanding of Haggai, especially on the part of theological students, preachers, and teachers of the Old Testament. I have tried to write with them in mind, stressing the historical and theological issues of Haggai and the literary and structural features of the book that are most essential for grasping its message, as opposed to minor linguistic or interpretive details that may turn out to be less helpful in the exposition of this book. For whatever shortcomings or mistakes that may yet remain in this discussion, I take full responsibility. For whatever may be worthwhile, soli Deo gloria!

Richard A. Taylor

May the bones of the twelve prophets

revive from where they lie,

for they comforted the people of Jacob

and delivered them with comfort and hope.

--Sirach 49:10, NRSV

Malachi

In 1968 a college sophomore stood in the religion section of the library at Rice University filled with insatiable curiosity, desperate to read all the books he saw before him. As he stumbled along ill-equipped to meet the challenges to his faith in a secular university, searching for answers as well as trying to find his place in the world, he reached into the toolkit of books by Merrill Unger given him by the girl who had led him to Christ two years before, and he reached out to books by Carl F. H. Henry, John W. Montgomery, C. S. Lewis, John Stott, and F. F. Bruce that were either recommended to him by his pastor or discovered in the library. But compared to the literature being pumped out of innumerable publishing houses attacking the Christian faith and the veracity of the Bible, the works defending the faith seemed exceedingly sparse. This young man's experience was representative of thousands at about the same time.

But since then God has raised up several generations of outstanding Christian scholars who in the face of ridicule and arguments to the contrary believed the Bible. They also believed that as the Word of God it deserved a lifetime devoted to its study, teaching, and exposition. Thirty-six years later personal and institutional libraries are full of works of academic scholarship at the highest level that not only defend but also advance the Christian faith. Dozens of commentary sets have been started (and a few even finished!), and hundreds of individual commentaries and monographs and thousands of articles have been written explaining books of the Bible, biblical texts, or biblical concepts from the standpoint of a firm commitment to the absolute truth of the Christian faith and the inerrancy of the Bible. Many outstanding evangelical reference works of lexicology, grammar, theology, etc. are now available as well as modern Bible translations, often in computer software that Bible students (including this one) have come to consider essential. (This commentary was written with the constant and blessed aid of Accordance software developed and maintained by Roy and Helen Brown, a brilliant and wonderful couple God has given to do his work.) Academic institutions in the United States and abroad are filled with highly trained administrators and professors with impeccable credentials who are committed to the complete truthfulness of the Bible as well as the urgency of making disciples of all the nations. We can only stand in awe of what God has done and will continue to do until Jesus comes and the task is complete. We must praise the One who promised to build his church, and we must be diligent to continue to meet the challenges of the day and to transmit our passion to each successive generation along with the skills and knowledge God has given us.

Writing a commentary on Holy Scripture is an immeasurably great privilege and awesome responsibility. I have had the opportunity and honor to edit twenty-seven volumes of The New American Commentary so far, but the assignment to write one myself, even on a book as small as Malachi, has given me a more profound respect for the authors of those volumes. We are all immensely grateful to God for the skills and knowledge he has given us for the task, and for the teachers and mentors who believed in us and more especially in God's faithfulness to make something worthwhile out of us that would glorify him. For my part, I am eternally in debt to the time and patience of men such as Dr. Edwin Blum, my college pastor and seminary professor and now my colleague in the work of Bible translation, George Mallone (now deceased), the InterVarsity staff worker who invested so much time in me and who wrote a commentary on Malachi himself, and Robert Longacre, my doctoral supervisor, who led me into the exciting world of textlinguistics. He is a model of courageous Christian scholarship and servanthood. I am especially awed by the discipline, determination, and mental labor (however enjoyable and rewarding) involved in producing a commentary on such mammoth and crucial books as Genesis, John, and so many others in our series. I am also awed by the kindness, sacrificial love, and encouragement shown by the families of those authors, not only allowing but supporting them in the enormous commitment of time and effort to make the task successful. I know from being the grateful recipient how many meals have been delivered to hungry but busy commentary writers, household chores done (quietly) by their wives and families so that Daddy could work.

