MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol

By Gastón C. Hillar

About This Book

• Make your connected devices less prone to attackers by understanding practical security mechanisms
• Dive deep into one of IoT’s extremely lightweight machines to enable connectivity protocol with some real-world examples
• Learn to take advantage of the features included in MQTT for IoT and Machine-to-Machine communications with complete real-life examples

Who This Book Is For

This book is a great resource for developers who want to learn more about the MQTT protocol to apply it to their individual IoT projects. Prior knowledge of working with IoT devices is essential.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Packt Publishing
• Release date: Apr 14, 2017
• ISBN: 9781787285149

Gastón C. Hillar

Gaston C. Hillar has been working with computers since he was eight. He began programming with the legendary Texas TI-99/4A and Commodore 64 home computers in the early 80s. He has a Bachelor degree in Computer Science, graduated with honors, and an MBA (Master in Business Administration), graduated with an outstanding thesis. He worked as developer, architect, and project manager for many companies in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Now, he is an independent IT consultant and a freelance author always looking for new adventures around the world. He also works with electronics (he is an electronics technician). He is always researching about new technologies and writing about them. He owns an IT and electronics laboratory with many servers, monitors, and measuring instruments. Gaston write the C# 2008 and 2005 Threaded Programming: Beginner's Guide also published by Packt. He is also the author of more than 40 books in Spanish about computer science, modern hardware, programming, systems development, software architecture, business applications, balanced scorecard applications, IT project management, the Internet, and electronics. He contributes to Dr. Dobb's Go Parallel programming portal http://www.ddj.com/go-parallel/ and he is a guest blogger at Intel Software Network http://software.intel.com He usually writes articles for Spanish magazines Mundo Linux, Solo Programadores and Resistor.

Book preview

Table of Contents

MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol

Credits

About the Author

Acknowledgment

About the Reviewer

www.PacktPub.com

Why subscribe?

Customer Feedback

Dedication

Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Downloading the color images of this book

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. Lightweight Messaging with MQTT 3.1.1 and Mosquitto

Understanding convenient scenarios for the MQTT protocol

Working with the publish-subscribe pattern

Working with message filtering

Understanding the MQTT puzzle -- clients, servers, and connections

Installing a Mosquitto broker on Ubuntu Linux

Installing a Mosquitto broker on macOS

Installing a Mosquitto broker on Windows

Subscribing to topics

Publishing messages

Unsubscribing from topics

Working with best practices when creating topics

Understanding wildcards

Learning about the different Quality of Service levels

Working with at least once delivery

Working with exactly once delivery

Test your knowledge

Summary

2. Securing an MQTT Mosquitto Server

Securing a Mosquitto server

Generating a private certificate authority to use TLS with Mosquitto

Creating a certificate for the Mosquitto server

Configuring TLS transport security in Mosquitto

Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT.fx

Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT-spy

Creating a certificate for each MQTT client

Configuring TLS client certificate authentication in Mosquitto

Testing the MQTT TLS client authentication with MQTT.fx

Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT-spy

Forcing the TLS protocol version

Test your knowledge

Summary

3. Controlling a Drone with Python

Understanding the requirements to control a drone with MQTT

Defining the topics and commands

Installing paho-mqtt for Python

Connecting the client to the MQTT server with Python

Understanding callbacks

Subscribing to topics with Python

Creating a class to represent a drone

Receiving messages with Python

Processing commands with Python

Sending messages with Python

Working with the network loop with Python

Test your knowledge

Summary

4. Interacting with Sensors in Java

Understanding the requirements

Defining the topics and commands

Installing the Eclipse Paho Java Client

Creating a security helper class to establish a TLS secured connection

Configuring a TLS secured connection in Java

Working with asynchronous notifications and callbacks in Java

Subscribing to topics and understanding notification events in Java

Processing commands that interact with sensors in Java

Working with last will and testament in Java

Publishing messages with commands to target sensors

Test your knowledge

Summary

5. Controlling Home Automation in JavaScript

Understanding the requirements

Defining the topics and commands to control home automation

Enabling WebSockets for a Mosquitto server

Testing WebSockets with the Eclipse Paho client JavaScript utility

Understanding the Eclipse Paho JavaScript asynchronous client

Creating an HTML 5 web page to control LEDs

Publishing messages to target remote devices in JavaScript

Processing the received messages in JavaScript

Working with WebSockets to connect to the MQTT server

Subscribing to topics in JavaScript

Processing commands that interact with LEDs in Node.js

Running the home automation web application

Debugging asynchronous code with Chrome Developer Tools (CDT) in JavaScript

Securing MQTT over WebSockets with TLS

Test your knowledge

Summary

6. Interacting with Actuators in Swift

Understanding the requirements

Defining topics and commands

Enabling connections without TLS for a Mosquitto server

Installing the CocoaMQTT client library to create a new iOS app

Building the UI for the iOS app that will control an actuator

Understanding the CocoaMQTT client in Swift 3

Connecting to the MQTT server and subscribing to topics in Swift

Publishing messages to target actuators in Swift

Processing commands that interact with actuators in Node.js

Running the iOS app that controls an actuator with MQTT

Debugging events in Swift

Test your knowledge

Summary

A. Exersise Answers

Chapter 1, Lightweight Messaging with MQTT 3.1.1 and Mosquitto

Chapter 2, Securing an MQTT Mosquitto Server

Chapter 3, Controlling a Drone with Python

Chapter 4, Interacting with Sensors in Java

Chapter 5, Controlling Home Automation in JavaScript

Chapter 6, Interacting with Actuators in Swift

MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol

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MQTT Essentials - A Lightweight IoT Protocol

