Argentine Ornithology, Volume I (of II) - A descriptive catalogue of the birds of the Argentine Republic.

By Philip Lutley Sclater and W. H. Hudson

This is volume I of William Henry Hudson's "Argentine Ornithology". It is a comprehensive encyclopedia of the birds native to Argentina, with detailed descriptions, historical information, notes on natural history, and more. This volume will appeal to modern readers with an interest in ornithology, and it would make for a fantastic addition to collections of allied literature. William Henry Hudson (1841 - 1922) was an Anglo-Argentine naturalist, author, and ornithologist. He was one of the founding members of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and is best known for his novel "Green Mansions" (1904). Other notable works include "A Crystal Age" (1887) and "Far Away and Long Ago" (1918), which has since been adapted into a film. Contents include: "Fam. I. TURDIDÆ, or THRUSHES", "Fam. II. CINCLIDÆ, or DIPPERS", "Fam. III. MUSCICAPIDÆ, or FLYCATCHERS", "Fam. IV. TROGLODYTIDÆ, or WRENS", "Fam. V. MOTACILLIDÆ, or WAGTAILS", "Fam. VI. MNIOTILTIDÆ, or WOOD-SINGERS", etc. Many vintage books such as this are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. We are republishing this volume now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition complete with a specially commissioned new biography of the author.

• Language: English
• Publisher: White Press
• Release date: Dec 5, 2016
• ISBN: 9781473346598

Book preview

ARGENTINE ORNITHOLOGY.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF THE

BIRDS OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

BY

P. L. SCLATER, M.A., PH.D., F.R.S., ETC.

WITH NOTES ON THEIR HABITS BY

W. H. HUDSON, C.M.Z.S.,

LATE OF BUENOS AYRES.

VOLUME I.

Copyright © 2016 Read Books Ltd.

This book is copyright and may not be

reproduced or copied in any way without

the express permission of the publisher in writing

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from

the British Library

Contents

William Henry Hudson

Order I. PASSERES.

Suborder I.  OSCINES.

Fam. I. TURDIDÆ,  or  THRUSHES.

1.  TURDUS LEUCOMELAS, Vieill.

2.  TURDUS RUFIVENTRIS, Vieill.

3.  TURDUS MAGELLANICUS, King.

4.  TURDUS FUSCATER, d’Orb. et Lafr.

5.  TURDUS NIGRICEPS, Cab.

6.  MIMUS MODULATOR, Gould.

7.  MIMUS PATACHONICUS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

8.  MIMUS TRIURUS (Vieill.).

Fam. II. CINCLIDÆ,  or  DIPPERS.

9.  CINCLUS SCHULZI, Cab.

Fam. III. MUSCICAPIDÆ,  or  FLYCATCHERS.

10.  POLIOPTILA DUMICOLA (Vieill.).

Fam. IV. TROGLODYTIDÆ,  or  WRENS.

11.  DONACOBIUS ATRICAPILLUS (Linn.).

12.  TROGLODYTES FURVUS (Gm.).

13.  TROGLODYTES AURICULARIS, Cab.

14.  CISTOTHORUS PLATENSIS (Lath.).

Fam. V. MOTACILLIDÆ,  or  WAGTAILS.

15.  ANTHUS CORRENDERA, Vieill.

16.  ANTHUS FURCATUS, d’Orb. et Lafr.

Fam. VI. MNIOTILTIDÆ,  or  WOOD-SINGERS.

17.  PARULA PITIAYUMI (Vieill.).

18.  GEOTHLYPIS VELATA (Vieill.).

19.  BASILEUTERUS AURICAPILLUS, Sw.

20.  SETOPHAGA BRUNNEICEPS, d’Orb. et Lafr.

Fam. VII. VIREONIDÆ,  or  GREENLETS.

21.  VIREOSYLVIA CHIVI (Vieill.).

22.  HYLOPHILUS PŒCILOTIS, Max.

23.  CYCLORHIS OCHROCEPHALA.

24.  CYCLORHIS ALTIROSTRIS, Salvin.

Fam. VIII. HIRUNDINIDÆ,  or  SWALLOWS.