I know I'm not the only writer whose family was even directly involved in the project. My wife, Mimi, has been creating the subject index for the last several volumes of the NAC and produced the one for this volume as well. No writer could have a more supportive and helpful partner (Mal 2:14) in ministry and a more effective sounding board for ideas than I. My daughter, Ann, a French major in college and now a student in seminary with her husband, helped with French translations and critiquing poorly written early drafts of portions of the commentary. Her husband, Will Cherry, read footnotes and (tactfully) pointed out some of his father-in-law's mistakes. Although my son, Jon, is only thirteen, his assistance retrieving books, copying articles, and sending and retrieving computer files, especially in the final stages of research, has been tremendous. I'd like to express here on behalf of all our writers how much we owe to our support teams who have made possible the work we have done. Not only family members but friends, librarians, and research assistants are often involved. I am grateful to friends like Ken Mathews and Peter Gentry and to students at Criswell College and several Southern Baptist seminaries who have listened patiently and critically to my thoughts on Malachi for several years. The assistance of the Dargan Library staff at Lifeway Christian Resources, especially Steve Gateley and Miriam Evans, was critical for my research. Also essential was the final month of work on the commentary at home and at Boyce Library of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, for which I am grateful to the indulgence of my supervisor David Shepherd and the hospitality of the administrators of Southern Seminary, Dr. Albert R. Mohler, Jr., and Dr. Russell Moore. I also wish to thank Peter Gentry and the NAC editors, Ken Mathews, Paul House, Russ Bush, and Larry Walker, for plowing through the manuscript and making many useful suggestions. The typesetter and copy editor of the series, with whom I have worked for twelve years, Linda Scott, has again done a masterful job and is due shouts of praise for her skill, diligence, and sweet spirit.

Finally, I am grateful to Paige Patterson, Paul Pressler, and others whom God used to awaken the Southern Baptist Convention to the challenges facing us in the convention and in the world. It is because of the work they did that Broadman & Holman can assemble a group of writers, mostly from schools associated with the SBC, to write a series of commentaries on Scripture based on the firm conviction of its complete truthfulness. I do not take lightly the trust placed in me to shepherd this project, and I am grateful to those responsible for its launch, especially the founding editors and David S. Dockery, the editor of the first six volumes.

May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, who always finishes what he starts (Phil 1:6), be praised.

E. Ray Clendenen

Abbreviations

Bible Books

Apocrypha

Common Abbreviations

Selected Bibliography

General Bibliography

Achtemeier, E. Nahum—Malachi. IBC. Atlanta: John Knox, 1986.

———. Preaching from the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.

Ackroyd, P. R. Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968.

Baldwin, J. G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1972.

Barthélemy, D. Ézéchiel, Daniel et les 12 Prophètes. Vol. 3 of Critique textuelle de l’Ancien Testament. OBO 50/3. Fribourg: Éditions Universitaires Fribourg; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992.

Berquist, J. L. Judaism in Persia’s Shadow: A Social and Historical Approach. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.

Brown, W. P. Obadiah through Malachi. Westminster Bible Companion. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996.

Carter, C. E. The Emergence of Yehud in the Persian Period: A Social and Demographic Study. JSOTSup 294. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.

Cathcart, K. J., and R. P. Gordon. The Targum of the Minor Prophets: Translated, with a Critical Introduction, Apparatus, and Notes. The Aramaic Bible 14. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1989.

Chisholm, R. B., Jr. Interpreting the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990.

———. A Theology of the Minor Prophets. In A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament. Edited by R. B. Zuck. Chicago: Moody, 1991, 397–433.

Cody, A. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. NJBC. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1990, 349–61.

———. A History of the Old Testament Priesthood. AnBib 35. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1969.

Coggins, R. J. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. OTG. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1987.

Craigie, P. C. Twelve Prophets. Vol. 2. DSB. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1985.

Davies, W. D., ed. Second Temple Studies: 1. Persian Period. JSOTSup 117. Sheffield: JSOT, 1991.

Davies, W. D. and L. Finkelstein, eds. Introduction: The Persian Period. Vol. 1 of The Cambridge History of Judaism. Cambridge: University Press, 1984.

