Australian Lauxaniid Flies: Revision of the Australian Species of Homoneura van der Wulp, Trypetisoma Malloch, and Allied Genera (Diptera : Lauxaniidae)

By SP Kim

The Lauxaniidae are one of the largest families of acalyptrate Diptera (series Schizophora) and are distributed in all the major zoogeographical regions of the world. Early taxonomic work on the family began in Europe and some notable studies were done during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since then few significant revisions on regional faunas have been undertaken.

There are 142 recognized genera and about 1550 described species in the world fauna of Lauxaniidae as compiled from available references (Shewell 1965, 1977, 1986, 1987; Stuckenberg 1971a; Miller 1977a,c, 1980; Papp 1984a, 1984b; Yarom 1986; Evenhuis and Okadome 1989; Hirashima 1989; Broadhead 1989; Sasakawa and Pong 1990; Colless and McAlpine 1991; Sasakawa 1992; Silva, pers. comm.). The family has been divided into two subfamilies distinguished principally by the costal form: Homoneurinae Stuckenberg 1971 having a homoneuriform costa (its spinules stop abruptly at or just before the apex of R4 + 5) and Lauxaniinae Shewell 1977 with a sapromyziform costa (the spinules stop well before the apex of R4+ 5).

• Language: English
• Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING
• Release date: Jan 1, 1994
• ISBN: 9780643105867

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Genus Australinina Strand

Australina Malloch, 1925b, p. 323 (preocc. Clarke, 1912).

Australinina Strand, 1928, p. 73. (n. name for Australina Malloch, 1925b); Stuckenberg, 1971a, p. 524; Evenhuis and Okadome, 1989, p. 577.

Type species: Australina geniseta Malloch, 1925b, p. 323, by monotypy.

Redescription

Body. Fulvous to blackish brown. Total length 3.42–4.06–4.80 mm.

Head. Postocellar bristle distinctly longer than ocellar bristle. Occiput without markings; median sclerite fulvous. Postocciput not darkened. Frons grey, notably longer than wide, with 2 submedian vittae and distinct setulae on anterior half. Fronto-facial angle obtusely rounded. Frontal lunule normal. Anterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate, strong, situated notably closer to anterior edge of frons than to posterior bristle. Posterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate, situated notably behind mid frons. Ocellar bristle usually eclinate, weak, never reaching mid frons. Compound eye ovate or vertically elongate. Antennal segments fulvous or brownish; segment 3 with distal margin rounded; arista bare or short-pubescent. Face fulvous or blackish brown, with fulvous or black markings and a prominent median protuberance, lateral margin at most slightly curved. A black spot present between each antenna and compound eye. Head height 0.98–1.15–1.27 mm. Head width 1.31–1.46–1.65 mm. Head height/width ratio 0.71–0.78–0.87. Mid parafacial width 0.04–0.06–0.08 mm. Mid face width 0.42–0.47–0.54 mm. Parafacial/face ratio 0.08–0.12–0.16. Cheek height 0.16–0.24–0.31 mm. Eye height 0.76–0.91–1.04 mm. Cheek/eye ratio 0.19–0.26–0.33.

Thorax. Length 1.77–2.06–2.40 mm. Mesoscutum brownish grey, with at least 2 longitudinal dark bands, somewhat flattened, covered with fine particles. Intradorsocentral setulae in 6 rows. Scutellum covered with fine particles, without markings. Postnotum brownish. Mesothoracic spiracle without surrounding marking. Propleuron brownish; propleural bristle without a minor, anterior setula. Humeral callus fulvous. Following bristles present: propleural; presutural; humeral; notopleurals 2; supra-alar; postalar; intra-alar; dorsocentrals 0+3, first bristle situated behind suture but closer to suture than to second bristle; acrostichal 0+1; scutellars 2; mesopleural; sternopleurals 2, anterior bristle weaker and shorter than posterior bristle; ventral sternopleurals 0+3 or 2+2. Notopleuron with horizontal band. Mesopleuron and pteropleuron fulvous or brownish, with or without markings. Haltere entirely fulvous. Sternopleuron and meropleuron fulvous or brownish, without markings. Prosternum bare or haired.

