The Origin of Unhappiness: The Scientific Method Applied to the Human Condition - Book III

By Giano Rocca

Searching for happiness is considered a private matter, individual, and the results of that research are considered to be a consequence: of the individual's fortune, character, or merit. This conception, often, leads to a lack of sense in life and to consider life itself as a reality that does not keep its promises at all. It is rarely believed that the substantial, general, unhappy (despite the level of well-being achieved) is due to causes that transcend the faculties of each individual! Recently, authoritative Marxists, have stated that we are, now, in a utopian period. Apparently, this seems to be a meaningless statement, but if one considers the impracticability and the “Refoundation” of the societies defined (in the twentieth century) as “of the socialism realized”, one can understand the definition of “utopian situation”, considering the dialectic conception made by Marx, where history would be a succession of cycles characterized by: thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. In this case, the thesis would be represented by the period of the proposition of the solution of the “social problem” and the “social question” (even without a proper analysis of historical evolution and its causes) and without the design of a new technique of social organization; the antithesis would be represented by the period of realization of “real socialism” (and, in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine an “antithesis” most opposite); the synthesis is characterized by the improbability and not presentability of new “Gulags” in the face of the consciousness of humanity. Such is the general view of the historical reality proposed by Marxism. But the hope of a solution to social problems that afflict mankind and they create unhappiness can’t be overshadowed by the ideology and from the self-proclaimed “Marxist science”, or other ideologies and religious integralism, which resurface in this glimpse of 21st century. Since the goal of humanity is always the same, is essential of achieve an analysis of historical reality based on universally acceptable scientific criteria, and to identify a technique of social organization that can liberate humanity from constraints that force it into the unhappiness of a state of unconsciousness and inertia, determined by a historical evolution that has logic and purpose extraneous to the nature of the individuals. With our work, we aim to lay the foundations for a new knowledge, capable of achieving a new and higher level of civilizing.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Giano Rocca
• Release date: Nov 25, 2017
• ISBN: 9781370618651

Giano Rocca

Giano Rocca was born in a small village in the Langhe, called Roccaverano, from parents of humble origins. After completing his primary school studies, he moved to Turin, where he attended secondary school and the University, enrolling in the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy. He was a pupil of the political philosopher Norberto Bobbio. He attended school institutions supporting himself with his work, employed by the large local industry, then called "FIAT". His interests can be summarized in the study of "social" and "human" sciences, although he soon realized that knowledge in these sectors had not yet reached the episteme of science. He was primarily determined to carry out an analysis of history capable of compensating for the gaps and contradictions of current conceptions and, in particular, of Marxist analysis, whose alleged "scientific essence" has been falsified by the anti-communist revolutions that have occurred in the Soviet Union and in the countries of realized Socialism, especially in Eastern Europe. The published books aim to provide an overall view of the human condition, with particular attention to the historical reality of societies based on statehood, analyzing them in their structural complexity and their historical dynamics, to identify the possible outcome of human evolution itself. He developed the concept of degrees of civilizing, identifying the fifth level of civilizing in the "closed societies", or feudal ones, while in the "open societies", or mercantile ones, he identified the sixth level of civilizing. The sixth level of civilizing, however, appears neither irreversible, nor automatically a harbinger of further progress, which progress can only come from a metamorphosis, or palingenesis, of the human condition, which undermines the very presuppositions of organic-stratified societies, of to which the societies based on statehood, as a whole, are but the most advanced examples. To accomplish this palingenesis, neither the "class struggle" nor the social and political revolutions are suitable. It is necessary to rethink, in depth, the causes of the formation of the historical structural reality and, once the remedies have been identified, apply them to individuals and their inter-personal relationships, a premise for overcoming the conflict between individuality and sociality, defined by philosophers as the great "social problem". It is necessary to lay the foundations for the planning and creation of a sociality consistent with the most authentic nature of individuals, enhancing, and not sacrificing, their individualization. This is achieved by creating nuclei of a new type of society, which is able to fully satisfy the basic needs of individuals and their need for progress of the level of civilizing. This new type of company can be defined: SOCIETY SOCIALITARIAN.