Driver, G. R. Linguistic and Textual Problems: Minor Prophets. III. JTS 39 (1938): 393–405.

Dumbrell, W. J. Kingship and Temple in the Post-Exilic Period. RTR 37 (1978): 33– 42.

Elliger, K. Die Propheten Nahum, Habakuk, Zephanja, Haggai, Zacharja, Maleachi. In Das Buch der zwölf kleinen Propheten. ATD 25. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupre­cht, 1982.

Eskenazi, T. C. and K. H. Richards, eds. Second Temple Studies: 2. Temple Community in the Persian Period. JSOTSup 175. Sheffield: Academic Press, 1994.

Floyd, M. H. Minor Prophets. Part 2. FOTL 22. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000.

Fuller, R. The Form and Formation of the Book of the Twelve: The Evidence from the Judean Desert. In Forming Prophetic Literature: Essays on Isaiah and the Twelve in Honor of John D. W. Watts. JSOTSup 235. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996, 86–101.

———. The Text of the Twelve Minor Prophets. CurBS 7 (1999): 81–95.

———. Minor Prophets. In Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, 1:554–57.

Fuller, R. E., ed. [The Minor Prophets]. In The Prophets. Vol. 10 of Qumran Cave 4. DJD 15. Oxford: Clarendon, 1997

———. The Minor Prophets Manuscripts from Qumrân, Cave IV. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1988.

Gelston, A. Dodekapropheten—Daniel–Bel–Draco. Vetus Testamentum Syriace iuxta simplicem syrorum versionem, or The Old Testament in Syriac according to the Peshitta Version, Part 3. Fascicle 4. Leiden: Brill, 1980.

———. The Foundations of the Second Temple. VT 16 (1966): 232–35.

———. The Peshitta of the Twelve Prophets. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.

———. The Twelve Prophets: Peshitta and Targum. In Targum and Peshitta. Targum Studies. South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism 165. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, 2:119–39.

Gordon, R. P. Studies in the Targum to the Twelve Prophets from Nahum to Malachi. VTSup 51. Leiden: Brill, 1994.

Grabbe, L. L. Grabbe, The Persian and Greek Periods. Vol. 1 of Judaism from Cyrus to Hadrian. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992.

Graffy, A. A Prophet Confronts His People: The Disputation Speech in the Prophets. AnBib 104. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1984.

Hanson, P. D. The Dawn of Apocalyptic. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1975.

Hoonacker, A. van Les Douze Petits Prophètes. Paris: Gabalda, 1908.

Horst, F. Die zwölf kleinen Propheten: Nahum bis Maleachi. 3d ed. HAT 14. Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1964.

Jones, B. A. The Book of the Twelve as a Witness to Ancient Biblical Interpretation. In Reading and Hearing the Book of the Twelve. SBLSymS 15. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000, 65–74.

———. The Formation of the Book of the Twelve: A Study in Text and Canon. SBLDS 149. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995.

Jones, D. R. Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi: Introduction and Commentary. TBC. London: SCM Press, 1962.

Kaiser, W. C., Jr. Micah—Malachi. Communicator’s Commentary 21. Dallas: Word, 1992.

Keil, C. F. Minor Prophets. Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerd­mans, 1982.

Kodell, J. Lamentations, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Obadiah, Joel, Second Zechari­ah, Baruch. OTM 14. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1982.

Mackay, J. L. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: God’s Restored People. Ross-shire, Scotland: Christian Focus Publications, 1994.

Mason, R. A. The Books of Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi. CBC. Cambridge: Cam­bridge University Press, 1977.

———. The Messiah in the Postexilic Old Testament Literature. In King and Mes­siah in Israel and the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar. JSOTSup 270. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998, 338–64.

———. Preaching the Tradition: Homily and Hermeneutics After the Exile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

———. The Prophets of the Restoration. In Israel’s Prophetic Tradition: Essays in Honour of Peter R. Ackroyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 137–54.

McComiskey, T. E., ed. The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Exegetical Commen­tary. 3 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.

McEvenue, S. E. The Political Structure in Judah from Cyrus to Nehemiah. CBQ 43 (1981): 353–64.

Merrill, E. H. An Exegetical Commentary: Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Chicago: Moody, 1994.

