The Nigerian Dependent Management & Leadership Development in the Post World War Ii Colonial Nigeria

By Dr. Anthony Kenechukwu Offu Sr.

The main theme of this book is to provide a critical analysis of the Nigerian dependent
management and leadership development in the post world war II colonial Nigeria.
(1945-to-1960) and beyond, using foreign fi rms-global/multinational and transnational
corporations; U.A.C., SHELL, NNPC and OPEC. All these foreign fi rms have their parent
companies resided in their foreign countries of origin (advanced metropolis) and have
their subsidiaries or peripheries all over the global communities of underdeveloped and
developing economies.
Paradoxically, the book was generated by on-going political, economic concern and
controversy with the fate of the struggle and quest for economic liberation in the third
world-under-developed and developing countries of Africa, with direct specifi c studies of
the Nigeria dependent management and leadership development, predates, from pre
and post colonial era of the British colonial rule in Nigeria.
The book further focuses, elicits and elucidates the third world dependent development.
International Political Economy and Global/Multinational-Transnational Corporations, economic and political roles in
Nigerias agricultural and oil base economic factors, by using Nigeria raw materials/natural resources to produce into
fi nished products. The profi ts maximization, surpluses and heavy taxation realized through levied and derived from
the genesis of the raw materials, making it into complete fi nished products, from the subsidiary country Nigeria, by
the British global/multinational corporations of (U.A.C.) the United Africa Company, on the poor peasantry/farmers
were been appropriated, expropriated back to the U.A.Cs parent company in the United Kingdoms ministry of food
and supply.
The other raw materials/natural resources of the crude petroleum/oil manufacturing economy were been monopolized
by the SHELL Oil Royal Dutch of Netherlands and British SHELL post emerged, based on the concession signed
in Britain, as the British government during colonial rule in Nigeria discovered crude oil segments deposits, in the
todays south-south at Oloibiri in 1956, province/region in the today, south-south of eastern Nigeria. The NNPC
the Nigeria indigenous oil transnational corporation, represented the Nigeria federal government crude oil reserve
ownership of 55 % (in a shared venture, with SHELL British Petroleum and her partner of the Netherland Royal
Dutch Oil Co-SHELL- SHELL owned 30 %) and profi ts made by SHELL was transferred to the SHELL parent oil
Co, Headquarters at Hague, Netherland;
Finally, the OPEC relationship with Nigeria, and the world oil market, emerged as the oil giant (developing oil
organization) permanent inter-governmental organization, seemed competitively world oil organization, bailed out the
global oil community in terms of world oil market stock exchange crashes and recessions; global oil gluts, oil embargos,
regional civil wars and unrest threatened OPEC oil production, intercepts in bailing out the global oil community, via
by optimal production and supplies was apparent in OPEC sustainability growth and reinforce the world oil market
business continuity. OPEC main theme was apparently formed to stabilize and fi x oil prices, amongst the member
12 oil producing and exporting countries from the third world. Assist the member oil producer member countries to
produce oil in a quota basis system to prevent any oil price manipulations, intimidations, exploitative mechanism of
oil sales malpractices and price anomalies.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Jan 4, 2013
• ISBN: 9781477294338

Book preview

© 2013 Dr. Anthony Kenechukwu Offu Sr. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 12/21/2012

ISBN: 978-1-4772-9432-1 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-4772-9433-8 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012914246

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CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PART. A.

PREFACE: BY: DR. ANTHONY KENECHUKWU OFFU. SR.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

PART. B.

STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE:

HYPOTHESIS

INTRODUCTION

(A). LEADERSHIP/MANAGEMENT THEORIES/MODELS:

(B). DEVELOPMENT/MODERNIZATION THEORIES/MODELS:

(C). DEPENDENCY AND MODIFIED DEPENDENCY THEORIES/MODELS:

PART C.

THE GENESIS OF THE U.A.C. AND THEIR ECONOMIC ROLE IN THE PRE-WORLD WAR 11 COLONIAL NIGERIA.

THE U.A.C. AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKETING BOARD SYSTEM IN THE POST WORLD WAR 11 COLONIAL NIGERIA: BOARDS ECONOMIC INEFFECTIVENESS AND U.A.C.’S EXPANSIONISM IN THE CONTEMPORARY NIGERIA.(1947-2012).

THE U.A.C CURRENT OPERATIONS, EXPANSIONISM & NIGERIAN INVESTORS POSITIVE UPWARD ADVANTAGE:

PART-D.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRUDE PETROLEUM AND PETRO-CHEMICAL GAS/NATURAL GAS: THE FOREIGN MULTI/TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS; SHELL, NNPC, AND OPEC. THE (BRIEF) HISTORY AND ECONOMIC ROLE. (THE NIGER-DELTA REGIONS OF NIGERIA:

SEE THE PHOTO AND THE MAP OF THE NIGER-DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA

SHELL

THE SHELL ROYAL DUTCH OIL FIRM IN NIGERIA. OR SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, PLC. IN NIGERIA.

THE BRIEF HISTORY & DISCOVERY OF THE SHELL ROYAL DUTCH OIL FIRM IN NIGERIA/OR THE SHELL" PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT

CORPORATION, PLC IN NIGERIA.

NNPC

NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION(NNPC) PLC.

SEE PHOTO’S BELOW OF THE NNPC TOWER HEADQUARTERS IN ABUJA/OIL AND GAS PIPELINES-VENTURES",

EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION UNITS AND THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION(NNPC) LOGO.

THE IN-DEPTH DISCUSSION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES: TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY

"TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL—(TI),

EITI & EFCC"

AUTHOR’S HISTORICAL, CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM & METHODOLOGICAL FRAME WORK & PRACTICAL ANALYSIS:

ROLE/GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

THE EFCC NIGERIA ECONOMIC AND

FINANCIAL CRIME COMMISSION".

(CONTD). TRANSPARENCY/ACCOUNTABILITY:GOALS,-OBJECTIVES-AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE NIGERIA ECONOMY, TODAY: (TI, NEITI & EFCC).

GAS PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA.(DOWNSTREAM SECTOR).

THE INTERNATIONAL/AFRICAN COAST GAS PIPELINE: THE NIGERIA AND BEYOND WTHIN AFRICAN COAST.

REFINERIES: PROBLEMS IN THE URBAN CITIES AND LOCAL NIGERIA.

MAJOR ISSUES AND NIGERIA’S FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S INTERVENTION TO AMELIORATE THE NIGERIAN MASSES.

POTENTIAL CONTINGENCY AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE DOWNSTREAM SECTOR OF THE NIGERIA’S ECONOMY.

DOWNSTREAM SECTOR: AUTHOR’S SUGGESTIVE REALITY.

(2.) NIGERIA: A WAY FORWARD TOWARD ADDRESSING ECONOMIC STAGNATION, VOLATILITY, DEPRESSION AND EXTERNAL DEBT. (BRIEF ANALYSIS).

(3.) CONTINUING ISSUES UNDERLYING THE MILITANCY IN THE NIGER-DELTA.