Copyright © 2017 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: April 2017

Production reference: 1050417

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place

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ISBN 978-1-78728-781-5

www.packtpub.com

Credits

About the Author

Gastón C. Hillar is Italian and has been working with computers since he was eight. He began programming with the legendary Texas TI-99/4A and Commodore 64 home computers in the early 80s. He has a bachelor's degree in computer science (graduated with honors), and an MBA (graduated with an outstanding thesis). At present, Gastón is an independent IT consultant and freelance author who is always looking for new adventures around the world.

He has been a senior contributing editor at Dr. Dobb’s and has written more than a hundred articles on software development topics. Gastón was also a former Microsoft MVP in technical computing. He has received the prestigious Intel® Black Belt Software Developer award eight times.

He is a guest blogger at Intel® Software Network (http://software.intel.com). You can reach him at [e-mail] and follow him on Twitter at http://twitter.com/gastonhillar. Gastón’s blog is http://csharpmulticore.blogspot.com.

He lives with his wife, Vanesa, and his two sons, Kevin and Brandon.

Acknowledgment

At the time of writing this book, I was fortunate to work with an excellent team at Packt Publishing, whose contributions vastly improved the presentation of this book. Reshma Raman allowed me to provide her ideas for a book dedicated to MQTT, and I jumped into the exciting project of teaching the features of one of the most important protocols for IoT projects with examples in many different programming languages. Vikas Tiwari helped me realize my vision for this book and provided many sensible suggestions regarding the text, the format, and the flow. The reader will notice his great work. It’s been great working with Reshma and Vikas in another project and I can’t wait to work with them again. I would like to thank my technical reviewers and proofreaders for their thorough reviews and insightful comments. I was able to incorporate some of the knowledge and wisdom they have gained in their many years in the software development industry. This book was possible because they gave valuable feedback.

The entire process of writing a book requires a huge number of lonely hours. I wouldn’t be able to write an entire book without dedicating some time to play soccer against my sons, Kevin and Brandon, and my nephew, Nicolas. Of course, I never won a match. However, I did score a few goals.

About the Reviewer

Ben Howes is the founder and lead consultant at Zoetrope Ltd, a specialist IoT consultancy and product development firm in the UK. Ben has been creating connected hardware for over 10 years and has worked across projects spanning from start-ups to multinational deployments.

I’d like to thank Richard Webb, my co-founder, for starting Zoetrope with me.

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Dedication

To my sons, Kevin and Brandon, and my wife, Vanesa

Preface

MQTT is the preferred IoT publish-subscribe lightweight messaging protocol. If you develop IoT, web applications, mobile apps, or a combination of these solutions, you must learn how MQTT and its lightweight messaging system work. Of course, it is extremely important to take security into account when working with this protocol.

Most of the times, when you work with IoT solutions, you won’t be using a single programming language. Instead, you will use a combination of different programming languages and code running on different IoT boards that might use diverse operating systems. MQTT has its own specific vocabulary and different working modes. Learning MQTT is challenging because it includes too many abstract concepts that require real-life examples to be easy to understand.

This book will allow you to dive deep into the latest version of the MQTT protocol: 3.1.1. You will learn to work with Mosquitto MQTT server, command-line tools, and GUI tools to allow you to understand how everything works with MQTT and the possibilities that this protocol provides for your projects. You will learn security best practices and you will use them for a Mosquitto MQTT server.

This book will provide you with examples in the following programming languages, which are extremely popular in IoT, web applications, and mobile apps: Python, Java, HTML 5, JavaScript, Node.js, and Swift 3. You will control a drone, interact with sensors, control home automation, and interact with actuators by exchanging MQTT messages with the different programming languages and client libraries.

You will be able to run the examples on a wide range of modern IoT boards, such as Raspberry Pi 3, Raspberry Pi 2 Model B, Raspberry Pi Zero, Intel Joule, Intel Edison, and Intel Galileo Gen 2. However, any other board that supports the programming languages explained in the book will be able to run the samples.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Lightweight Messaging with MQTT 3.1.1 and Mosquitto, starts our journey towards understanding the MQTT protocol. You will learn convenient scenarios for this protocol, the details of the publish-subscribe pattern, and message filtering. You will learn basic concepts related to MQTT and understand the different components: clients, brokers or servers, and connections. You will learn to install a Mosquitto broker or server on Linux, macOS, and Windows. You will learn best practices related to topics and single-level and multilevel wildcards. We will study in detail the different Quality of Service levels supported by MQTT and when it is convenient to use each of them. We will analyze their advantages and disadvantages.