Book preview

The Origin of Unhappiness

The Scientific Method Applied to the Human Condition

Book III

GIANO ROCCA

Copyright © 2017 Giano Rocca

All rights reserved

Dedicates

I want to dedicate this essay to Caterina De Michele, which gives me his love and his support in this phase of my life

Table of Contents:

Biography:

Prologue:

PART I: Evolution and the its purposes: bio-physical, psychic and psychological

Chapter 1: Neo-evolutionism and its interaction with the social evolution and with the environment

Chapter 2: Links between biological evolution and psychic evolution and psychological

Chapter 3: Various conceptions of the relationship between biological evolution and psychic evolution, psychological and social; and reality of the relationship between biological evolution and structural progress

PART II: Human Nature and personality of the individual

Chapter 4: Foundations bio-hormonal of subjectivity and personality

Chapter 5: Distinction between individuality and personality

Chapter 6: Definition and essence of rationality

Chapter 7: Natural psychic equality, between the individuals of the same species. Possibility to overcome the historic structural reality

Chapter 8: Natural equality among human beings, and inequality, even psychic and psychological, generated by structural reality historic

PART III: Individuality and sociality. Process of individualization and progress of sociality

Chapter 9: The ratio between individuality and sociality

Chapter 10: The ratio between intellectual development and socialization

Chapter 11: Barriers erected by structural reality historic to individualization and at the full satisfaction of the need of sociality

Chapter 12: Social progress and development of sociality

Chapter 13: Interpersonal communication and sociality

Chapter 14: Obstacles coming to interpersonal communication by the structural reality historic

Chapter 15: The progress of the process of individualization and the degree of sociality; structural progress and human

PART IV: Human needs natural and of structural origin

Chapter 16: Natural needs and induced, in the individuals

Chapter 17: Needs induced by structural reality contingent

Chapter 18: Obstacles coming from reality historical structural to the satisfaction of authentic needs

Chapter 19: Satisfaction of own tendencies and authentic needs

PART V: Concepts of: universality and desirability

Chapter 20: The desirability and inevitability

Chapter 21: Concepts of: universality, ineluctability and acceptability

Chapter 22: Justification of the inevitable

Chapter 23: Rationality and universality

Chapter 24: Cause of the irrationality, that are present in human behavior

Chapter 25: Conquest of behavioral rationality

Chapter 26: Rational faith and irrational faith

PART VI: Nature of freedom and equality

Chapter 27: Essence of the freedom

Chapter 28: The relationship between freedom and equality

PART VII: The ethics and the right

Chapter 29: Definition of ethics and its foundations  

Chapter 30: The responsibility of individuals in the condition generated by structural reality historic

Chapter 31: Justice and rectitude, as: the objective morality, and subjective

Chapter 32: Ethics of individual societies historical structural

Chapter 33: The specific ethics of structural reality, and the rational ethic

Chapter 34: The moral and ethics: rational

Chapter 35: General will, universal will and willingness of the individuals

Chapter 36: The laws of nature, and the natural right

Chapter 37: Positive right and rational right

Chapter 38: Justice rational  

PART VIII: Economy structural and economy rational

Chapter 39: Definition of the economy and its essence: how to a study, and as a reality

Chapter 40: Economists and conception of the historical evolution

Chapter 41: Coins and their value

Chapter 42: Profits and economic development

Chapter 43: Causes of the productive development and socio-economic

Chapter 44: Savings and investments

Chapter 45: Development technical-scientific, and structural evolution

Chapter 46: Origin of productivity

Chapter 47: Relative value of use and its value of use absolute

Chapter 48: Market and rational theory of value

Chapter 49: The relationship between the working capacity and the needs of the individuals

Chapter 50: Working capacities owned, and working capacities expressed

Chapter 51: The merits of structural type, the merits rational, and the relationship of these latter with the capacities expressed

Epilogue:

Bibliography:

Biography:

Giano Rocca was born in a small country of the Langhe, called Roccaverano. He moved to Turin at the age of 18, where he attended secondary school and the University of this city, pupil of Norberto Bobbio, of which has appreciated, especially, the ability to give up altogether with their own convictions, where have proved fallacious, that is the remainder of the basic principle of the scientific method, up to bring him to the acceptance of the Socratic principle: I know I do not know. 

He reflected, along the whole course of his life, on this fact: if the philosophy demonstrates its ability to recognize his own bankruptcy, in the absence of the systematic adoption of the scientific method, it can be seen how in the absence of a philosophy of history, based on solid scientific bases, the study of history and of the so-called social sciences is entirely vain and misleading, since there are studies based on ideological criteria, or a form of knowledge devoid of the fundamental basis of the verifiability or, alternatively, of the falsification. 

The his research, solitary, wants to lay the foundations of an authentic science of society, as it lay the bases of their assumptions and theories on elements fully and easily verifiable and may, therefore, constitute an element of progress of knowledge, where the above assumptions and theories are corroborated by comparison with the reality of events socio-economic.