OPEC

OPEC-"ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM

EXPORTING COUNTRIES"

(1).SEE PHOTO’S (FIRST PHOTO ATTACHMENTS)

AND "SEVERAL

ATTACHMENTS OF OPEC SUMMITS; 1ST IN BAGDAD-IRAQ; GENEVA, SWITZERLAND; VIENNA, AUSTRIA AND CARACAS, VENEZUELA.

(2). SEE PHOTO ATTACHMENT OF THE OPEC’S INCUMBENT PRESIDENT & SECRETARY GENERAL, 2012; OPEC HEADQURATER’S, MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATIVE BULIDINGS IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA.

NIGERIA HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND CURRENT STATISTICAL DATA RELATIONSHIP WITH OPEC.

SEE 2ND PHOTO ATTACHMENTS NIGERIA AND OPEC RELATIONSHIP".

OPEC-CURRENT MEMBERS.

OPEC AND OIL EMBARGO-YOM-KIPPUR WAR

OF OCTOBER, 1973.

BACKED OUT FORMER MEMBERS:

SEE PRIOR GRAPH TABLE-FIGURE-2.53 FOR THE COUNTRIES, WHICH BACKED OUT OF OPEC. ORGANIZATION.

OPEC-ECONOMIC SUSTAINABIITY:

OPEC QUOTA’S PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY

OPEC—FUTURE PROSPECTS, GOBALLY:

(A). OIL MULTI/TRANS-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS: ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ROLES AND POST-INDEPENDENCE NIGERIA.

(CONTROL OF NIGERIA’S OIL ECONOMY).

(B) THE CONTROL OF NIGERIA’S OIL ECONOMY AND OIL MULTI/TRANS-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS.

THE NATION-STATE, NIGERIA REVISITED IN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVE: AN INDEPTH METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF SAP IN THE NIGERIA MACROECONOMIC VIEW.

(IV). THE MAJOR CRUCIAL PROGRAM POLICY ABOUT SAP STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM.

(V). AUTHOR STUDY OF SAP PROGRAM IN THE NATION-STATE, NIGERIA.

VII. THE SAP CONCEPTUAL &

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK.

PART-E

CLASS CONFLICT:

PART-F.

(A). CONSEQUENCES OF THE NIGERIA’S OIL WEALTH ECONOMY:

(B). PERSONAL PROFILE & PROFESSIONAL

BIOGRAPHIC HISTORY.

PART-G.

THE TWO CRUCIAL BOOK INTERVIEWS

PART-H.

CONCLUSION # 1.

PART-I.

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY/CITATIONS:

NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT REPORTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book was generated by ongoing political and economic concern and controversy with the fate of the struggle and quest for economic liberation in the under-developed and developing countries of Africa-specific studies in Nigeria.

The genesis of this book project further posed an interesting question which espoused and elicits: Does the continents of the under-developed and developing countries need another International Political Economy and the Third World Dependent Development Educational—Text Book given the many books already available on these proposed fields/subjects? I personally responded in the affirmative, convinced that I could write a book that would be somewhat distinctive in the content as well as style.

In particular, I was seeking to write a book that would somehow appeal to the under-graduate College and post-graduate students-its primarily audience-as well as to more knowledgeable readers, a book that would combine in a balanced fashion the traditional as well as the contemporary approaches of theoretical, models, conceptual framework and practical understanding of the continent of Africa’s dependent development-with direct specificity of the Nigeria case studies of the Management and Leadership Dependent Development. The ideological frame work primarily drawn from Latin (South)America’s context and empirical research traditional and contemporary theoretical understanding of the third world dependent development school of thoughts.

The Intellectual magnets such as the former Brazilian President/ Sociologist, Fernando Henrique Cardoso; The Late, Bade Onimode (a Nigerian exponent economist—worked on a series of empirical research on dependent development and the emergence of the global /multinational corporations), the late, Professor Claude Ake, a Nigerian dependent development scholar, Professor/Author Ibekwe Chinweizu, a Nigerian poet, historian, African literary scholar and dependent development apologetic; The late, First President of Ghana (former Gold Coast), the father of African nationalism, struggled with his resilience, resonance effrontery team to formation of the organization of African unity (O.A.U.) in September, 1963 and a direct pal to an African-American (national & global) intellectual, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in Afro-centric perspective and a major significant and crucial American civil right leader; and the leader of the SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference, aimed at African slave emancipation, freedom of slaves, procured the end of African-American suffering due to enslavement, segregation in housing, schools, churches, public transportation buses, this case as we can remember brought to the highest judiciary of our land-The Supreme Court of the United States, heard the case of the famous case of Brown and Board of Education with Court swift ruling and fairness for justice in the America the beautiful-our land, shaped further how we as a people must be treated fairly, without injustice. Another portion of global historical interest in the segregation era was incessant provision and impetus for the black of African slaves, their unified functional family integration to unabatedly working in the plantation of the deep southern part of the United States, such as the Alabama, Mississippi under harsh weather conditions, sometimes appeared genocidal, unlike cases in the South Africa.

The late, Walter Rodney-(A Guyanese Scholar)published a global awareness scholarly book on the capitalism and imperialism, perpetuated under-development, plagued and exacerbated poverty and exploitation; which the defendant of the theories called development, in his Book entitled, How Europe under-developed Africa, 1973, profound a series of development dependency, and posed a question what is the actual definition of realistic development and phantom or frog development styles/pattern as opposed to the realistic conceptualized, analytical and framework methodologies of development supported with empirical research studies and sample public opinions of the result-oriented accomplishment, achievement, supported by evaluation and performance ensures and enhanced successes of these empirical result was accepted within the intellectual global community of social science theorists and other related field in the twentieth & twenty-first century.

Other remnants of the modern school of thought from dependency and modified dependency postulates, like, Frank, Gunder Andre and Paul Baran, indicated that the (poor countries) peripheries had the enormous raw materials and natural resources capable of sustainability and economic growth of their countries, but the global/multinational corporation, had early theme, objectives from their parent company to move to any country, as we have free world, with no restraint upon which any given nation-state can operate was part of charter/provision from the global body of nations, called the United Nations-members are mandated to comply with the charter and provisions, but the global/multinational corporations used that as a metaphor for siphoning, appropriating and exterminating maximized profits and surpluses from the subsidiaries or the peripheries, thereby inflicting ‘static and feudal stagnation’ were the fault of the third world development setbacks, not because of refusal to change their feudal/stagnated mode of production. They claimed that the multinational corporation were contemporary in the critique of the modernization/development theorist were responsible for the third world under-development and massive unabated abject poverty, higher inflationary levels and unemployment, respectively were the bane of the lack of increase in the income per capita, of any individual working, regardless of the class stratification or strata.