———. Kingdom of Priests: A History of Old Testament Israel. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987.

Meyers, E. M. The Persian Period and the Judean Restoration: From Zerubbabel to Nehemiah. In Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987, 509–21.

———. Second Temple Studies in the Light of Recent Archaeology: Part I: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods. CurBS 2 (1994): 25–42.

Moore, T. V. The Prophets of the Restoration, or Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi: A New Translation, with Notes. New York: Robert Carter & Brothers, 1856.

Murray, D. F. The Rhetoric of Disputation: Re-Examination of a Prophetic Genre. JSOT 38 (1987): 95–121.

Nogalski, J. Literary Precursors to the Book of the Twelve. BZAW, ed. O. Kaiser, no. 217a. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993.

———. Redactional Processes in the Book of the Twelve. BZAW 218. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993.

———. Intertextuality and the Twelve. In Forming Prophetic Literature: Essays on Isaiah and the Twelve in Honor of John D. W. Watts. JSOTSup 235. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996, 102–24.

Nogalski, J. D. and M. A. Sweeney, ed., Reading and Hearing the Book of the Twelve. SBLSymS 15. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000.

Orelli, C.von. The Twelve Minor Prophets. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1893.

Perowne, T. T. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, with Notes and Introduction. CBSC. Cambridge: University Press, 1886.

Petersen, D. L. Late Israelite Prophecy: Studies in Deutero-Prophetic Literature and in Chronicles. SBLMS 23. Missoula: Scholars Press, 1977.

________. The Roles of Israel’s Prophets. JSOTSup 17. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1981.

Pierce, R. W. Literary Connectors and a Haggai/Zechariah/Malachi Corpus. JETS 27 (1984): 272–89.

———. A Thematic Development of the Haggai/Zechariah/Malachi Corpus. JETS 27 (1984): 401–11.

Provan, I. et al., A Biblical History of Israel. Louisville: WJK, 2003.

Pusey, E. B. The Minor Prophets: A Commentary, Explanatory and Practical. 2 Vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1950.

Regt, L. J. de, et al, eds. Literary Structure and Rhetorical Strategies in the Hebrew Bi­ble. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1996.

Redditt, P. L. Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

———. Recent Research on the Book of the Twelve as One Book. CRBS 9 (2001): 47–80.

Redditt, P. L. and A. Schart, eds. Thematic Threads in the Book of the Twelve. BZAW 325. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2003.

Reventlow, H. G. Die Propheten Haggai, Sacharja und Maleachi. ATD. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993.

Rudolph, W. Haggai—Sacharja 1–8—Sacharja 9–14—Maleachi, mit einer Zeittafel von Alfred Jepsen. KAT 13/4. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1976.

Schiffman, L. H. From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. Hoboken: Ktav, 1991.

Slavitt, David R., trans. The Book of the Twelve Prophets. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Smith, G. A. The Book of the Twelve Prophets Commonly Called the Minor. Vol 2. 2d ed. EBC. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1898.

Smith, R. L. Micah—Malachi. WBC. Waco: Word, 1984.

Stern, E. The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Periods: 732–332 BCE. Vol. 2 of Archaeology of the Land of the Bible. ABRL. New York: Doubleday, 2001.

———. Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period 538–332 B.C. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1982.

Sweeney, M. A. The Twelve Prophets. Berit Olam: Studies in Hebrew Narrative and Poetry. Edited by D. W. Cotter. 2 vols. Collegeville: Liturgical, 2000.

Thomas, D. W. The Sixth Century B.C.: A Creative Epoch in the History of Israel. JSS 6 (1991): 33–46.

Van Groningen, G. Messianic Revelation in the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990.

Verhoef, P. A. The Books of Haggai and Malachi. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.

Walton, J. H. et al. The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2000.

Watts, J. W. and P. R. House, eds. Forming Prophetic Literature: Essays on Isaiah and the Twelve in Honor of John D. W. Watts. JSOTSup 235. Sheffield: Academic Press, 1996.

Weinberg, J. The Citizen–Temple Community. JSOTSup 151. Sheffield: Sheffield Aca­demic Press, 1992.