Wing. With about anterior half darkened containing few enclosed hyaline spots. Costal spinules stopping abruptly at apex of vein 3. First basal and submarginal cells with hyaline areas. First posterior cell with hyaline spots. Third posterior cell with dark marks; without an enclosed hyaline spot. Apical sections of veins 2 and 4 normal. Wing length 3.46–3.81–4.35 mm. Apical section of vein 4 0.92–1.03–1.20 mm. Preapical section of vein 4 0.59–0.71–0.86 mm. Basal section of vein 4 0.92–1.03–1.18 mm. Vein 4 index 1.15–1.46–1.79. Anterior crossvein index 0.57–0.69–0.80.

Legs. Fore femur with or without anteroventral ctenidium, without markings, with 6–9 strong bristles on posterior to posterodorsal surface, 2–4 strong posteroventral bristles. Mid femur with or without markings, with 4–7 subapical anterior spurs. Hind femur without markings. Fore tibia unmarked. Mid and hind tibiae blackened basally or unmarked. Tarsus fulvous.

Preabdomen. Tergites 1 to 6 fulvous, with or without paired dark spots. Lateral part of male tergite 6 developed into a clasper-like process. Sternites fulvous, without markings.

Male postabdomen. Protandrium without markings, not forming a band, dorsal area shorter than tergite 6, with dorsal setulae, with or without a pair of ventral segments. Protandrium and epandrium separated dorsally by membrane, with 7th spiracle in membrane but well away from protandrium and without surrounding setulae. Epandrium with a pair of inner processes, without markings. Surstylus undeveloped or very short, slightly curved, not divided, setulose, basal connection with epandrium highly modified. Hypandrium well developed, without distal median process. Gonopod present, symmetrical, not branched, without setulae. Aedeagus well developed; aedeagal apodeme with distal area broadened, rather straight, without articulation with aedeagus; ejaculatory apodeme present, modified. Cercus fulvous, normal size, not reaching beyond ventral margin of epandrium.

Female postabdomen. Not or only slightly elongated. Tergite 7 fulvous, without anterior membranous areas dorsolaterally. Supra-anal plate weakly sclerotised. Sternite 8 fulvous, without markings. Spermathecae 2+1 or 2+2, ovoid. Distal margin of cercus rounded and not curved, without black spines.

Distribution. Queensland; Northern Territory; Western Australia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AUSTRALININA

Australinina geniseta (Malloch)

    (Figs 14, 15)

Australina geniseta Malloch, 1925b, p. 323; Stuckenberg, 1971a, p. 524; Evenhuis and Okadome, 1989, p. 577.

Type

Holotype: 1 , Darwin, Northern Territory, genit. prep. 1207, on Pandanus, G.F. Hill, AM (no date) (examined).

Fig 14

Australinina geniseta (Malloch), , genit. prep. 1207 (holotype); epandrium and protandrium, lateral (A), epandrium, posterior (B), protandrium, posterior (C), aedeagal complex, anterior (D) and lateral (E), , genit. prep. 1198 (paratype); postabdomen, lateral (F) and ventral (G), spermathecae (H). genit. prep. = genitalia preparation. Scale = 0.5 mm.

Other Specimens Examined

Northern Territory: 1 , 3 , Brock Creek, Burnside, 13°27'S., 131°24'E., 16.ii.1932, genit. prep. 1197 and 1199, T.G. Campbell, ANIC; 1 , Nourlangie Creek, 8 km N. of Mt Cahill, 12°52'S., 132°47'E., 16.vi.1973, genit. prep. 1198, DHC, ANIC.

Diagnosis. Occiput with setulae. Frons steeply sloping, with pale vittae. Compound eye vertically elongate. Antennal segment 3 dark brownish; arista short-pubescent. Face blackish brown, with 1 median fulvous mark. Palpus blackened entirely. Mesoscutum with 2 submedian and 2 sublateral longitudinal dark bands. Scutellum grey with fulvous tone. Mesothoracic spiracle with surrounding setulae. Mesopleuron blackish brown, without markings. Stigma darkened. All femora blackish brown. Protandrium without ventral plates. Spermathecae 2+2.