At another level it began to materialize to provide responses and feedbacks my need as a Global Historian, International Political Economist and Expert in the Management and Leadership Studies. Some of the Parts/Chapters in this book sprang from articles, publications, I have written for various Newspapers,(as a contributing-columnist, while a College student, majoring in Mass Communication/Broadcast-Journalism at the Institute of Management and Technology(IMT) with a former Enugu-State, Nigeria run-Newspaper called Renaissance, later named The Daily Star post- Nigeria and Biafra civil war (1967-1970) dating from Nigeria and ubiquitous wide read and researched global books specializing and majoring in International Relations, Management and Leadership Studies from which I received post-graduate degrees; Master’s and Doctorate’s(Doctor of Philosophy-Ph.D.) in the United States. Prior to earning and awarding these degrees, the Author has written published and unpublished academic and scholarly materialistic documents published articles in the numerous of newspapers and periodicals/Journals, magazines; in a Nigeria-Enugu—state, government owned newspaper—part-time contributing columnist, then following the completion of the post-graduate degree requirement thesis and dissertation", in the referenced discipline, over four years, two and half decades ago, (27 years) respectively.

Apparently, I strongly believe, I’ve succeeded in this goal of book publishing but I will let the readers of this Educational-Text Book to be the judge. In terms of the contents, I have tried to provide an in-depth coverage to the imperative (topics) issues in the field of Leadership and Management; Organizational and Social Science; Economics, International Political Economy, Political Science, History, Global-History, Sociology, International Relations/Affairs-Politics, and diplomacy, Anthropology, Geography, Africa and African-American-Studies and Statistics-detailing qualitative and quantifications in form of graphic-figures, table-figures, images such as photos/pictures, factual evidences and analytical expressions of the related mentioned issues conceiving the book topic in question.

I am perhaps very enthusiastically grateful and owe a lot of indebtedness, profound and uncompromised indispensable thanks and immense gratitude to the people of global different ethnically-diversified cultural group of scholar professionals, policy makers, educators, politicians, professors, church and civil community leaders; post-graduate scholars, scholar-colleagues, business professionals, my family support, able patient typist, Ms. Takisha Cameron, under her employer/Accountant’s supervision named Mr. Meshack Ariri-provided managerial and administrative responsibility to the typist-Mrs. Cameron, who incepted the typing projects but was handicapped, albeit, the book manuscript production suffered series of setbacks, the current Book Publisher- Author House Publishing—Dept of Data Entry/Editing picked-up from the mishaps of the scholarly and academic advisers on the Nigeria affairs;

Dr. Hilary Nwokeabia-International Development Economist/Econometrics (U.N. Secretariat at Geneva, Switzerland and Senior Management Staff of UNTACD-branch of U.N., Chief Late, Michael N. Anorue. The Liberty Professional Health Care Consulting Managing Group ; Engr. Jacob Etta, Hardware & Software Engineering tools, contributed his own ideas by sending the Author relevance sources of Nigeria Leadership paradigms from Honorable former Vice-Chancellor—University of Nigeria-Nsukka. Professor and Author; named Dr. E. Neboh. The Nigeria Army Lt. General and U.N. Military Advisor—of peace keeping mission operations unit; and the chief of GOC General Officer in commanding in the ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group in the war torn—Country of Liberia, was solely responsible expert in monitoring Liberia election from the 1996 to July, 1997, named as Chikadibia Isaac Obiakor" (Rtd) Feb, 2011; My last baby-born girl-Ms. Beatrice Shalom Offu Jr. (II years old) provided emotional and physical support, to her Father-Author-Dr. Anthony kenechukwu Offu Sr., The Hard and Software Computer Consultant, Emmanuel Ohadina, The architect computer web-site programmer & designer, Gary Whyte, a blue collar scholar Computer genius & designer; Professor/Author-Dr. Pade Badru-University of Maryland Baltimore County, Professor, Samuel Enoh, Psy.D., Ph.D-Theology & Ph.D. Chancellor, Founder & CEO, ABCU University—Arizona-State. USA., & her sister, institution, overseas providing study abroad program discussed contemporary issues of the ‘third world and the global perspectives’ of the Management and Leadership paradigms, theoretical/models, framework and conceptual analysis with Dr. Anthony Offu, alma-mater and the University Alumni of the American Bible College & University". Web-Site Address: www.abcau.org/ or [e-mail]/ Avondale and Phoenix-Arizona-State; The Book Author sought advice from a well known global Professor Chinua Achebe (an early Nigerian intellectual IGBO ethnic group proudly early Ethnic tribal Igbo former Eastern Nigeria-Intellectual Nigerian Elite, and proud of defunct Biafra Republic, pro-Leadership of the IGBO’s Army General Dim Emeka Odumegwu Ojukwu. He’s a top traditional & contemporary IGBO ethnic elite, as a poet, novelist, historian, recipient of the contemporary award of modern African literature global literary awards in modern African poetry and an Author of no-less than twenty intellectual and scholarly books on the Africana Studies/African-American historic slavery issues currently lecturing at Brown University; had acknowledged thirty (30) honorable degrees from the College of higher educational institutions, globally. Of course the global intellectual community had known him with his Best & the Brightest published book in the 1950’s, entitled Things Fall Apart had sold for more than three million copies, world wide. The Nigeria and African Politics; and International Political Economy—Relations/Affairs in his advise and contributory efforts to the Author towards production of the manuscript, The Nigerian Lawyers Associations of New York, Association of the Nigerian Authors(ANA), practicing medical professionals, ex-Nigeria Military Generals and Civilian Democratic Leadership and Management of the Nigeria’s economy; Go-Daddy Web-Site builders and staff consultants; Former and Current Nigeria’s Federal Ministers of Petroleum Resources, Mines and Power/Steel and other imperative Nigerian economic sectors; Professor/Dr. John Eluka of Stray University & College Dean of students faculty, located in the North Carolina; Shared issues of national & global importance, relating to the Book manuscript. The Author, further in the pursuit of this Book Publishing extends his immense unprecedented Book Special salute to the Nigeria current Leadership and Management(Nation-Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, ruling council, Top-Nigeria (CEO)Civilian Democratic Leader, President /Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, for his continued unabated good leadership and management transforming, revamping and reforming Nigeria( to continued unabatedly the 21st, century millennium development goal) political and economic strong leadership reforms; the Amazon online book marketing and sales support-stretching to the book stores of the Barnes and Nobles, The New York times Best Sellers List and finally the Author House Publishing unabated continued thanks for making this Book a success, as the Author/Dr. A. Offu, ascribes.

PART. A.

PREFACE:

By: Dr. Anthony kenechukwu Offu. Sr.

The Author focused and examined the prior aforementioned book. The book preface primarily elicits and elucidates the understanding of the roles and activities of the multi/transnational corporations in the Nigeria’s post colonial World War 11 era, to the interested targeted readers who’s seeking to know and understand about the sub-saharan region of Africa’s most populous and the affluent country, in Africa, named Nigeria.

The literature/essay prefaced will focus largely on the nation-state economic base ranging from agricultural sector up—until to the historical development of the Nigeria’s crude oil and petro-chemical/natural gas economy, as it accounts to the Nigeria’s 98 percent source of export earning revenues, & 95 percent ostensibly, of foreign exchange net-income/revenues; as for the government in power, it generates approximately 85 percent revenues and 65 percent of the federal government budgetary revenues. Few or about 10 percent accounts for 40 percent of the country’s GDP gross domestic product, for both sectors of oil & non-oil sectors of the export revenue earnings of that African Sub-saharan region or the nation-state, Nigeria.