25.  PROGNE FURCATA, Baird.³

26.  PROGNE CHALYBEA (Gm.).

27.  PROGNE TAPERA (Linn.).

28.  PETROCHELIDON PYRRHONOTA (Vieill.).

29.  TACHYCINETA LEUCORRHOA (Vieill.).

30.  ATTICORA CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.).

31.  ATTICORA FUCATA (Temm.).

32.  STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIS (Vieill.).

Fam. IX. TANAGRIDÆ,  or  TANAGERS.

33.  EUPHONIA NIGRICOLLIS (Vieill.).

34.  EUPHONIA CHLOROTICA (Linn.).

35.  PIPRIDEA MELANONOTA (Vieill.).

36.  STEPHANOPHORUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (Vieill.).

37.  TANAGRA SAYACA, Linn.

38.  TANAGRA BONARIENSIS (Gm.).

39.  PYRANGA AZARÆ, d’Orb.

40.  TRICHOTHRAUPIS QUADRICOLOR (Vieill.).

41.  THLYPOPSIS RUFICEPS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

42.  BUARREMON CITRINELLUS, Cab.

43.  ARREMON ORBIGNII, Sclater.

44.  SALTATOR SIMILIS, d’Orb. et Lafr.

45.  SALTATOR CÆRULESCENS, Vieill.

46.  SALTATOR AURANTIIROSTRIS, Vieill.

Fam. X. FRINGILLIDÆ,  or  FINCHES.

47.  PHEUCTICUS AUREIVENTRIS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

48.  GUIRACA CYANEA (Linn.).

49.  GUIRACA GLAUCOCÆRULEA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

50.  ORYZOBORUS MAXIMILIANI, Cab.

51.  SPERMOPHILA PALUSTRIS, Barrows.

52.  SPERMOPHILA MELANOCEPHALA (Vieill.).

53.  SPERMOPHILA CÆRULESCENS (Vieill.).

54.  PAROARIA CUCULLATA (Lath.).

55.  PAROARIA CAPITATA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

56.  CORYPHOSPINGUS CRISTATUS (Gm.).

57.  LOPHOSPINGUS PUSILLUS (Burm.).

58.  DONACOSPIZA ALBIFRONS (Vieill.).

59.  POOSPIZA NIGRORUFA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

60.  POOSPIZA WHITII, Scl.

61.  POOSPIZA ERYTHROPHRYS, Scl.

62.  POOSPIZA ASSIMILIS, Cab.

63.  POOSPIZA ORNATA (Landb.).

64.  POOSPIZA TORQUATA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

65.  POOSPIZA MELANOLEUCA (Vieill.).

66.  PHRYGILUS GAYI (Eyd. et Gerv.).

67.  PHRYGILUS CANICEPS (Burm.).

68.  PHRYGILUS DORSALIS, Cab.

69.  PHRYGILUS UNICOLOR (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

70.  PHRYGILUS FRUTICETI (Kittl.).

71.  PHRYGILUS CARBONARIUS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

72.  GUBERNATRIX CRISTATELLA (Vieill.).

73.  DIUCA GRISEA (Less.).

74.  DIUCA MINOR, Bp.

75.  CATAMENIA ANALIS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

76.  CATAMENIA INORNATA (Lafr.).

77.  ZONOTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.).

78.  ZONOTRICHIA CANICAPILLA, Gould.

79.  ZONOTRICHIA STRIGICEPS, Gould.

80.  ZONOTRICHIA HYPOCHONDRIA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

81.  COTURNICULUS PERUANUS (Bp.).

82.  SALTATRICULA MULTICOLOR, Burm.

83.  EMBERNAGRA PLATENSIS (Gm.).

84.  EMBERNAGRA OLIVASCENS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

85.  EMBERIZOIDES SPHENURUS (Vieill.).

86.  HÆMOPHILA WHITII (Sharpe).

87.  CHRYSOMITRIS ICTERICA (Licht.).

88.  CHRYSOMITRIS ATRATA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

89.  SYCALIS PELZELNI, Scl.

90.  SYCALIS LUTEA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

91.  SYCALIS LUTEOLA (Sparrm.).

92.  OROSPINA PRATENSIS, Cab.

Fam. XI. ICTERIDÆ,  or  TROUPIALS.