Prologue:

In the first part of this third book, of the series entitled: The scientific method applied to the human condition, we have analyzed the causes of the formation of a human condition that is, in our way of seeing, in antithesis and perennial conflict, with the authentic nature of human beings. These causes have been found in the gaps that are produced, spontaneously, between the natural evolution (biological, physiological and psychic) and experiential evolutions (psychological and cognitive). This gap forces human beings to live, recluses, in social realities which stifle the their potentialities of expression. Human societies, in fact, do not differ, in a substantial way, by the societies that can be found at other living species, not necessarily composed of primates. If, human beings, therefore, can be considered, with a certain degree of reasonableness, a species, psychically more evolved of others species deemed, generally, less advanced of primates, we do not understand why human societies are not the most evolved and mainly because they are not such as to fully meet the needs of individualization and sociality, that warn human beings.

In the second part, we, then analyzed the elements of human behavior that do not belong to the human nature, but come to humans, being part of specific societies, that are of an conflictive nature respect to own nature. We have identified these elements in the character of individuals, character that forms in the early childhood, and even more in the perinatal period, but of origin cultural, namely deriving from that social reality that it is in conflict with human nature and which determines the behavior of humans in such a way to make them appear as: bare monkeys. So, we have defined the essence of the concept of rationality, connecting the rationality to the very nature of human beings, in their specific individual characteristics.

In the third part, we explored the elements of human nature which constitute the central nucleus of the essence of individuals, namely: the level of the individualization and of the sociality. These faculties are not conflictual among them, but only with the societies historical structural and they can further develop only if the human species will be able to design and implement a new model of society, capable of constituting what we have defined a new level of civilizing: namely, the seventh level of the civilizing process.

In the fourth part we have analyzed the human needs, distinguishing those of natural origin, or specific to the human nature, and the natural characteristics of each individual (where each individual is unique and unrepeatable), from those originated from the historical society in act (that we defined: the reality structural statual, in its articulations particulars in place).

We devoted the fifth part of this volume to the exposure of our conception of rationality, of universality and desirability.  Similarly, we have examined the concepts of: irrationality, inevitability and acceptability. Some of these concepts are of common acceptance and, therefore, appear even banal talk about them. However, the interpretation which we give, is in contrast with the current interpretations, species in the academic field. Their correct interpretation, or the wording based on criteria open to falsification, is essential, since propaedeutic to our theory of the human condition in act, and the proposal of a new road of human emancipation.

In the sixth part of this work we have analyzed, with new criteria the concepts of: freedom and equality. These concepts appear, currently, too often abused and, therefore, misleading and traitors. Their correct interpretation, in the light of a good analysis of the human nature is, therefore, fundamental to propose a new model of society, that is genuinely consistent with the authentic human nature, which exists, and tries to express itself, in each individual.

In the seventh part of this volume is analyzed the concept of the ethics and of the various morality, connected with the right of the states and, therefore, with the logic of the structural universe statual. They were, then, analyzed the various conceptions of: ethics and natural law, and their relationship with what is the logic of structural reality statual, and with what we consider to be the rational ethic, or consistent with the authentic human nature and with the new model of society, which we intend to delineate.

Finally, in part VIII of this work, we have analyzed the various economic theories and the so-called political economy (namely economic theories which are part of specific political ideologies), highlighting those that are, in our opinion, the theoretical shortcomings, which prevent a correct understanding of the reality of the economic structures and the evolutionary dynamics of the same. Finally, we outlined, briefly, a possible rational economic reality, namely consistent with human nature.

This third volume of our work, intends, therefore, highlight the essence of the gap between the historical reality in act and the aspirations intrinsic at the human beings, highlighting and analyzing, some of the causes which have produced this gap, which is cause, in turn, of the unhappiness and the sense of inadequacy of reality (who is generally interpreted by individuals, as inadequacy of themselves, at live in the reality, in which, apparently, there are others that are perfectly at ease).

Turin, 21 May 2017

Giano Rocca

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Other works published:

The great secret and its stewards, 2013, 1^ Edition.

The End of the world, the end of history or the end of hell on earth? A scientific answer to the perennial questions: Where do we come from? Who are we? (Where are we?) Where are we going?, 2014, 2^ Edition, ISBN: 9781311740090 

The human being and the structural reality historical: the seven levels of civilization, 2015, 3^ Edition, ISBN: 9781310751226

The end of the conflict between God and the io: Searches of the Grail and the gnostic theories revealed. The foundations of the science of man and of his social life, 2015, 1^ Edition, ISBN: 9781311330628

Symbiosis between love and rationality: How to realize the seventh level of civilization, 2016, 2^ Edition, ISBN: 9781310488269

The fate of humanity: the scientific method applied to the human condition - Vol. I, 2016, 1^ Edition, ISBN: 9781310704383

