Mainstreaming Entrepreneurship In The Civil Society

By Dr. Henry Jacob Festus Ssekibuule Phd

This book brings to the fore, the most up-to-date teachings of entrepreneurship and civil society organisations in South Africa. Development workers and facilitators will find it very useful in fostering an entrepreneurial driven economy. What makes the book a must-read is its treatment of small and medium enterprises which have been regarded for their high levels of contribution to creating jobs and seen as engines and war rooms for economic growth, investment attraction and development. Women and the youth are located in the small and medium enterprises and this sector requires long-term and strategic planning which is a golden thread that cuts across the book.
This book is a must-have for those interested in the question of entrepreneurship and development whether they be in government, business or scholarly circles. It emphasises the increasing importance of mainstreaming gender training and development in engendering innovative and entrepreneurial solutions for running a business with high regard of effectiveness, optimisation and efficiencies.

Author, Dr Henry Jacob Festus Ssekibuule (PhD)

• Language: English
• Publisher: Dr. Henry Jacob Festus Ssekibuule Phd
• Release date: Nov 1, 2016
• ISBN: 9780620695831

Book preview

Mainstreaming Entrepreneurship

In The Civil Society

Mainstreaming Entrepreneurship

In The Civil Society

A Handbook For Individuals Working In Civil Society/Non Profit Organisations

Dr. Henry Jacob Festus Ssekibuule Phd

Copyright © 2016 Dr. Henry Jacob Festus Ssekibuule Phd

Published by Dr. Henry Jacob Festus Ssekibuule Phd at Smashwords

First edition 2016

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without permission from the copyright holder.

The Author has made every effort to trace and acknowledge sources/resources/individuals. In the event that any images/information have been incorrectly attributed or credited, the Author will be pleased to rectify these omissions at the earliest opportunity.

Printed and bound by Novus Print Solutions

Edited by Cathy Eberle for Reach Publishers

Cover designed by Reach Publishers

Website: www.reachpublishers.co.za

E-mail: [e-mail]

Table Of Contents

About the book

Editorial Support

Selected List of Acronyms

Introduction to Entrepreneurship and Rural Development

Strategic Planning and Organisational Development

Advocacy, Lobbying and Building Constituencies

Fund-Raising

Financial Management

Monitoring and Evaluation

Mainstreaming Gender and Capacity Development

Training for Trainers

References

About The Author

Henry Jacob Festus Ssekibuule was born on the 16th February 1963 in Kyalubu Village Masaka District and brought up in Kabalungi, Mbirizi Lwengo District, Uganda, East Africa. His tertiary education began with studies in Cooperative Business Administration from the Uganda Cooperative College Kigumba, following which he pursued Training of Trainers Course in the Uganda Management Institute Kampala and a Diploma in Business Management from the College of Professional Management in the United Kingdom (UK) before receiving a BA degree in Public Administration from the North West University (Mmabatho) South Africa in 2000.

It was therefore common purpose that his career progression in the world of work began as a Cooperative officer in the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Kalangala Ssese Islands in Uganda. After an illustrious career there he moved to the international scene where he played important development facilitation roles in organisations such as the World Bank, EU and the UNDP which brought him to the Eastern Cape in South Africa where his work has also included lecturing at the University of Fort Hare, SALGA Programme on local government Theory and Practice. While in the Eastern Cape, Dr. Ssekibuule pursued Masters and Doctoral Studies at the University of Fort Hare. He now works as the Chief Policy Analyst-Policy Research and Development in the Office of the Hon Executive Mayor O. R. Tambo District Municipality. Henry has presented a number of conference papers at national and international conferences and is published in accredited journals. His first book is titled: Women participation in housing re-examined: The resilience of women in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.

Dedication and Acknowledgement

This training manual is dedicated to all those I have worked with from 1988 to date. I have been inspired by all those who requested and encouraged me to come up with a collection of this nature dealing with how we can make our Non-Governmental Organisations and Civil Society Organisations perform to the best of their ability. The strength and faith arose while working with Trade and Industry, the World Bank, the European Union, the United Nations, universities and municipalities as a community development specialist. I have been encouraged in my life, acting upon spiritual beliefs conscientiously, by assisting both friends and those unknown to me in need. Having conducted a great amount of training in the civil society movements, this piece of work is a combination of all the training materials I have used in my presentations in all walks of life.