93.  AMBLYCERCUS SOLITARIUS (Vieill.).

94.  MOLOTHRUS BONARIENSIS (Gm.).

95.  MOLOTHRUS RUFOAXILLARIS, Cassin.

96.  MOLOTHRUS BADIUS, Vieill.

97.  AGELÆUS THILIUS (Mol.).

98.  AGELÆUS FLAVUS (Gm.).

99.  AGELÆUS RUFICAPILLUS, Vieill.

100.  LEISTES SUPERCILIARIS, Bp.

101.  AMBLYRHAMPHUS HOLOSERICEUS (Scop.).

102.  PSEUDOLEISTES VIRESCENS (Vieill.).

103.  TRUPIALIS MILITARIS (Linn.).

104.  TRUPIALIS DEFILIPPII, Bp.

105.  ICTERUS PYRRHOPTERUS, Vieill.

106.  APHOBUS CHOPI (Vieill.).

Fam. XII. CORVIDÆ,  or  CROWS.

107.  CYANOCORAX CHRYSOPS (Vieill.).

108.  CYANOCORAX CÆRULEUS (Vieill.).

Suborder II.  OLIGOMYODÆ.

Fam. XIII. TYRANNIDÆ,  or  TYRANTS.

109.  AGRIORNIS STRIATA, Gould.

110.  AGRIORNIS MARITIMA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

111.  MYIOTHERETES RUFIVENTRIS (Vieill.).

112.  TÆNIOPTERA NENGETA (Linn.).

113.  TÆNIOPTERA CORONATA (Vieill.).

114.  TÆNIOPTERA DOMINICANA (Vieill.).

115.  TÆNIOPTERA IRUPERO (Vieill.).

116.  TÆNIOPTERA MURINA (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

117.  TÆNIOPTERA RUBETRA (Burm.).

118.  OCHTHŒCA LEUCOPHRYS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

119.  SAYORNIS CINERACEA (Lafr.).

120.  FLUVICOLA ALBIVENTRIS (Spix).

121.  ARUNDINICOLA LEUCOCEPHALA (Linn.).

122.  ALECTRURUS TRICOLOR, Vieill.

123.  ALECTRURUS RISORIUS (Vieill.).

124.  CYBERNETES YETAPA (Vieill.).

125.  SISOPYGIS ICTEROPHRYS (Vieill.).

126.  CNIPOLEGUS ANTHRACINUS, Heine.

127.  CNIPOLEGUS HUDSONI, Scl.

128.  CNIPOLEGUS CYANIROSTRIS (Vieill.).

129.  CNIPOLEGUS CABANISI, Schulz.

130.  CNIPOLEGUS CINEREUS, Scl.

131.  LICHENOPS PERSPICILLATUS (Gm.).

132.  MACHETORNIS RIXOSA (Vieill.).

133.  MUSCISAXICOLA MACLOVIANA (Garn.).

134.  MUSCISAXICOLA RUFIVERTEX, d’Orb. et Lafr.

135.  MUSCISAXICOLA MACULIROSTRIS, d’Orb. et Lafr.

136.  CENTRITES NIGER (Bodd.).

137.  PLATYRHYNCHUS MYSTACEUS (Vieill.).

138.  EUSCARTHMUS MARGARITACEIVENTRIS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

139.  EUSCARTHMUS GULARIS (Temm.).

140.  PHYLLOSCARTES VENTRALIS (Temm.).

141.  HAPALOCERCUS FLAVIVENTRIS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

142.  HABRURA PECTORALIS (Vieill.).

143.  CULICIVORA STENURA (Temm.).

144.  STIGMATURA BUDYTOIDES (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

145.  STIGMATURA FLAVO-CINEREA (Burm.).

146.  SERPOPHAGA SUBCRISTATA (Vieill.).

147.  SERPOPHAGA NIGRICANS (Vieill.).

148.  ANÆRETES PARULUS (Kittl.).

149.  ANÆRETES FLAVIROSTRIS, Scl. et Salv.

150.  CYANOTIS AZARÆ, Naum.

151.  LEPTOPOGON TRISTIS, Scl. et Salv.

152.  ELAINEA ALBICEPS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

153.  ELAINEA STREPERA, Cab.

154.  ELAINEA VIRIDICATA (Vieill.).

155.  EMPIDAGRA SUIRIRI (Vieill.).

156.  SUBLEGATUS GRISEOCULARIS, Sclater.

157.  RHYNCHOCYCLUS SULPHURESCENS (Spix).

158.  PITANGUS BOLIVIANUS (Lafr.).