The Ultimate meaning of human existence: the scientific method applied to the human condition - Vol. I, 2016, First English Edition, ISBN: 9781370873893

Gods and Demons: the scientific method applied to the human condition - Vol. II, 2016, I Edit. Italian, ISBN: 9781370528790

Gods and Monsters: The scientific method applied to the Human Conditin - Book II, 2017, E-book, Second English Edition, ISBN: 9781370580774, Paperback, ISBN 10: 1520968566, ISBN 13: 9781520968568

PART I: 

Evolution and its purposes: bio-physicals, mental and psychological

Chapter 1: 

The neo-evolutionism and its interpretation of social evolution and the environment

The supposed scientists and philosophers, while recognizing that the organisms are not created at random, but have characteristics that are ‘capable of adaptation’, and defining this concept the best idea of all time, as stated by the philosopher Daniel Dennet; they continue to associate the above concept to that of natural selection, which implies a constant struggle between all the living, to determine how many are more adapted to survival (1). This last conception, is contradictory with the first, since the admission of a lawsuit of the evolution itself, is considered essential by the generality of the so-called scientists and philosophers, which, while saying to deprecate the concept of social Darwinism, they reduce practically everything Darwinism and the very concept of evolution, at the so-called natural selection, in order to be able to justify the structural reality historic, as natural fact. It is still debated whether the evolution takes place for imperceptible changes in the dynamic of the biology of the individual and takes place exclusively in the early stages of the life of an organism, as stated Lamark (2), or if a given process of biological dynamic can be transmitted from one generation to another, perhaps through a slow process of imperceptible increments. Beyond these theories, the causes and the very essence of evolution, seem to escape entirely to Scientists" contemporary. If the second principle of thermodynamics (namely the entropy) was interpreted as a general tendency to homogeneity or to the reduction of the differences, the of vitality theories of Bergson tend to explain, in the light of the aforesaid second laws of thermodynamics, the emergence of the life and the birth of man through the biological evolution. Recently the physical theories of Prigogine, on generalized thermodynamics, propose a general tendency to self-organization and self-regulation. Even at the level of the inorganic process the self-organization seems to be generalized, but occur, albeit on the basis of laws deterministic, only through micro-deflections that occur at a given moment for accidental or secondary, as, for example, the fluctuations. In this way, the organic life, and its evolution, they explain themselves in most convincing way (3).

The casualism, inner (albeit in a way not to be excluded the causality) in Darwinian conception of evolution, is not to be understood as absolute randomness, since there is, necessarily, a causal order that determines the facts deemed random, but determined by direct causes, although of different type. You can believe there is a single causal principle of the universe cosmic, connected to its own purposes. Piergiorgio Odifreddi acknowledged that, at the bottom, the quantum mechanics, beyond the measurements that occur on a probabilistic basis, is deterministic, as demonstrated by the equation of Schroedinger. Deterministic is also the evolution, although occurs on a probabilistic basis. Even the so-called natural selection is a fact deterministic. Darwin spoke, of random mutations. In reality the later evolutionists have identified laws of mutation and, therefore, the scope of the so-called randomness narrows essentially to human point of view (4). The darwinists affirm that the purpose is not denied in absolute from Darwinism itself, but placed as purpose second. Therefore, this conception, does not contrary to a theory that hypothesizes the existence of an immanent purpose in the cosmic nature (5).

The human behaviors, when they become usual and generalized, can be transmitted in hereditary way. In this way, also, the logic of historical structures can be transmitted from one generation to the other. This finding does not make historical relity less inhuman and unnatural, since it does not conform to the evolutionary nature and progressive of the human being, and of living beings in general (6). The environmental variations can result, in the less developed species, irreversible changes at the biological level, also as regards the psyche. The less developed species have psychic abilities elementary, whose growth is, within given limits, irreversible, although there may be a loss of a given psychic faculty (perhaps, for serious modifications, in a pejorative sense, of the environment) (7). Kurt Lewin testified how certain animal species can regress biologically and physiologically, under certain environmental conditions. This, however, does not imply that there is a direct correlation and stable between environmental conditions and of the evolution of the biophysics type. Lewin defined this type of regression: institutional regression (8); in contrast with the regression situational, that is accomplished due to contingent situations and interesting almost exclusively the psychic level of the individual and not involving the genetic situation of those concerned, although if there are regressions that can also be stable. The Bushmen, according to some researchers, seem to be the result of a mutation of Species in decline, albeit for only a few marginal elements. This biophysical regression would be due, according to them, to extreme environmental conditions (9).

