The Orchestration Handbook: The Essential Guide to Every Instrument in the Orchestra
By Don B. Ray
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The Orchestration Handbook - Don B. Ray
pitches.
1
winds saxophones brass
PICCOLO IN C
Range:
Clef: treble
Transposition: sounds an octave higher than written
Timbre:
Lower range: good but unexploited register; poor projection
Middle range: good quality and control
Upper range: penetrating and brilliant
General characteristics:
agile and requires little breath
intonation can be a problem
Special effects:
Flutter: A sound produced on one pitch similar in quality to the cooing of a dove, indicated thus:
Trill: Rapid alternation between written note and neighboring upper note of scale (if music is tonal). Otherwise an accidental at right of sign indicates whether upper note is sharp, natural or flat; indicated thus:
Wider trills between non-adjoining notes are indicated thus:
FLUTE
Range:
Clef: treble
Transposition: sounds as written
Timbre:
Low range: dark, haunting sound
Middle range: sonorous quality but poor projection
Upper range: bright, carrying sound
High range: bright, penetrating quality
Characteristics:
very agile throughout range
the lower the register, the more breath required
Special effects: same as piccolo
ALTO FLUTE
Range:
Clef: treble
Transposition: sounds a perfect fourth lower than written
Timbre:
Low range: haunting, throaty, soft
Middle range: rich, throaty sound
Upper range: good quality; projects
Characteristics: same as flute, but uses considerably more breath
Special effects: same as piccolo except that flutter is ineffective in low and middle registers
OBOE
Range:
Clef: treble
Transposition: sounds as written
Timbre:
Lower range: rich, exotic sound; difficult to play softly
Middle range: characteristic color
Upper range: thin and tentative near top; loses volume
Characteristics:
very agile throughout register
requires little breath
particularly expressive instrument
Special effects: see piccolo: Special Effects: Trills
ENGLlSH HORN
Range:
Clef: treble
Transposition: sounds a perfect fifth lower than written
Timbre:
Low range: dark, sensuous sound; difficult to play softly
Middle range: like oboe but more resonant
Upper range: like oboe but more projected sound
Characteristics: same as oboe; less agile
Special effects: see piccolo: Special Effects: Trills
CLARINET IN B
Range:
Clef: treble
Transposition: sounds a whole step lower than written
Timbre:
Low range: rich