159.  MYIODYNASTES SOLITARIUS (Vieill.).

160.  HIRUNDINEA BELLICOSA (Vieill.).

161.  MYIOBIUS NÆVIUS (Bodd.).

162.  PYROCEPHALUS RUBINEUS (Bodd.).

163.  EMPIDONAX BIMACULATUS (Lafr. et d’Orb.).

164.  CONTOPUS BRACHYRHYNCHUS, Cab.

165.  CONTOPUS BRACHYTARSUS, Scl.

166.  MYIARCHUS TYRANNULUS (Müll.).

167.  MYIARCHUS FEROX (Gm.).

168.  MYIARCHUS ATRICEPS, Cab.

169.  EMPIDONOMUS AURANTIO-ATRO-CRISTATUS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

170.  TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill.

171.  MILVULUS TYRANNUS (Linn.).

Fam. XIV. PIPRIDÆ,  or  MANIKINS.

172.  CHIROXIPHIA CAUDATA (Shaw).

Fam. XV. COTINGIDÆ,  or  COTINGAS.

173.  PACHYRHAMPHUS POLYCHROPTERUS (Vieill.).

174.  CASIORNIS RUBRA (Vieill.).

Fam. XVI. PHYTOTOMIDÆ,  or  PLANT-CUTTERS.

175.  PHYTOTOMA RUTILA, Vieill.

Suborder III.  TRACHEOPHONÆ.

Fam. XVII. DENDROCOLAPTIDÆ,  or  WOOD-HEWERS.

Subfam. I.  FURNARIINÆ.

176.  GEOSITTA CUNICULARIA (Vieill.).

177.  GEOBAMON RUFIPENNIS, Burm.

178.  FURNARIUS RUFUS (Gm.).

179.  FURNARIUS TRICOLOR, Cab.

180.  UPUCERTHIA DUMETORIA (Geoffr. et d’Orb.).

181.  UPUCERTHIA RUFICAUDA (Meyen).

182.  UPUCERTHIA LUSCINIA (Burm.).

183.  CINCLODES FUSCUS (Vieill.).

184.  CINCLODES BIFASCIATUS, Sclater.

185.  HENICORNIS PHŒNICURUS (Gould).

186.  LOCHMIAS NEMATURA (Licht.).

Subfam. II.  SCLERURINÆ.

187.  SCLERURUS UMBRETTA (Licht.).

Subfam. III.  SYNALLAXINÆ.

188.  PHLŒOCRYPTES MELANOPS (Vieill.).

189.  LEPTASTHENURA ÆGITHALOIDES (Kittl.).

190.  LEPTASTHENURA FULIGINICEPS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

191.  SYNALLAXIS FRONTALIS, Pelz.

192.  SYNALLAXIS SUPERCILIOSA, Cab.

193.  SYNALLAXIS SPIXI, Scl.

194.  SYNALLAXIS ALBESCENS, Temm.

195.  SYNALLAXIS WHITII, Scl.

196.  SYNALLAXIS PHRYGANOPHILA (Vieill.).

197.  SYNALLAXIS STRIATICEPS (Lafr. et d’Orb.).

198.  SYNALLAXIS ORBIGNII, Reichenb.

199.  SYNALLAXIS MODESTA, Eyton.

200.  SYNALLAXIS SORDIDA, Less.

201.  SYNALLAXIS SULPHURIFERA, Burm.

202.  SYNALLAXIS PATAGONICA (Lafr. et d’Orb.).

203.  SYNALLAXIS HUDSONI, Scl.

204.  SYNALLAXIS MALUROIDES, d’Orb.

205.  CORYPHISTERA ALAUDINA, Burm.

206.  ANUMBIUS ACUTICAUDATUS (Less.).

207.  LIMNORNIS CURVIROSTRIS, Gould.

208.  PHACELLODOMUS FRONTALIS (Licht.).

209.  PHACELLODOMUS SIBILATRIX, Scl.

210.  PHACELLODOMUS STRIATICOLLIS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

211.  PHACELLODOMUS RUBER (Vieill.).

212.  HOMORUS LOPHOTES, Reichenb.

213.  HOMORUS GUTTURALIS (d’Orb. et Lafr.).

214.  ANABAZENOPS OLEAGINEUS, Scl.

215.  SITTOSOMUS ERITHACUS (Licht.).

216.  GLYPHORHYNCHUS CUNEATUS (Licht.).

217.  DENDROCOLAPTES PICUMNUS (Licht.).

218.  DRYMORNIS BRIDGESI, Eyton.

219.  XIPHOCOLAPTES ALBICOLLIS (Vieill.).

220.  XIPHOCOLAPTES MAJOR (Vieill.).

221.  PICOLAPTES ANGUSTIROSTRIS (Vieill.).

Fam. XVIII. FORMICARIIDÆ,  or  ANT-BIRDS.