My thanks and appreciation go to Isaac Appiah Agyemn for providing technical advice throughout the writing of this handbook. The inspiration for writing this training manual came when I was studying for my Master’s degree at the University of Fort Hare. The degree programme was one of the most important breakthroughs in my life. This breakthrough gave me the courage to take up the challenge of writing a training manual for civil society staff.

I must acknowledge as well, the many friends, colleagues, students, teachers, archivists and other librarians who assisted, advised and supported my research and writing efforts over the years. More importantly, I need to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to the Youth and Women’s organisations I have worked with in Africa, and in other parts of the world, whose friendship, hospitality, knowledge and wisdom have supported, enlightened and entertained me over the many years of our friendship. They have consistently helped me keep in perspective what is important in life, and have shown me how to deal with the realities of our daily encounters.

My thanks also go to my family members for their, love, support, patience and hospitality. I thank the archivists and librarians at the University of Fort Hare, Makerere University, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam libraries and other schools. I need to thank, especially, Prof Modimowabarwa Kanyane for encouragement, emotional and technical support during the course of bringing this work together.

About The Book

This handbook brings together the most up-to-date analyses of entrepreneurship and civil society organisations in South Africa, from the best scholars and researchers working on the subject. Being the first of its kind, it takes a panoramic and pragmatic look at the South African economy and its capacity development. The handbook takes a closer look at entrepreneurship in a South African context and how it has contributed towards solving the ever-increasing unemployment problem in society since 1994. It highlights youth and female entrepreneurship and its impact on national development and also the role of government in an entrepreneurial economy. It also critically addresses managerial issues in civic society. Civil Society has become a standard work of reference for those who seek to understand the role of charitable citizen action.

This book explores issues that have developed rapidly in recent years, including the overlaps between civil society and the market, in the form of social enterprises and venture philanthropy, and the increasing role of social media, information and communication technologies in civic interaction. More emphasis is placed on civic society financial management, human resource management, training for trainers, among others.

The handbook promises to be an invaluable reference work for researchers and practitioners working in the fields of civil society, non-profit studies, development studies, volunteerism, civic service and entrepreneurship studies.

Enjoy the read!!!

Editorial Support

Dr Henry Festus Ssekibuule must be congratulated for compiling this training manual for Civil Society Organisations. Actually, the manual is long overdue. It brings to the fore, the most up-to-date teachings of entrepreneurship and civil society organisations. Development workers and facilitators will find it very useful in fostering an entrepreneurial driven economy. What makes the book a must-read is its treatment of small and medium enterprises which have been regarded for their high levels of contribution to creating jobs and seen as engines and war rooms for economic growth, investment attractions and development. Women and the youth are located in the small medium enterprises and this sector requires long-term and strategic planning which is a golden thread that cuts across the book.

This book is a must-have for those interested in the question of entrepreneurship and development whether they be in government, business and scholarly circles. It emphasises increasing importance of mainstreaming gender training and development in engendering innovative and entrepreneurial solutions for running a business with high regard of effectiveness, optimisation and efficiencies.

To the best of my knowledge, the views expressed in this book are those of the author and not those of the editorial experts or the publishing house. The author has made every effort to acknowledge the sources cited in this handbook. In any event that there is any omission or commission that is not acknowledged, the author will be pleased to rectify these omissions and commissions if brought to his attention at the earliest convenience.

Modimowabarwa Kanyane (Prof)

Editorial Support

Selected List Of Acronyms

BA : Beneficiary Assessment

BEE : Black Economic Empowerment

BEEE : Betterment and Empowerment through Education and Enterprise

CBO : Community Based Organisation

CSO : Civil Society Organisation

Dti Department of Trade and Industry

DTI : Department Trade Industry

GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor

ILO : International Labour Office

IMF International Monetary Fund

KASH : knowledge, attitude, Skill, Habit

NGO Non-Profit Organisation

NYDA : National Youth Development Agency

NYP : National Youth Programme

PRA : Participation Rural Approach

SA : South Africa

SANGOCO : South African National Non-Governmental Organisations’ Coalition

SWOT : Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

Introduction To Entrepreneurship And Rural Development

The economy of South Africa has been undergoing structural transformation since the onset of democracy in 1994. Such transformations include the implementation of macro-economic policies aimed at promoting domestic competitiveness, growth and employment, and increasing the economy’s outward orientation. South Africa is one of the richest countries in Africa and has a strong currency, a stable government and a growing economy. On the other hand, the unemployment rate in South Africa is high, which has helped to push some sort of entrepreneurial energy from within, with students being taught to build their own skill sets and to become entrepreneurs themselves. As a result of this venture, capital funding has started to become available in this market.