The Author indicated citations and argued with the other theorists mostly from the traditional school of thoughts to the contemporary or modern schools of thoughts developing arguments and counter-arguments of different avenues of theories, models, conceptual analysis and practicability of these methodological frame works to enables us know which best approaches, practical and empirical research studies best suitable and appropriate to this sub-saharan country, as they continue to economically and politically developing to meeting the struggling challenges of the new millennium goal, from the United Nations upon which Nigeria was reform, transform, improve, revamp their overall national economic sectors-strengthening the barriers and setbacks for Nigeria inability to progress and prospect, the corruption problems in all the economic sectors of the economy which, incepted in the year 2000 and ending in 2015 in the contemporary global economic world order.

First, the remnant of the account accrued to Nigeria government export revenues of 98% and the Nigeria government foreign exchange revenue is 95%; the Nigeria revenues is estimated to about 83% & the budgetary revenues of 65%. The Nigeria accounts mostly estimated current for the year 2012, is about 40 percent gross domestic product (GDP) was contemporary and subject to new budgetary scheme for the federal government of Nigeria (FY) Fiscal Year 2012.

The other economic factors constitute about one third percent of national revenue (non-oil sector) agricultural, manufacturing, automobile assembly plants, sustaining and fast food industry, fisheries-aquatic occupations an merely insignificant but needed a well balanced economic sheets to procure, reform and boost those lame-ducks and dormant economic sectors which were perpetuated by corruptions and improprieties by the leadership and management dependency, which ostensibly, manifested as a result of our self-piety plagued and unplanned economic experts nor invitation of the international/global macroeconomists to provide economic expert/analysis aimed at boosting the industrial profit maximization and surpluses which at the long-run the nation-state will experience the genesis in the economic balance and recovery.

The Nigerian neo-colonialist ideological impact and their source or pattern of economic development was rife by under-development of some certain economic sectors and lack credibility in the empirical research study to revamping the Nigeria economic setbacks/anomalies created and perpetuated by management corruption.

Several anti-corruption measures were integrated into the economic system such as TI Transparency International Initiatives, EFCC, Economic and Financial Crime Commission and the Nigeria Extractive Industry Initiatives NEITI the initial anti-corruption measure, like the TI were promulgated into a decree by the former Nigeria Military Leaders and was enacted into the constitution by the post-civilian democratic leaders, since independence of 1960’s era.

The Author described a prior summit held in May, 2011; Garabone-Botswana, South Africa, which primarily focused on the African leaders anti-corruption issues, CORRUPTION—The Nigeria Chairman, of the EFCC-Mrs. Farida Waziri of the anti-corruption measure/federal law enforcement task force, and her South African counterpart were all photo/Image attached. This picture can be seen at the PART-E/F Author’s extensive discussion of the Transparency/Accountability and the Anti-Corruption initiatives". The two prominent African leaderships on the Garabone-Botswana-South African anti-corruption summit were the Angolan Oil Minister & Mrs. Farida Waziri represented Nigeria at the summit, in May, 2011.

Undoubtedly, most of these solving economic paradigms were strongly and effectively implemented to efficiently function in the economic sector and yet was somewhat sustainable growth in few economic sectors, but most cases the growth was voodoo economic growth, inability to economically reform the economy towards a sustainable and viable growth.

There are several factors which plagued Nigeria economic under-development, class inequalities, neo-colonialist bourgeoisies class of elitism, devoured of class of consciousness, ethnic and cultural god-fathers favoritism, undermines the nature of the corporate class of bourgoeisis-those at the upper-echelons, mostly in the corridors of power, who became the military and the civilian democratic leadership of the Nigeria economy, primarily those at the upper echelons or the corporate class in the future, conceives the class inequalities which creates and abrogates the need for class egalitarianism and social structure in the Nigeria ethnic social/cultural class today in the nation-state.

The Author conceiving the aforementioned demands and factors denigrating our increased plausibility in the economic sector brought us to the topic of this book which were dually written, in two different titles, the written first original book title of this conceived and Main Book, entitled, The Nigerian dependant management and leadership development in the post world war II Colonial Nigeria and the other which will later, emerge two years post initial publication, with not be different but will only have another, book title but with same contents, entitled, The Nigeria Dependency in the 21st century millennium.

Whichever way one may look at it in any discernable circumstance, both dual title are synonymous to a larger degree, in the sense that we are addressing the same issues of Dependency Development in Nigeria with or in the absence of the Nigeria military or in the civilian regime democratic leader caused why Nigeria became a nation-state actor in the global community of International Relations and why the Nigerian leaders were admissible to encouragement which perpetuated under development and dependency in the nation political and economic sector contemporarily.

The Part B of this Book lays more emphasis in the textbook Statement of Objective, Hypothesis and the book Introduction itself, predominantly focused on the Author’s theories, models, concepts and practical analysis of the several and major three theories and models :

1. Leadership & Management-Theories/Models

2. Development / Modernization-Theories/Models

3. Dependency and Modified Dependency-Theories/Models

PART-B Contd.

1. The Author intends to discuss in the brief summation of the Introduction excluding the Statement of the Theme and the Book Hypothesis which had been in-depth described as aforementioned in the earlier section of PART-B. The focus of the Author introductory paradigms, examined temporarily to extensive discussion of the in-depth of the book introduction available for the readers.

The Introductory aspect of this book, it clearly elicits and elucidates;

1. The Leadership and Management synonymous relationship theoretical stance and argument by few organizational and social science theories.

One outstanding organizational science and exponent theorist, is Fred Luthan, who contends the relationship between leadership & Management are quite synonymous but not all that similar in the conceptual and practical sense. Luthan’s argument here is that both curriculum disciplines can be accepted to a larger degree by the organizational sense of intellectual community, his very concept of leadership model has generated a lot of controversy especially from the tradition school of thought, with the empirical evidence that Fred Luthan’s assertions thought are no longer and appropriately practicable in the organizational science practice and quest for more empirical leadership behavioral conceptual and practical approach.

The Author’s conducted empirical research studies in the leadership and management paradigms in the areas of discharging assignments and duties. The Author’s studies focused on the military Leadership and Management in advanced or developed economies. The targeted sampled empirical studies were geared towards the United States Military Leadership and Management; in the delegated Management responsibilities. It finally became clear to the Author’s post empirical research studies and methodological frame work in the leadership and management parlance that both leadership and management theoretical understanding of discharging duties, based on the leadership delegated management responsibilities that both discipline are synonymous, the Author in his argument tends to lean on the Fred Lathan’s theoretical argument that leadership and management are basically synonymous and if at all-comparatively rates, in the ratio of 20 to 80 percent contrast in few non-crucial areas of theoretical functionality on both disciplines.

The definitions of both paradigms are basically and affirmatively seemed to accept universally, and intellectually, the same conceptual approach.