222.  THAMNOPHILUS LEACHI (Such).

223.  THAMNOPHILUS MAJOR, Vieill.

224.  THAMNOPHILUS CÆRULESCENS, Vieill.

225.  THAMNOPHILUS RUFICAPILLUS, Vieill.

Fam. XIX. PTEROPTOCHIDÆ,  or  TAPACOLAS.

226.  SCYTALOPUS SUPERCILIARIS, Cab.

227.  RHINOCRYPTA LANCEOLATA, Geoffr. et d’Orb.

228.  RHINOCRYPTA FUSCA, Scl. et Salv.

229.  PTEROPTOCHUS ALBICOLLIS, Kittl.

THE CARIAMA.

VOLUME I.

William Henry Hudson

William Henry Hudson was born on 4 August 1841 in a borough of Quilmes (now Florecio Varela) in Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina. His parents, Daniel and Catherine Hudson, were American settlers of English and Irish origin. His father was a sheep farmer on a small farm in Argentina, but was sadly unsuccessful. He then turned to potato growing for a paltry existence and this led the family to near financial ruin.

Hudson spent his childhood exploring the local flora and fauna and observing the natural and human drama, on what was a lawless frontier at that time. At around fourteen or fifteen, Hudson became seriously ill with a bout of typhus, soon followed by rheumatic fever. These illnesses permanently affected his health and caused him to become more studious and contemplative. His parents obtained many books for him and his siblings to read and he occasionally had some formal education from a visiting school teacher. Charles Darwin’s (1809-1882) The Origin of Species (1859), in particular, made a lasting impression on him.

Little is known about Hudson in the period following his parents’ death. He became a wanderer, occasionally publishing his ornithological work in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society. He initially wrote in an English that was interlaced with Spanish idioms. He appears to have particularly loved Patagonia. Hudson immigrated to London, England in 1869, where he eventually became a British subject in 1900. In 1876 he married a much older woman and they lived precariously on the money earned from two boarding houses that she owned. She eventually inherited a house in Bayswater, London and the couple moved there.

Hudson produced a series of ornithological studies throughout his life, including Argentine Ornithology (1888-1899) and British Birds (1895). These books on ornithological studies attracted the attention of the statesman, Sir Edward Grey (1862-1933), who got Hudson a state pension in 1901. Hudson later achieved fame with his books on the English countryside, such as Hampshire Day (1903), Afoot in England (1909), and A Shepherd’s Life (1910), which helped foster the back to nature movement of the 1920s and 1930s. His most famous fictional novel was Green Mansions (1904) which was an exotic romance about a traveller in the Guyana Jungle in Venezuela and his encounter with a mysterious forest girl who is half human and half bird. This romance and some of Hudson’s other romances attracted the friendship of other fiction writers, such as Joseph Conrad (1857-1924), Ford Madox Ford (1873-1939) and George Gissing (1857-1903). Hudson’s most popular non-fiction novel was Far Away and Long Ago (1918) which recalls his childhood in Argentina. Some of his other titles include Birds and Man (1901), A Little Lost Boy (1905), Tales of the Pampas (1916), Ralph Herne (1923), and Mary’s Little Lamb (1929).

Away from his literary work, Hudson was a founding member of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Towards the end of his life he moved to Worthing, Sussex, England. He died on 18 August 1922 and is buried at Broadwater and Worthing Cemetery in Worthing where his epitaph refers to his love of birds and green places. Even after his death, Hudson had a huge legacy. In Argentina where he is known as Guillermo Enrique Hudson, his work is considered to belong to the national literature. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) also famously refers to Hudson’s early book The Purple Land (1885) in his novel The Sun Also Rises (1926) and again to Hudson’s Far Away and Long Ago in his posthumous novel, The Garden of Eden (1986). Hudson has also had two South American bird species named after him as well as a town in Berazategui Partidd and several other public places and institutions.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST VOLUME.