Redescription

Body. Brownish (blackish tone), partly covered with whitish pruinosity. Total length 3.86–4.01–4.15 mm (male, n=2) or 3.66–3.86–4.07 mm (female, n=4). Small basal dark spot absent on bristles.

Head. Postocellar bristle distinctly longer than ocellar bristle. Occiput without markings, with setulae; median sclerite fulvous. Postocciput not darkened. Frons grey (fulvous tone), notably longer than wide, steeply sloping, with 2 faint submedian vittae and distinct setulae on anterior half. Fronto-facial angle obtusely rounded. Frontal lunule normal. Anterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate, strong, almost as long as posterior bristle, situated notably closer to anterior edge of frons than to posterior bristle. Posterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate, situated notably behind mid frons. Ocellar bristle pro-eclinate, weak, never reaching mid frons. Compound eye vertically elongate. Antennal segments 1 and 2 not black. Segment 3 brownish, about 1.25 times as long as wide, with distal margin rounded; arista short-pubescent. Face brownish (blackish tone), with marking and a prominent median protuberance, facial lateral margin at most slightly curved. Ptilinal fissure entirely blackened. A black spot present between each antenna and compound eye. Vibrissal angle without an adjacent dark mark, without a group of strong bristles. Palpus blackened entirely. Head height 1.18–1.22–1.27 mm (male) or 1.14–1.19–1.22 mm (female). Head width 1.40–1.44–1.47 mm (male) or 1.31–1.41–1.47 mm (female). Head height/width ratio 0.85–0.85–0.86 (male) or 0.82–0.85–0.87 (female). Mid parafacial width 0.06–0.07–0.07 mm (male) or 0.06 mm (female). Mid face width 0.43–0.44–0.44 mm (male) or 0.46–0.47–0.51 mm (female). Parafacial/face ratio 0.14–0.15–0.16 (male) or 0.12–0.13–0.13 (female). Cheek height 0.28 mm (male) or 0.28–0.29–0.31 mm (female). Eye height 0.94–0.99–1.04 mm (male) or 0.90–0.93–0.98 mm (female). Cheek/eye ratio 0.27–0.29–0.30 (male) or 0.29–0.31–0.33 (female).

Thorax. Length 1.91–1.98–2.04 mm (male) or 1.89–1.95–2.04 mm (female). Mesoscutum grey (brownish tone), with 2 submedian and 2 sublateral longitudinal dark bands, somewhat flattened, covered with fine particles. Dorsocentral bristles 0+3; first bristle situated behind suture but closer to suture than to second bristle. Intradorsocentral setulae in 6 rows. Acrostichal bristles 0+1; prescutellar pair strong. No setulae in the area between posterior dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. Presutural bristle strong, without a minor, upper bristle. 1 setula in front of supra-alar bristle. Intra-alar bristle present; anterior intra-alar bristle absent. Scutellum grey (fulvous tone), without markings, covered with fine particless. Postnotum brownish. Mesothoracic spiracle with surrounding setulae, without markings. Propleuron brownish (blackish tone), suture blackened; propleural bristle without a minor, anterior setula. Humeral callus fulvous; humeral bristle present. Notopleuron with a band (dark horizontal). Mesopleuron brownish (blackish tone), without markings and a strong, downsloping bristle near centre. Pteropleuron brownish (blackish tone), without markings and setulae. Haltere entirely fulvous. 2 minute setulae on lower margin of metathoracic spiracle. Sternopleuron brownish (blackish tone), without markings; anterior sternopleural bristle weaker and shorter than posterior bristle. Meropleuron without markings and setulae. Anterior prosternum with 6–10 setulae. Posterior prosternum with 2–4 setulae. Ventral sternopleural bristle 0+3, with setulae on distal half ventral sternopleuron.