2. The other theories and models of modernization/ development espouses the fact that seek to explain why some countries are basically rich and others poor. The referenced theories and models of modernization and development better explained the assertive argument of affluent country’s struggling to get off poverty, but instead the struggle and "path—goals towards enrichment tends to widened apart as the a developing countries tries to close the gap of their poverty.

The modernization and development theories contends that, the paradigms of Modernization and Development is a process whereby society or social institution change or relocate from old/traditional in less developed ones. The modernization theorist/ Moore, w. argued that in order to develop, the less developed under-developed countries must overcome their old and patterns of traditionalism which hinders their development from traditionalism to developed apparatus.

3. The third development theories and models critically in their ideological empirical research conceptual studies and approaches tend to disagree with the modernization theoretical conceptual approach of economic development which clearly indicates that modernization concept of developed countries concept of developed countries conceptual analysis of affluence were ill conceived and lack empirical research conceptual back-up and therefore were not universally accepted by the social science and development theorists approach.

One of the economic development dependency theorist, Dos Santos—approach emphasizes the fact, that it was not traditionalism which caused feudal stagnation to the less-developed.

Dos Santos, in his argument postulated that the relationship between two countries one developed and the other under-developed assumes the form economic development dependence process, which espouced one country develops and expands, and give impulse to their development, while dependent development ones, apparently the less-developed one can only develop as a reflection of the expansion.

The most popular critique of the modernization theorists argument of economic development and dependency can be most expressed by a well articulated and famous dependency-development scholar is Henrique Cardoso, (a Brazilian Sociologist and former President of Brazil) argued that economic development dependency and lack of development in the third world countries (poor countries) simply denotes that crucial economic decision are made not by the countries that are being developed but, by the foreigners whose interest are carefully safe guarded. These foreigners use their economic domination to purchase political power in the countries they penetrate. Cardoso, simply refers to the multinational corporations whose parent company operates abroad as their Head quarters and penetrate to the peripheries/or subsidiary countries, in other words from metropolis to the peripheries and creating subsidiaries, all have common goal oriented venture, aimed at maximization of profit and surpluses from the subsidiaries, and develop high political economic positions and make the subsidiary country of operations—the top sub-managers at the expenses of the rest of the indigenous population.

Post setting the plant operations in the subsidiary countries, which had goal oriented objective will be to maximize profit and surplus, inevitably making use of the raw materials from the subsidiary countries to manufacture and complete the raw materials into (goods and services) a finished product.

Completing the process of manufacturing of goods and service depending on the type of product they specialize, into a complete finished product. Interestingly, the surplus and profit derived in the subsidiary countries are appropriated, siphoned back to the parent company of the multinational establishment, abroad.

Some multinational corporations inclusively, in their agenda, beyond self-motivated profit maximization and surplus, but tends to work with the government of the subsidiary countries in the economic sustainable development growth and ensures plausibility in the country’s (GDP) gross domestic product. In other words, Cardoso stressed that in the few cases the multinational corporation can be helpful in the assisting the economic reform, revamp and contribute ideas toward the subsidiary country’s economic sustainability and growth, it is very seldom given the concept and practical abilities, multinational corporation’s conceptual methodological frame work and their intended or proposed practical analytical goal and objective; and given the original profit derivation and surplus mechanism upon which this multinational corporation were built or established. The multinational cannot betray their goal and objective which the Author agreed Cardoso, Henrique. The concept of profit and surplus derived from the economic system of the subsidiary countries is a bane toward the multinational success.

The operation of the United Africa Company (UAC) in association with the British government-Ministry of Food and Supply, in the colonial Nigeria is a good glaring example, as you will clearly see in the PART-C of this book, indicates an analysis and proven hypothesis; and the empirical research result which clearly indicated, the intention of the U.K. government capitalist monopolistic tendencies in the colonial Nigeria and in association with the U.A.C, multi-national operations in the Nigeria colonial economy. The territory of Nigeria is located in the Sub-Saharan, just off Coast of Guinea suffered in the hands of the U.A.C. agricultural multinational corporation, appropriating the profit maximized and surpluses meant for colonial Nigeria economic development was instead diverted to agricultural multinational corporations into commodity market-agricultural monopolistic capitalism.

The monopolistic capitalism and imperialism of the Nigeria colonial territory, used Nigeria and British government (colonial masters) colonial raw material of cocoa seedlings which were freely distributed to the Nigeria colonial farmers/peasants make the real cocoa and dominated the cocoa trading monopoly market, including other European counterparts in the cocoa trading monopoly business into capital accumulation thereby repatriating the maximized profit derived from the Nigerian colonial farmers/peasantry, heavy income taxations of the Nigeria peasants produce and surplus appropriated to the British government ministry of food and supply albeit, the United Africa Company "U.A.C, the real actors in the multi-national industry business.

3. (Sub section) Introduction: The Dependency and Modified Dependency economic development, theories and models:

The best Dependency development theories and most popular contemporary dependent development theorist, Paul Baran was on the literature expression which postulates the major interest of the foreign investors or the multi-national corporation lies in the freezing the international division of labor so that the under developed and developing countries continued to be the produce of the raw materials.

CITATION: Baran, quotes the destruction of the Indian Textile industries by the British colonial rule in India was an attempt by Britain to discourage Indians from manufacturing textiles as well as forcing them into becoming producers of raw materials.1957.

Peter Barans’s popular book (from the American Monthly Review School) entitled, The Political economy of growth, 1957, clearly indicates Baran key tenets points that Monopoly Capitalism and Imperialism are the chief causes of the stagnation of the developing economies and under-development to the impoverished economies of the third world. He further argued that capitalist and imperialist economic development of one area is clearly shown to exacerbate the under-development of another area, since the economic surplus is drained from it. This is absolute objective and goal of the multinational Corporations establishment and operations in their subsidiary countries. Again, it can be-recalled the UAC operations in the Colonial Nigeria Economic and political role of creating the WAACB-1940 and WACPB 1942, subsequently post grievances and pressure from colonial Nigeria (Middle-men) Middle-Class, caught the attention of the British Government who supervised the UAC in creating another board commission post world war II 1947—the creation of the marketing boards, since the other two commission were created to monitor and stabilize the prices of Cocoa. It was evident through a Nigerian colonial Lawyer Adeniyi Jones, legally representing the colonial Nigerian population indicated that price fixing by the U.A.C to the farmers/ peasants produce was unfair, which augmented British Queen of England to revise the monopoly capitalism of cocoa, Palm Products—Oil and Kernel; and Rubber, groundnuts, sorghum, rice, maize, etc.

The creation of a new commission marketing board of 1947 to take control of price stabilization and mechanism since the other Commission WAACB and WACPB 1940-1942 of price fixing were bitterly complained by the colonial Nigeria population. The Author indicated that the British and U.A.C.’s unfair price markets mechanism is still prevalent, but re-fashioned in a different methodological concept and approach. The Nigerian middle-class who was then becoming the neo-colonialist element/agents was advised of such impending imperialist tactic-doom" of using most of the African elite as a conduit for imperialist agents. The Late, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, an American educated, early African Black scholarly elite, Afro-centric Scholar—the founder and the first President of Ghana (former gold coast) and the father of the African nationalism, as well as the founder of Organization of African Unity (O.A.U.) in Sept, 1963.