Widengren, G. The Persian Period. In Israelite and Judaean History. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977, 489–538.

Williamson, H. G. M. Exile and After: Historical Study. In The Face of Old Testament Studies: A Survey of Contemporary Approaches. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999, 236– 65.

———. The Governors of Judah Under the Persians. TynBul 39 (1988): 59–82.

———. Judah and the Jews. In Studies in Persian History: Essays in Memory of David M. Lewis. Achaemenid History 11. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1998, 145–63.

Wolf, H. Haggai, Malachi: Rededication and Renewal. Chicago: Moody, 1976.

Woude, A. S. van der. Haggai, Maleachi. De Prediking van het Oude Testament. Nijkerk: Uitgeverij G. F. Callenbach, 1982.

Yamauchi, E. Persia and the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990.

Ziegler, J., ed. Duodecim prophetae. 3d ed. Septuaginta, Vetus Testamentum graecum auctoritate academiae scientiarum gottingensis, vol. 13. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984.

Bibliography for Haggai

Ackroyd, P. R. The Book of Haggai and Zechariah I–VIII. JJS 3 (1952): 151–56.

———. Haggai. In Harper’s Bible Commentary. New York: Harper & Row, 1988, 745–46.

———. Some Interpretative Glosses in the Book of Haggai. JJS 7 (1956): 163–67.

———. Studies in the Book of Haggai. JJS 2 (1951): 163–76; 3 (1952): 1–13.

Alden, R. L. Haggai. In EBC. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985, 7:569–91.

Amsler, S. Aggée, Zacharie 1–8. In Aggée, Zacharie 1–8, Zacharie 9–14, Malachie. 2d ed. CAT 11c. Genève: Labor et Fides, 1988, 9–40.

André, T. Le prophète Aggée: Introduction critique et commentaire. Paris: Librairie Fischbacher, 1895.

Bedford, P. R. Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 65. Leiden: Brill, 2001.

Beuken, W. A. M. Haggai—Sacharja 1–8: Studien zur Überlieferungsgeschichte der frühnachexilischen Prophetie. SSN 10. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1967.

Boda, M. J. Haggai: Master Rhetorician. TynBul 51 (2000): 295–304.

Bright, J. Aggée: Un exercice en herméneutique. ETR 44 (1969): 3–25.

———. Haggai among the Prophets: Reflections on Preaching from the Old Testament. In From Faith to Faith: Essays in Honor of Donald G. Miller on His Seventieth Birthday. PTMS 31. Pittsburgh: Pickwick Press, 1979, 219–34.

Calvin, J. Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai. Vol. 4. Commentaries on the Twelve Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1950.

Cashdan, E. Haggai: Introduction and Commentary. In The Twelve Prophets: Hebrew Text & English Translation, with Introductions and Commentary. London: Soncino Press, 1994, 253–64.

Chary, T. Le culte chez les prophètes Aggée et Zacharie. In Les prophètes et le culte à partir de l’exil. Vol. 3. Bibliothèque de théologie 3. Théologie biblique. Paris: Desclée, 1955, 118–59.

Clark, D. J. Discourse Structure in Haggai. JOTT 5 (1992): 13–24.

Cody, A. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. NJBC. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1990, 349–61.

Collins, J. J. Jerusalem and the Temple in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature of the Second Temple Period. International Rennert Guest Lecture Series 1. Remat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University, 1998.

Curtis, B. G. After the Exile: Haggai and History. In Giving the Sense: Understanding and Using Old Testament Historical Texts. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2003, 300–320.

Feinberg, C. L. Haggai. In The Wycliffe Bible Commentary. Chicago: Moody, 1962, 889–96.

Floyd, M. H. The Nature of the Narrative and the Evidence of Redaction in Haggai. VT 45 (1995): 470–90.

Holbrook, D. J. Narrowing Down Haggai: Examining Style in Light of Discourse and Content. JOTT 7 (1995): 1–12.

Japhet, S. ‘History’ and ‘Literature’ in the Persian Period: The Restoration of the Temple. In Ah, Assyria. . .: Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Hayim Tadmor. ScrHier 33. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1991, 174–88.

———. Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel—Against the Background of the Historical and Religious Tendencies of Ezra–Nehemiah. ZAW 94 (1982): 66–98; 95 (1983): 218–29.

———. The Temple in the Restoration Period: Reality and Ideology. USQR 44 (1991): 195–251.

Kessler, J. The Book of Haggai: Prophecy and Society in Early Persian Yehud. VTSup 91. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

Lindsey, F. D. Haggai. In The Bible Knowledge Commentary. n.p.: Victor Books, 1985, 1537–44.

Long, B. O. Two Question and Answer Schemata in the Prophets. JBL 90 (1971): 129–39.

Luther, M. Lectures on Haggai. In Lectures on the Minor Prophets, I. Luther’s Works 18. St. Louis: Concordia, 1975, 365–87.

March, E. E. The Book of Haggai: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections. In The New Interpreter’s Bible, 7:707–32. Nashville: Abingdon, 1996.

Mason, R. A. The Purpose of the ‘Editorial Framework’ of the Book of Haggai. VT 27 (1977): 413–21. [Reprinted in D. E. Orton, ed., Prophecy in the Hebrew Bible: Selected Studies from Vetus Testamentum, Brill’s Readers in Biblical Studies. (Leiden: Brill, 2000), 5:115–23.]

Matthews, I. G. Haggai. In Minor Prophets. An American Commentary. Philadel­phia: The American Baptist Publication Society, 1935, 2:5–18.

McEntire, M. Haggai: Bringing God into the Picture. RevExp 97 (2000): 69–78.

Meyers, C. L., and E. M. Meyers. Haggai, Zechariah 1–8: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB. Vol. 25B. New York: Doubleday, 1987.

Miller, J. H. Haggai—Zechariah: Prophets of the Now and Future. CurTM 6 (1979): 99–104.

Mitchell, H. G. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Haggai and Zechariah. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1912.

Morgan, F. C. Haggai: A Prophet of Correction and Comfort. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1935.

Napier, J. G. The Historical and Biblical Significance of the Messianic Passages in Haggai. Th.D. diss., Dallas Theological Seminary, 1984.

North, F. S. Critical Analysis of the Book of Haggai. ZAW 68 (1956): 25–46.

Peckham, B. History and Prophecy: The Development of Late Judean Literary Tradi­tions. ABRL. New York: Doubleday, 1993.

Petersen, D. L. Haggai. In The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 607–10.

———. Haggai and Zechariah 1–8: A Commentary. OTL. Philadelphia: Westmin­ster, 1984.

———. The Temple in Persian Period Prophetic Texts. BTB 21 (1991): 88–96.

———. Zerubbabel and Jerusalem Temple Reconstruction. CBQ 36 (1974): 366– 72.

Pierce, R. W. The Unresponsive Remnant: History, Structure and Theme in Haggai. Ph.D. diss., Fuller Theological Seminary, 1984.

Rooy, H. F. van. Eschatology and Audience: The Eschatology of Haggai. OTE 1 (1988): 49–63.

Rothstein, J. W. Juden und Samaritaner: die grundlegende Scheidung von Judentum und Heidentum: eine kritische Studie zum Buche Haggai und zur jüdischen Geschichte im ersten nachexilischen Jahrhundert. BWA(N)T 3. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1908.

Schottroff, W. Zur Sozialgeschichte Israels en der Perserzeit. VF 27 (1982): 46–68.

Sim, R. S. Notes on Haggai 2:10–21. JOTT 5 (1992): 25–36.

Stuhlmueller, C. Rebuilding with Hope: A Commentary on the Books of Haggai and Zechariah. ITC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Edinburgh: Handsel Press, 1988.

Tadmor, H. ‘The Appointed Time Has Not Yet Arrived’: The Historical Background of Haggai 1:2. In Ki Baruch Hu: Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Judaic Studies in Honor of Baruch A. Levine. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1999, 401–8.

Tetzner, L. Die rabbinischen Kommentare zum Buche Haggai. Munich: Dissertations­druck, 1969.

Thomas, D. W., and W. L. Sperry. The Book of Haggai. IB. New York: Abingdon, 1956, 6:1037–49.

Tollington, J. E. Tradition and Innovation in Haggai