The  present volume contains an account of the Passeres of the Argentine Republic, which, as at present known, number some 229 species. The second volume, which it is hoped will be ready in the course of next year, will be devoted to the history of the remaining Orders of Birds, and will also contain the Introduction and Index, and complete the work.

All the personal observations recorded in these pages are due to Mr. Hudson, while I am responsible for the arrangement, nomenclature, and scientific portions of the work.

I have to acknowledge with many thanks a donation of £40 from the Royal Society, which has enabled Mr. Hudson to devote a portion of his time to the compilation of his interesting notes.

P. L. S.

December 1, 1887.

INTRODUCTION.

As regards its Bird-life the Neotropical Region, which, according to the arrangement usually adopted, consists of America south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec together with the West Indies1, may be most conveniently divided into six Subregions. These are:—

1. The  Transpanamic Subregion, embracing the great Central-American Isthmus from Tehuantepec down to Panama.

2. The  Antillean Subregion, containing the West-India Islands.

3. The  Colombian Subregion, containing the South-American littoral and the adjacent Andean ranges in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

4. The  Amazonian Subregion, containing Guiana and the valleys of the Orinoco and Amazons and their confluents.

5. The  Brazilian Subregion, containing the great wooded and campos districts of Southern Brazil and Paraguay.

6. The  Patagonian Subregion, consisting of Antarctic America up to the Brazilian wood-districts and the highlands of Bolivia on the eastern side of the Andes, and apparently extending as far as the Gulf of Guayaquil on the west.

It is, of course, impossible to draw a precise line between these six Subregions, and any boundaries assigned to them can only be regarded as approximative; but it is obvious that nearly, if not quite, the whole of the Argentine Republic, the Avifauna of which we are now considering, comes within the limits of the Patagonian Subregion. It is possible that the birds of the Territory of Misiones and of some parts of Northern Corrientes may be more nearly akin to those of Brazil, but we may say generally that the Argentine Republic belongs to the Patagonian Subregion.

As shown in the succeeding pages, the number of species of Birds as yet ascertained to be found within the Argentine Republic2  is about 430. We will now take the leading groups of the Neotropical Ornis, one after another, and consider the  rôle  they play in the Argentine Avifauna, so as to get some general ideas as to its peculiarities.

The subjoined Table contains in the first column the number of Neotropical species assigned to each of the 20 different Orders of Birds in the ‘Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium.’ In the second column is given the corresponding number of Argentine species of each order according to the present work. The total number of Neotropical species will be seen to be about eight times as many as those of the Argentine Avifauna; so that where this average is exceeded in the individual orders the particular group may be considered to be over-represented, and where it is not reached to be under-represented in the Argentine Avifauna. This is of course a very rough-and-ready mode of calculation, because it assumes that every species has an equal area of distribution, which is not ordinarily the case; but it will serve to give us some general ideas on the subject. We will now proceed to consider the principal groups one after another, and to point out their comparative importance in the Argentine Avifauna.

The known Argentine Passeres, according to the present work, are 229 in number; those of the Neotropical Region, according to the ‘Nomenclator,’ are 1976; so that the species of Argentine Passeres, according to the ratio which we have adopted, would be very little short of the average numbers. If, however, we divide the Passeres up into the three suborders of Oscines, Oligomyodæ, and Tracheophonæ, we shall find that the Oligomyodæ are rather in excess of the estimated average, while the species of the two other groups are deficient. This arises mainly from the large number of Tyrannidæ belonging to the Argentine Ornis. Not less than 63 species of this group have been already discovered within its limits. Besides Tyrants, other prevailing families of Passeres in the Argentine Avifauna are the Finches (Fringillidæ) and the Wood-hewers (Dendrocolaptidæ), both of which have 46 representatives in the Argentine Republic. Both these families are, however, well represented all over the Neotropical Region. But the Tapacolas (Pteroptochidæ) and the Plant-cutters (Phytotomidæ) are both  of them families specially characteristic of the Patagonian Avifauna, and both of them are represented in the Argentine Republic. One other Passerine form is also worthy of special mention. The Dippers (Cinclidæ) are essentially an Arctic group diffused all over the Palæarctic and the Arctic Regions. It is singular, however, that this form should reoccur at higher elevations in the Neotropical Region. A  Cinclus  is found in the mountains of Colombia, another in the Andes of Peru, and a third has lately been discovered in the northern sierras of the Argentine Republic. As regards Passerine birds, therefore, which great order makes up more than one half of the Argentine Ornis, we may say that  Finches, Tyrants, and Wood-hewers are remarkable for their abundance, Plant-cutters and Tapacolas for peculiarity of type, and Dippers as an instance of the occurrence of an Arctic form in Antarctic latitudes.