Apparently, it became clear in one of his book, entitled, The neo-colonialism- The last stage of imperialism-1965, in which he warned the African Leadership and Management, not to fall into the trap of neo-colonialism, especially when we are contemporary living in decolonization-indicating the days of colonization is now obsolete, upon witnessing the collapse of colonialism and decolonization of the most African states in the late 1950’s. He specifically warned the African leaders which he expressed that the greatest threat and backwardness of African economic progress will be the neo-colonialist African agents of capitalism and imperialism, indicating that they must be avoided from being used at the expense of their own people and economic development. He also warned about African neo-colonialist corruption" brought about by greed of different African leadership as corporate bourgoesis class, will destroy/ doom African economies.

PART-C. /Chapter-1.

This section examines the genesis of the U.A.C United Africa Company and their economic role in the pre and post world war II colonial Nigeria.

The Author elucidates the different paradigms of British occupation of the British occupation, if the territory of to be called since 1851. Nigeria since the historical discovery, and named by Flora Shaw and Sir Lord Fredrick, changed his name post accepted in the British legislature, later became Sir Lord Lugard, a newly member of the British parliament and Sir George Goldie (ownership of the Niger Company and the Lever Brothers, Co; later sold the concession purchased by the U.A.C., It became apparently clear in 1851 until 1914 the amalgamation period, when colonial Nigeria was divided into two-the south and north, so that the territory of Nigeria can be easily penetrated and occupied. Part of the amalgamation period was the British easy access to control the colonial economy without encountering rigorous difficulties. Again was that, the territory of the colonized country, Nigeria has more than (250) two hundred and fifty, multi-ethnic group/tribal languages, will be rigorous to control to with prior empirical, socio-economic, political and geo-anthropological system in the proposed colonized territory of Nigeria.

The sub-section in PART—C indicates the several British and colonial regional Nigeria conflicts during the U.A.C., agricultural multinational corporation operation since 1879, and the U.A.C’s control and management of colonial Nigeria economy from goods and services; imported and exported in the colonial country also witnessed the imposition of direct and indirect rule system to the colonial Nigeria and instituted by the British government to the colonial Nigeria by British government as avenue of penetration and understanding of the colonial people of Nigeria.

The Author cited and inserted the giant agricultural multi-national corporation-best well known LOGO of U.A.C. during discussion on the book. The multinational Corporation, of U.A.C, in the colonial Nigeria, since 1879.

This sub-section indicated the colonial farmers-peasants images/photo’s of trading in cocoa, palm products-oil and kernel; rubber, sorghum, groundnuts, rice, beans etc.

As the British government (under ministry of food and supply) rules directly and indirectly depending in the area where most pre-slavery times in 11th century A.D., when Nigerian ethnic tribal and religious regions were empires as we shall see in the next PART-C/Chapters of this book. It further elicits the Nigerian opposition and repugnancy’s of the British occupation of the regions or territories, mainly towards British annexation of certain territories, especially in the South were very difficult to assumed British proclamation of indirect ruling system, as opposed to the North, where the direct rule was imposed due to the British uneasy arsenal of penetration or difficulty for British government penetration, and most encounter had to fight with indigenous colonial population in the South prior to gaining access to the indigenous people of southern colonial territory, Nigeria. The north did not give the British difficult time, unlike the South where they received cold shoulders. The British simply used the policy of the indirect ruling system. The British unleashes their new law, at the northern region, without having to report nor take permission from the queen of England, upon imposing new policy. While, in the South the British encountered several opposition and fights from the indigenous colonial people prior to British penetration and occupation. In that aspect most of the policy to be adopted in the colonial Nigeria will be on consent by the queen Elizabeth II, on a policy ruling system of direct ruling from England.

The U.A.C, as we may understand was pre-occupied in the monopoly capitalism of cocoa, palm products, oil and kernel. They dominated other European counter parts merchant whose interest also lies in the competitive bid for the lucrative cocoa trading. There were illegal strikes by the Nigerian colonial Middlemen or middle class by the Nigerian Colonial Middle men who vouched for U.A.C unfair pricing mechanism.

PART—C. /Chapter II.

This section examines the U.A.C and the Development of the Market Board System in the Post World War II Colonial Nigeria.

The Board Economic Ineffectiveness and the U.A.C.’s expansionism to the contemporary, Nigeria 1947-2012.

PART—D / Chapter I-V. (Oil & Gas Production).

This large area focuses on the discovery of crude petroleum and petro-chemical/natural gas in Nigeria. The foreign Oil Multi & Trans National Corporations: SHELL, NNPC and OPEC. The historical ante-cedents, political and economic role.(The Niger-Delta region of Nigeria). The History/back ground of the Nigeria Delta region and the oil development in the regions.

Attached are the Niger-Delta oil field and wells and the "Map of the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria.

CITATION: Crowder, Ajayi History of the Nigeria-Delta people,—1985.

-Another paragraph focused on the brief history/background of the SHELL Royal Dutch Oil firm in Nigeria. Attached is a SHELL—LOGO

-The following SHELL oil multinational corporation in the Nigeria indigenous oil trans-national corporation of Nigeria national Petroleum Corporation, called the NNPC plc.

-See the attached NNPC—Logo, Pipelines in the Niger Delta Region and the NNPC Administrative Headquarters at the Federal capital of Nigeria-Abuja.

-The Author made several graphic tables, block-tables, images/photo’s and factual evidences to better illustrate the literature/essays in the book aimed at enhancing readers digest.

-The U.S. bilateral oil trade relationships expressed in facts, graphs and table formats. The first graph indicates U.S. gas importation from Nigeria, averages 40 percent annually. The second, graph expressed specific emphasis on the Nigeria oil and gas consumption level/capacity, reserve, ultimately affects Nigeria profit and industry surpluses, resulting from the large scale consumption and irrelevance usage. Most of the Nigeria refined oil and gas imported constitutes largely for generation of electricity, fueling cars, industry manufacturing uses.

-The downstream sector of the (oil and gas) hydro-carbon energy system in the economy, expressed in facts as refinery problems in the urban cities and local Nigeria; the major issues and Nigeria government intervention to ameliorate the Nigeria masses.

-The potential contingency and consequences of the downstream-refinery sectors in the Nigeria economy.

-See the gas flaring or flare, several images/pictures, of the militant insurgent violent protest/strikes and their leaders, the maps, their representative flags indicating what they belief systems is-for instance, the MOSOP Movement of the survival of the ogoni people.

The former Nigeria Military Leader/Head of State-Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo and the Ex-U.S. President, Jimmy Carter-discussing about the imperativeness of transforming Nigeria military regime to civilian democracy, thereby encouraged the Nigeria 2nd Republic, which finally came through in the October, 1979, with Alhaji Shehu Shagari became the President elect, (1979-to-1983) under his political party of National Party of Nigeria-NPN, post Gen.Olusegun Obasanjo’s retirement in the Nigeria military at the summit held in Nigeria, in 1976. Attached is the country’s leadership Images/photo’s, hands shake during the meeting.