Chapter 2, Securing an MQTT Mosquitto Server, covers generating a private certificate authority, a server certificate, and client certificates to enable TLS transport security and TLS client authentication with Mosquitto. Communications between the MQTT clients and the MQTT server will be encrypted. We will work with OpenSSL to generate the digital certificates. We will test the MQTT TLS configuration with MQTT.fx, MQTT-spy, and the Mosquitto command-line utilities. We will force Mosquitto to use only a specific TLS version. This way, we will understand how to encrypt communications between the MQTT clients and the Mosquitto MQTT server.

Chapter 3, Controling a Drone with Python, analyzes the requirements for controlling a drone with MQTT messages. We will define the topics that we will use and the commands that will be part of the messages’ payloads to control a drone. Then, we will work with the Paho Python Client to write Python code that connects an MQTT client to the MQTT server. We will understand the methods we need to call for the Paho Python Client and their parameters. We will analyze how callbacks work and we will be able to publish messages to topics, subscribe to topic filters, and receive and process messages. We will write code that processes commands for a drone with Python. The code will be able to run on different IoT platforms, including Intel Joule boards and Raspberry Pi 3, and also on any computer that is capable of executing Python 2.7.x or Python 3.x. We will work with the network loop for the MQTT client in Python. We will work with a GUI utility, command-line-based utilities, and, finally, with Python code to control the drone and display the feedback provided by the drone.

Chapter 4, Interacting with Sensors in Java, analyzes the requirements for controlling sensors wired to different IoT boards with MQTT messages and Java code. We will define the topics that we will use and the commands that will be part of the messages’ payloads to control sensors. We will take advantage of the last will and testament feature of MQTT with Java. We will work with the Eclipse Paho Java Client to write Java code that will connect a non-blocking (asynchronous) MQTT client to the MQTT server. We will create a security helper class to establish a TLS secured connection, and we will work with asynchronous notifications and callbacks in Java. We will subscribe to topics, understand how notification events work, and we will write code that processes commands that interact with sensors. Finally, we will work with a GUI utility to interact with our Java application through MQTT messages. We will be able to turn on and turn off the sensors and retrieve data from them.

Chapter 5, Controlling Home Automation in JavaScript, analyzes the requirements to control LEDs wired to different IoT boards with MQTT messages over WebSockets. We will define the topics that we will use and the commands that will be part of the message’s payloads to set the colors for LEDs. Then, we will create an HTML 5 web page combined with JavaScript and the Eclipse Paho JavaScript asynchronous client to control LEDs. We will write code to publish messages to target remote devices in JavaScript and we will be able to process received messages to provide feedback to the user. We will work with MQTT.js to write a Node.js script to process commands that simulate the interaction with LEDs on different IoT boards. We will be able to run the home automation web application and understand how all the pieces work together by exchanging MQTT over WebSockets messages. Finally, we will understand the necessary steps to work with MQTT over WebSockets with TLS.

Chapter 6, Interacting with Actuators in Swift, analyzes the requirements for controlling actuators wired to different IoT boards with MQTT messages. We will define the topics that we will use and the commands that will be part of the message’s payloads to turn on and turn off motors. Then, we will create an iOS app with Xcode and Swift 3, combined with the CocoaMQTT client, to control a motor. We will write code to publish messages to target remote devices in Swift 3 and we will be able to process received messages to provide feedback to the user. We will work with MQTT.js to write a Node.js script to process commands that simulate the interaction with motors on the different IoT boards. We will be able to run the iOS app and the Node.js script and understand how all the pieces work together by exchanging MQTT messages.

What you need for this book

You will need any computer or device capable of running Python 3.x or greater, Chrome 56.x or greater, JDK 8 or greater, and Node.js 6.7.x or greater.

In order to work with Mosquitto 1.4.11 or greater, you will need a computer with any of the operating systems supported by this version of Mosquitto. The list is available at https://mosquitto.org/download/.

In order to work with Xcode 8.x, you will need a Mac computer capable of running OS X 10.11.5 or later, with 8 GB RAM.

Who this book is for

This book is a great resource for developers who want to learn more about the MQTT protocol to apply it to their individual IoT projects. Prior knowledge of working with IoT devices is essential.

Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: If a client specifies and empty value as the ClientId.

A block of code is set as follows:

# Replace localhost with the IP for the Mosquitto

# or other MQTT server

mqtt_server_host = localhost

mqtt_server_port = 8883

mqtt_keepalive = 60

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

led-2>

Select color for LED #2

 

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

sudo apt-get update

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: In order to download new modules, we will go to Files | Settings | Project Name | Project Interpreter.

Note

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tip

Tips and tricks appear like this.

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