As regards the second order, Macrochires, the Argentine Avifauna is notably deficient on account of the comparative scarcity of Humming-birds. Although eleven species of this remarkable group have been met with within our limits, the great mass of the Trochilidæ, which are now known to number some 400 species, belong to the Tropics. The Swifts are also scantily represented by a single species. The Caprimulgidæ are comparatively more abundant, but slightly below the average in number of species.

The Argentine Woodpeckers enumerated in the present work are thirteen in number, but several of those are somewhat doubtful species, and others only occur in the extreme northern limits of the Republic. On the whole we may say that the  Pici  are decidedly deficient in Argentina.

Nine families of the fourth order, Coccyges, are included in the Neotropical Avifauna, but of these only five are represented in the Argentine Ornis—the Motmots, Todies, Jacamars, and Barbets being entirely wanting. The Trogons, Puff-birds, and Toucans are also essentially Tropical forms, and have but one or two representatives on the northern outskirts of the Republic; so that the Cuckoos and Kingfishers are the only two families of Coccyges which play any material  rôle  in the Argentine Ornis.

Of the order of Parrots it will be seen from our Table that 142 species are known as belonging to the Neotropical Region, and that only ten of these have been met with within our limits. Of these ten, moreover, several are either doubtful, or only occur on the northern outskirts of Argentina, so that Parrots must be held to be deficient in the Argentine Ornis. As is well known Parrots are mostly inhabitants of the Tropics, and it is quite an exception to the rule that several of these warmth-loving birds should extend into the cold latitudes of Patagonia and Chili. This, however, is paralleled in the Old World by the existence of Parrots in some of the Antarctic Islands south of New Zealand.

Of the Birds of Prey of the Argentine Republic, Diurnal and Nocturnal, it is not necessary to say much; both of these orders are rather in excess as regards the average number of species, the Accipitres especially so. The wide open pampas offer a fine field for Kites and Buzzards and their kind, and they are as numerous in individuals as in species in such favoured haunts.

In the next order, Steganopodes, the Argentine Ornis seems to be very deficient. Out of the five families of this group which occur in the Neotropical Region, one only is yet known to us to be represented in the Argentine Ornis, and that by a single species. But when the sea-birds of the Argentine coast-land come to be better known, there is no doubt that several additions will be made to the list.

The next following order, Herodiones, is of much more importance in Argentine Ornithology, not less than 19 species of this group being already known to exist within our limits, out of a total of 44 Neotropical species. And amongst these we can pick out the little Variegated Bittern (Ardetta involucris) and the four species of Ibises as being highly characteristic members of the Argentine Ornis.

The tenth order, that of Anseres, or Waterfowl, commonly so-called, is also largely in excess as regards the number of species. Out of a total of 64 Anseres belonging to the Neotropical Regions, 23 are met with in the Argentine Republic. Moreover, the greater number of these are exclusively Antarctic species, restricted to the Patagonian Subregion. Amongst them we may specially call attention to the Black-necked Swan (Cygnus nigricollis), the Chiloe Wigeon (Mareca sibilatrix), and the Rosy-billed Duck (Metopiana peposaca) as highly characteristic and ornamental species.

Proceeding to the next order, that of the Pigeons (Columbæ), we find the number of Argentine species to be slightly below the average. Several fine Pigeons and Doves are well-known inhabitants of the Republic, but the Columbine order is not a prominent one within our limits.

The Gallinaceous birds of the Neotropical Region are about ninety in number, the greater part of these belonging to the Curassows, Cracidæ, a family specially adapted for habitation in the extensive forests of the New World. Four species of Cracidæ have been met with in the forest-region of Northern Argentina; but the Gallinaceous group as a whole must be held to be deficient in this part of South America, the place in Nature which these birds fill in other regions being occupied here by the more lowly organized Tinamous, of which we shall speak further on.