Entrepreneurial forces are moderate in South Africa. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) ranked the country in the middle of the monitored group. A large proportion of entrepreneurship is said to be motivated by necessity. Access to financial resources is limited due to poverty, lack of business skills and a lack of overall resources. Legislation places a disproportional administrative burden on small companies which discourages many from formalising their businesses.

Despite all the policy initiatives of the government since independence, there has been little development of rural businesses. The development that has been experienced in the big cities has not been able to reach the real South Africans who live in villages. Agricultural land has actually been shrinking due to expansion of urban centres and the pressures for housing to accommodate our ever-growing population. As a matter of fact, there is a lot of disguised unemployment in our townships. The result is the migration of people from rural areas to urban centres in search of jobs. Most of the government plans for the upliftment of rural society were crushed under ineffective implementation by government officials. A few success stories have been spotted through co-operative movement under the inspired leadership of social entrepreneurs.

For the older generation of South Africans, freedom has failed to deliver on expectations. The gap between rich and poor has widened; unemployment has risen and HIV/Aids affects about one in nine of the population. South Africa is still struggling with the legacy of white minority rule which left millions of blacks with few skills and little education. Government’s inability to create jobs is one of the biggest disappointments of the post-apartheid era, despite tough policies adopted by the government which revitalised the stagnating economy and eventually led to a growth of 2.5% a year. At the same time, university education, which costs, on average, 15,000 rand (£1,300; $2,000) a year is out of the reach of most disadvantaged South Africans.

In a dramatic bid to tackle this country’s persistent unemployment rate, entrepreneurship has become a key ingredient in the evolving post-apartheid curriculum. Students cannot count on getting good jobs when they graduate, so they are being taught to create their own business and help build a better South Africa. Equipping schoolchildren with entrepreneurial skills has emerged as the key means by which to fight South Africa’s unemployment problems. The objective of this chapter is to expose the average South African to entrepreneurship and its importance in solving the massive unemployment crisis in the country and on the continent of Africa, in general.

1.2 What is Entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurship is a philosophy or process through which an entrepreneur seeks innovation and employment. Entrepreneurship can also be described as a creative and innovative response to the environment. Do not confuse entrepreneurship with running a business. Every person who launches a business is not an entrepreneur. A businessman’s son taking over his established family business, or starting another factory in a neighbouring town, is not an entrepreneur because he has been well-trained in matters of that business by virtue of constant exposure since childhood. He has the support of family and friends in terms of finance and advice, should the going get tough. With his training, professional and personal contacts and financial backing, the risk element and uncertainty are almost missing in such a business. However, a farmer’s son, venturing to open a grocery store or even a ‘tuckshop’, is an entrepreneur because he is stepping into uncharted territory in which he has little or no training and therefore incurs considerable risk.

A synthetical definition has been offered by Gries and Naudé (2011: 217) which combines behavioural and occupational views. The definition, to an extent, reflects some of the evolution in scholarly thought about entrepreneurship and defines entrepreneurship as "the resource, process and state of being through and in which individuals utilize positive opportunities in the market by creating and growing new business firms". Whereas scholars viewed entrepreneurship initially as being restricted to innovation and business creation, this view has expanded toward one where entrepreneurship is seen, more appropriately, as a social phenomenon which reflects the broader institutional characteristics of a society. Entrepreneurship is not only concerned with business success, as measured by profits, but also with subjective welfare and non-economic wellbeing. Entrepreneurship is a catalyst for structural change and institutional evolution.

1.3 Who is an Entrepreneur?

The Oxford Dictionary defines an entrepreneur as a person who undertakes an enterprise with chances of profit or loss. The New Encyclopedia Britannica also defines an entrepreneur as an individual who bears the risk of operating a business in the face of uncertainty about the future conditions. An entrepreneur is a person who develops a new idea and takes the risk of setting up an enterprise to produce a product or service which satisfies customer needs. Schumpeter (1950; 1961) defines the entrepreneur as the coordinator of production and agent of change (‘creative