The neo-Darwinism reduces the natural selection at adaptation through the elimination of the organisms unsuitable, and that forces the evolution, in this way, in a direction considered: suitable (10). Goldschmidt formulated the hypothesis, according to which the evolution, rather than be a gradual and constant, occurs: for stadiums, or shots spaced in time, where the biological new reality takes the form of monsters that can succeed (11). The success is considered subtended to the adaptability and ecological functionality, which act as indirect control on biological evolution itself (12). The discovery of DNA, through the discovery of genes, called homeotic, who preside over the mounting of the embryo, so of the Drosophila, like of any other animal species, had confirmed as the theory of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, according to which there is a plane common to animals: is valid, and is now being taken seriously by the evolutionists (13). The biologist Stuart Kauffmann had recently theorized the existence of a innate natural creativity of the cosmic universe or, for better say, of the nature, but based on the concept of pre-adaptation or exaptation (14). This theorization, that connect again to Darwin, wants to refute the objections and lacunae of legitimacy, which could occur if you abandon of all the Darwinian concept of adaptation, which is still a taboo unsurpassed for the so-called Scientists. The discovery of the fossils of Burgess (Canada), dating back to 505 million years ago, and its recent interpretation, also in the light of other discoveries archeological and biological in the Moroccan Atlas, geologically later, confirm how the evolution takes place not only from simple to complex, but according to a logical thread of functionality and development physio-psychic (15).

Some studies have demonstrated how even in some higher animals can be detected the presence of individuals polyploidy, namely with a greater quantity of genes with respect to individuals provided with pairs of genes in pairs of homologous chromosomes, where the firsts have a greater adaptability, of physical type, at the environment. It proves, in such way, as to occur, the genetic adaptation to the environment and as happens the speciation. The speciation exists, as potentiality, for every living species, to a greater or lesser extent (16). The emergence of this potentiality is favored by environments, more or less, stimulating for the variation of the species. The ethno-anthropologists have argued that the evolution of the first hominids has been determined by large climatic evolutions, determined, to turn, by a colossal movement of earth’s crust, species between Eastern Africa and Asia (17). Marcello Buiatti acknowledged that the environment is an aspect co-evolutive, and that mutations in the DNA is not random. The ambiguity of the gene, recently discovered, as the inability of the genome to determine all aspects of the personality of a person, strengthens the theory of the plasticity of the DNA under the pressure of the habitat and, at the same time, it unmount the idea that the life of an individual is completely determined by the inheritance. Because, if a only gene can produce not one, but thousands of proteins, then it is meaningless to speak of 'gene of intelligence' or 'gene of alcoholism'. The history of a person can modulate what has been written at the birth in DNA (18). In the explaining the biological evolution, not only affect the adaptation to environmental conditions but also the potentiality, namely a predetermined capacity and pre-ordered that allows the various living species to evolve, in relation to the environmental conditions, according to the multiple possibilities of differentiation on different ways or accumulation of the differentiations. These capabilities are inherent in the very nature of the life. All the evolution potentialities are present in the primordial organisms, that evolve in relation to the conditions of adaptation, according to differentiated lines, all contained in the original potentialities, according to gradual successions, dictated, in part, by the environmental constraints of adaptation, in relation to succession of the levels and evolutionary direction. The various branches do not constitute other than that different routes to reach a unique destination, such as to allow to the life, the her maximum expression. The need for adaptation does not explain the biological evolution, although the environmental difficulties favor the biological mutations. We must, therefore, assume a determination or causality of different origin from the environment. Since the climate changes have a cyclical trend and, however, at this moment in geological evolution, the environment, at least apparently, always favors increasingly life on earth, the biological evolution requires various explanations by the difficulties resulting from variations of the environmental. We must suppose different causality, and an evolutionary direction dictated by the intrinsic nature of the living. The same geological evolution seems far from random, but satisfying at causality inherent in the very nature of the globe and, in general, of the cosmic nature.

D. Ferembach stated that the biological evolution it has not been produced in the sense of the orthogenesis, namely of the progression from forms more simple to other more advanced because there are cases in which the most advanced forms precede the least evolved forms (19). The biological evolution that has led to the human species, in particular, was not unique and parallel but diversified, in order to achieve coexistence anthropomorphic forms more evolved with forms less advanced: see the coexistence of the Neanderthal man with the species sapiens. He stated the coexistence of different levels of bio-anthropological, within certain margins of time, namely between the disappearance of the previous level and the spread of the following (20). This demonstrates how the evolution takes place in levels, and in such a manner, as to partially disconnected from environmental conditions, although the natural selection, due in part to the fight for survival, acts in the direction to overcome the