The Geranomorphæ of the Argentine Republic are much in excess as regards the number of species. This arises mainly from the abundant supply of Rails and Crakes which Nature has provided for the more swampy districts of the pampas, and to the presence of no less than three   distinct species of Coots (Fulica), which appear to be generally abundant on the lakes and pools. Nor must we forget to mention as of special interest the two Cariamas which belong to this order, and which are the only representatives of a family of very peculiar structure. One of the two Cariamas is, so far as we know, absolutely confined to the Northern provinces of the Argentine Republic; the second is a bird of the campos of Southern Brazil, which only just comes within our limits.

The Snipes and Plovers and their allies, constituting the Order Limicolæ, are again in excess in the Argentine Avifauna, not less than 25 out of a known total of 73 Neotropical species having been already met with within our limits. A large proportion, however, of these birds are merely winter visitors, and breed only in the far north. On the other hand, the Slender-billed Plover (Oreophilus ruficollis) and the Winter Plover (Eudromias modesta) are species highly characteristic of the Patagonian subregion, and come to the neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres from a contrary direction. Another especially characteristic Patagonian family of this order is the Thinocoridæ or Seed-Snipes, of which two species occur within our limits.

Of the Gaviæ, or Gulls and Terns, of the Argentine Republic, nine species are already known out of a total of 53 Neotropical members of the group, and additions no doubt will be made to the list when the coast-birds of La Plata come to be better known.

The seventeenth order of Birds, Pygopodes, is represented in the Argentine Ornis by five species of Grebes. Two of these are widely diffused over all America, the remaining three are Antarctic species belonging to the Patagonian subregion. As only nine species of this groups are known to occur in the whole Neotropical Region, the Pygopodes are highly in excess in the Argentine Avifauna.

The Impennes, or Penguins, which form the eighteenth order of birds, according to the arrangement of the ‘Nomenclator,’ are a group specially characteristic of high Antarctic latitudes. Nine species of Penguins occur on the coasts of Antarctic America, but one of these only is as yet known to reach so far north as our limits.

We now come to the Crypturi or Tinamous, an order of birds commonly supposed to be Gallinaceous, and generally confounded with Partridges and Pheasants in the vernacular. They are, however, in some points of essential structure more nearly allied to the Struthiones, although they doubtless fill the same place in the economy of Neotropical Nature as the true Gallinaceous birds in other lands. The   Tinamous are spread all over the Neotropical Region and number about 36 species. Eight of these occur within the Argentine Republic; and amongst them we may pick out the Martineta Tinamou (Calodromas elegans) and the three species of the genus  Nothura  as being specially characteristic Patagonian types.

Lastly, we come to the final order of the Neotropical Ornis in the shape of the Rheas, or the American representatives of the Ostrich-type of bird-life. The Rhea is, above all other birds, a most characteristic representative of the Avifauna of the Patagonian subregion. It is true that it ranges far north throughout the campos of Inner Brazil, where the outlying members have become developed into an almost distinct species or subspecies,Rhea americana macrorhyncha. But south of the Rio Negro of Patagonia another very distinct type of Rhea, almost subgenerically different, is met with and extends thence to the Straits of Magellan.  Rhea  has also been lately ascertained to occur on the western side of the Andes in the Chilian province of Tarapaco; so that this fine form of bird-life is diffused nearly over the entire Patagonian subregion, and is well entitled to be termed one of the most characteristic features of the Patagonian Avifauna.

In conclusion, therefore, we may sum up our present knowledge of the Argentine Avifauna somewhat as follows:—

The Argentine Avifauna comprises 434 species of birds, referable to 54 families and genera.

All the twenty Orders of the Neotropical Avifauna have representatives within its boundaries, except the  Opisthocomi  or Hoatzins, which are restricted to the Amazonian subregion.

The most numerous families of the Argentine Avifauna are, among the Passeres, the Finches with 46 species, the Tyrants with 63 species, and the Wood-hewers with 46 species. Among the remaining Orders, the Diurnal Birds of Prey with 19 species, the Waterfowl with 22 species, the Rails with 13 species, the Snipes with 15 species, and the Tinamous with 8 species, are likewise well represented.

Genera characteristic and proportionately numerous in species in the Argentine Avifauna are  Poospiza  and  Phrygilus  among the Finches,Tænioptera  and  Cnipolegus  among the