-Another Image/photo indicates, former President Alhaji Shehu Shagari-1979-to-1983, under the party banner National Party of Nigeria.(NPN). The prolific literary poet who blew whistle on the NPN party’s corruption, with the Ex-President Shehu Shagari, on the import licensing scheme was the global Nobel-Price winner in literature, a poet and Professor-Wole Soyinka faculty staff of the Awolowo University, (former University of Ife.) Increase on the tariff of the imported goods and services generated a large portion in the Nigeria revenues were corrupted by the Ex-President Shagari’s democratic regime, an estimated 50 percent of the revenues derived from these policy programs were siphoned to the NPN" executive as a kind of political payoff-for electing the former President.

-Ex President Shehu Shagari, with Olusegun Obasanjo initiation of GR Green Revolution & implemented by the Shehu Shagari Regime in June 1st, 1980, was a positive step in the right direction of agricultural revolution, in addition to the prior domestic policy agenda of OFN" adopted by former Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo, in 1976-to-1979.

Another Nigeria military leader, Gen, Mohammadu Buhari who ostensibly, came to power, through military coup, on the ground that his predecessor was corrupt, violation of import licensing scheme program policy, which Ex-President, Shagari adopted was generating enough revenue, in addendum to "imposing-high-tariff on most of the imported goods and services would have assisted in the economic recovery and sustainable economic growth, given the state of economic hardship and burden the prior administration had placed the nation-state, in 1983.

He therefore decided to promise Nigeria people, under his leadership the Nigeria economy would improve. The Author asked an interesting question, did he finally, delivered the magic macroeconomic stability to stabilize and reform the Nigeria economy? The response was emphatically, no., in the severe Nigeria economic instability, depression and stagnation.

In August, 1985 another military leader, Gen Ibrahim Babangida, alias IBB unsatisfied of his predecessor leadership/ job assessment scale, conducted bloodless military coup, takeover the leadership of the military government in power and accused former military leader Gen. M. Buhari, of corruption in the oil industry, the militancy continued to be exacerbated (without conducting or set up commission of inquiry to looking into the oil producing state and community grievances, in the Niger-Deltas seven regions, unemployment was all time high, tagged with trickle-up inflationary levels, the Nigeria external debt/Loan-servicing and interest rates were mounting, due to lack of consistency in payment agreement with the International Monetary Lending Institutions; there were irresponsible number of policy programs created, promulgated and decreed; absolutely, not defining the need for creation of such program policies; without strong, effective economic and international expert guidance and solution.

The Military President, Gen, Ibrahim Babangida are seen in different images/photo’s in PART-D/E of this book. The two of his personal pictures, one with his military Nigeria Army General, and the other was a relaxed balanced Nigeria corporate personality; proximity to these photos, are the Nigeria coat of arms and the Federal Republic of Nigeria Seal of the President. One of Nigeria policy programs, Structural Adjustment Program was extensively discussed by the Author which elicits the overall SAP theme, goal, objective, successes and abortiveness. He was one of the former Nigeria leaders, since independence of 1960’s who have the largest policy agenda than any leader in the Nigeria history. Yet most of these programs enhanced the Nigeria economic sectors-the oil and gas industry sectors, and assisted in boosting the economic reforms by invitation of the International Monetary Fund macroeconomic expert to devalue the indigenous currency exchange rate system in the Nigeria, financial and national systems, aimed at absorbing Nigeria tough economic time through the austerity. He implemented strong suggestions and created independent commission of inquires as the best solution toward the Niger Delta crises and their militant insurgent activities hostilities in the region. One of his best policy effective working policy, was creation of OMPADEC Organization of Mineral Petroleum and areas Development Economic Commission" aimed at providing incentives to the Niger Delta oil producing regions, states and communities, the gubernatorial control and management. The Governors invited the leaderships of the protest groups, the local chiefs and other imperative parastatals to formulate agenda for peace, security and to provide organized grievances to the federal governments, instead of marred insurgency and bloody irrational protest. The policy program worked for sporadically, but was handicapped resulting from lack of further funding from the Nigeria federal government. A host of other non-working policy programs were abrogated and introduced new policy programs, especially in the areas of financing-Central Banking System-Commercial Banks; appropriated new set out Banks for reconstruction and loaning of returning to agricultural economy which were neglected for years, since discovery of the oil-boom of the mid-1975.

Also another attached imperative Image/photo in the PART-E was the former U.S. President Willliam Jefferson (Bill) Clinton in-2009, seen in the podium delivering stump speeches, of national and global interest. One of the issues discussed was the tendency toward assisting the third world African countries to restoration of democracy in their regions, defining further the importance of AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act" finding a way to wiping out military dictatorship in the African regions. The Author sees that as an avenue to applauding Ex-President’s initiatives, the book writer likened it to the Nigeria case when the former, U.S. Commander in Chief in June, 1998-during Nigeria’s military leadership of Abubakar Abdulsalami was in power, and Ex-President Clinton promised the Nigeria, will be assisted through lifting the sanctions/embargo imposed on Nigeria-prior to his administration, and restoration of civilian democracy. He provided Nigeria, with a fund of (4) four million dollars toward that effect, and transforming the nation-state to a promised hopeful country in Africa-invited high-tech expert—specializing in revamping and improving the electoral polling stations, tools and equipment for the future electoral process. A significant number of assistance was rendered by the U.S. former President Clinton, to the Nigerian people. It finally became reality, upon Nigeria, ending the military rule in the June, 1998 and ushered room for Nigeria’s fourth republic and democracy, which elected the former Nigeria President Olusegun Obasanjo, in 1999.

-The former Nigeria President, Olusegun Obasanjo, images/photo’s with the U.S. Defense Secretary-Mr. Donald Rumsfield, touring the U.S. Defense arsenal-Pentagon in Washington, D.C, in 2003.

-The Nigeria Ex-President, Obasanjo, with the former Brazilian President Luis Inacio-Lula da Silva, at the Nigeria’s federal capital, in Abuja-major issues discussing bilateral talks on trade, Aid and globalization, etc.

-See also pictures and graphs of Gas flaring, Spillage flames" & explosions; & Environmental Degradation & Toxic Oil Chemicals disseminated by oil companies; several pictures of the orchestrated militant violent protest group leaders, and clandestine activities. The movement of the survival of ogoni people—MOSOP under the formation and leadership of the late, Dr. Ken Sarowiwa, in 1992. The MOSOP leadership under Ken Sarowiwa was a peaceful protest/strike motivated and non-violent group, they were one of the negotiated protest strike group-who plainly demanded that the oil corporations destruction of the their environment and ecological—the eco-system, by oil and gas toxic-chemicals need to be compensated by the oil companies operating in the Niger-Delta and further they proceeded to Nigeria government in the mid 1990’s to set a certain allocation separately evenly distribution of the oil and gas revenues, from their natural resourceful land producing these lifeblood of the Nigeria-98 percent of the nations survival and government 95 percent source of foreign exchange and export revenue earning capacity. The government were admissible to their demand and set community and state derivations/royalty payments, other protest groups in the Niger-Delta MEND refused the monetary compensation agreement, citing that it’s too sporadic, given the extensive doom, they and the foreign oil companies have done, for over four decades. The MOSOP post creation in the 1992, with their legal representative took the case to court demanding a sum of $2.5 billion dollars for forty years of oil companies operations in their Niger-Delta region. The case was not listened but thrown out of the court, stating it has no legal basis for such requested compensated amount. This ostensibly, incepted other militancy and insurgent bloody protest, became more dangerous in each passing day. They started destroying oil pipeline technology installations, deliberately causing oil and gas spillages; large disruption in the gas industry sectors-refineries causing the government to lose as much as $4.7 billion dollars annually. There are no less than fifteen (protest/ strikes groups) in the Nigeria-Niger-Delta and other oil and gas, producing seven Delta states regions, today.

-The Nigeria playwright, human right activist, journalist and community leader. The MOSOP was created in the 1992—up until his sentence to death by hanging, the SHELL Royal Dutch of oil multinational corporation plot and Nigeria government under the military leadership of Sania Abacha in 1995, when he ordered the Nigeria High Court, sentenced for death, by hanging. Apparently, it attracted the global concern and the Nigeria under his regime, was outraged and ousted/suspended from the common wealth of nation membership.

-Photo of the Nigeria Ex-President Olusegun Obasanjo—is seen in the PART-E/F of this book. The photo was taken post his last tenure between 2003-2007 in the Nigeria politics, but still remains currently the Political party PDP chairman Board of Trustees.

-The former President Olusegun Obasanjo’s early life, military skills & education, his Presidency, incepting from 1999-to-2007 two terms in office respectively, and retirement success unleashed by the Author

-The Nigeria membership and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, since July, 1971. The Images/Photo’s indicates the "Maps of land of the Niger-Delta of the oil and gas largest producing states in the Nigeria, Delta’s regions today. The Author inserted in the land-a blue remarked, states The history and background of the Nigeria membership with OPEC".

-The Nigeria facts and statistical data, clearly examined with appropriate citations, about the nation-state, Nigeria and her most updated population census, of 2010 from the U.N.’s—Census Bureau, briefly explained the country of Nigeria and her economic sectors, beyond hydro-carbon energy.(gas, oil and mineral resources of the Niger Delta).

-The OPEC’s five (5) imperative Summits held sometimes, in different OPEC, oil producing and exporting countries-pre dated from September, 1960, upon formation of the permanent inter-government organization, at Bagdad, Iraq; & most summits held at the 1985-to-September, 1999 summits following after.

-The second Photo of OPEC shows the OPEC-LOGO and the OPEC’s landmark administrative and management building, currently located in Vienna, Austria. Other photo’s indicates OPEC and other world oil market producing countries, with graphs and current statistical data and current information with adequate citations.

-The OPEC five (5) Crucial summits; The OPEC initial summit at Bagdad, Iraq, Geneva, Switzerland the OPEC first home, formed in Sept 10th, 1960-1965; subsequently & currently the Admins/Mangt Building Hdquarters at Vienna, Austria; The OPEC Logo’s, The OPEC-Head of State conferences held at Vienna, Austria. The OPEC-Author’s graphs-of OPEC future expansionism from 2008-to-2016, These expansionism are expressed in the OPEC categories of one Upstream & two Downstream sector levels-refineries; The OPEC current Photos/Images of the OPEC President, Mr. Rostam Ghasemi, a native of Iran, Iran’s Ex-Oil Minister & Iran member of Parliament, former Iran IRG Commander (post Iran & Iraq war 1979-1981) of Iranian Revolutionary Guards; voted the President of OPEC, in 2011; the Secretary General Dr. Abdullah Badri, a native of Libya-2007-to Dec, 2012. (The term ends with new election of another Secretary General).

-Graphs and table figures of the OPEC downstream proposed planned expansionism-from 2008 to 2016 the peak period.

-Other remnants of the graphs and figures, includes the downstream capacity: Contemporary existing and projected plan, from the period of 2008 to 2016. The other imperative OPEC’s net income and revenues generated factors are the Upstream capacity/exploration-extraction and development from the period of 2008 to 2015.

-The two circled graphs-1. Indicate the OPEC share of the oil world reserve 2011 and the other circled graph, elicit the twelve OPEC oil producing countries of the third world which enumerated their contemporary revenues/incomes in 2010. The OPEC citations are drawn primarily from the World Bank, The OPEC center for research institute and statistical data bulletin analysis.

Specifically, The Author elucidated the twelve old member countries, instead of the contemporary eleven, due to some countries have backed out of the OPEC, two or three of the countries exiting the OPEC membership, primarily due to their inability to appropriate their OPEC production quota, and supply capacity was plagued due to severe drastic oil price, ostensible due to global civil unrest and civil wars of the third world countries. The advanced nations/developed countries, too contributed to OPEC global low oil production & prices, especially during the global oil glut in the 1986; the Yom-kippur War of October 1973; ( a seven day war) the gulf war of 1991; The U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003; Iran and Iraq war; Iraq invasion of Kuwait-in 1990’s all these global oil instabilities affected OPEC countries membership production, thereby creating oil price hikes, as well as the world oil market was perpetuated-which comprised mostly the developed nation-states.

-The Literatures of The 1986 World Oil Glut & impact on the Nigeria Economy. The Yom Kippur War of October 1973, The OPEC Terrorism Hostage & Attack of the OPEC Oil Ministers Summit.

-Essays of the OPEC-pre-discovery history’s re-visited, from 1950’s EU European Union domination of the global Oil World Market; 1950’s, 1960’s, 1980’s; 1990’s, 2000’s & contemporary oil world market current domination, & the role of the OPEC in bailing out the global oil prices, upon global volatility, instability in the world civil unrest, & civil wars. Nigeria seen as a classical example of boost in the oil price & OPEC increased oil price upward merit, during the third world political & economic volatility of recent, North Africa political & economic hunger for change of their economies, political changes of their leadership, lack of visions & decisions for the governance.

-The current graph tables of two (2) OPEC members & the Current backed out of OPEC membership countries.

-The Images/Photo’s of the late Major Gen. Johnson Aguiyi Ironsi, the first Nigeria Military Head of State-January 15th, 1966- to -July 29th, 1966 and Nigeria Press Conference held in the mid of the year 1966, when the General was questioned by the press in Nigeria first military coup and sense of restoration of the country to stability.

-This "PART-F/Chapter" focused on the Consequences of the Nigeria oil wealth economy which primarily resulted in destruction and perpetuated the Nigeria economic and political structures, ranges to the # 1. The outbreak of the Nigeria and Biafra civil war-(1967-to-1970).

-The three, year civil war claimed both military-soldiers and civilian lives in an estimated by Author of 2.4 million people died, as three times wounded. The deaths were predominantly as a result of starvation and diseases. The Biafra Republic-secessionist tribal/ethnic group was predominantly the IGBO’s from the Eastern Nigeria, led by