Wing. With brownish anterior half darkening towards costa without hyaline markings. Anterior and posterior crossveins with dark marks, widely separated. No broad, dark crossband in posterior crossvein area. Costal spinules stopping abruptly at apex of vein 3. Stigma and tegula black. Main patterned area with hyaline markings. First basal cell with hyaline spots. Submarginal cell with 1 large hyaline marking, without an hyaline spot in postero-apical corner. First posterior cell with a costal hyaline mark. Hyaline areas of second and third posterior cells with strong and weak dark spots. Third posterior cell without an enclosed hyaline spot. Apical section of vein 2 not bent forward. Apical section of vein 4 not arched. Wing length 3.83–3.84–3.85 mm (male) or 3.46–3.62–3.75 mm (female). Apical section of vein 4 0.92–0.95–0.98 mm (male) or 0.92–0.94–0.96 mm (female). Preapical section of vein 4 0.78–0.79–0.80 mm (male) or 0.61–0.66–0.73 mm (female). Basal section of vein 4 0.98–1.00–1.02 mm (male) or 0.94–0.99–1.02 mm (female). Vein 4 index 1.15–1.21–1.26 (male) or 1.28–1.42–1.53 (female). Anterior crossvein index 0.78–0.79–0.79 (male) or 0.60–0.67–0.72 (female).

Legs. All femora brownish (blackish tone), without markings. Fore femur without anteroventral ctenidium, with 6–8 strong bristles on posterior to posterodorsal surface, 2–3 strong subapical posterior bristles, 2–4 strong posteroventral bristles. Mid femur with 4–6 subapical anterior spurs. Hind femur without long posteroventral bristles and strong black spinules on posteroventral surface (male). Tibiae fulvous. Fore tibia without markings, slightly shorter than tarsus, with an apical spur. Mid and hind tibia blackened basally, about as long as tarsus. Mid tibia with 3 apical spurs. Tarsus fulvous. Fore basitarsus slightly more than half as long as whole tarsus. Male fore basitarsus without long ventralsetulae. Mid and hind basitarsi about half as long as whole tarsus.

Preabdomen. Tergites 1 to 6 fulvous, with dark markings, 6 similar in length to tergite 5. Paired dark spots on tergites 6 only (female) or absent (male). Lateral part of tergite 6 developed into a process. Lateral margin of male tergites 5 and 6 without dense black spinules. Distal margin of tergites 5 and 6 without long erect bristles. Sternites fulvous, without markings. Pleural membrane near sternites 4 to 6 without setulae. Pleural membrane near female tergite 5 without a distinct mark.

Male postabdomen. Protandrium brownish, without markings, not forming a band, dorsal area shorter than tergite 6, with dorsal setulae, without a pair of ventral segments. Protandrium and epandrium separated dorsally by membrane, with 7th spiracle in membrane but well away from protandrium, without surrounding spiracle setulae. Epandrium brownish, without markings, unmodified. Surstylus present, elongate, slightly curved, not divided, setulose, about half as long as height of epandrium, basal connection with epandrium highly modified. Area below cerci opened. Hypandrium well developed, without distal median process, without apodeme. Gonopod present, symmetrical, notably curved, not branched, without setulae, longer than aedeagus. Aedeagus complex, entirely sclerotized, narrowly rounded distally, notably longer than broadly flattened aedeagal apodeme; aedeagal apodeme rather straight, base broadly but not deeply divided, without articulation with aedeagus; ejaculatory apodeme present, modified, about half as long as aedeagal apodeme. Cercus fulvous, normal size, not reaching beyond ventral margin of epandrium.

Female postabdomen. Not elongated. Tergite 7 fulvous, with dark marking, shorter than tergite 6, without anterior membranous areas dorsolaterally. Tergite 7 and sternite 8 not forming a band, with 7th spiracle in membrane outside tergite 7. Tergite 8+9 well sclerotized. Supra-anal plate weakly sclerotized. Sternites 8 and 9 fulvous, without markings. Sternite 9 unmodified. Spermathecae 2+2, ovoid. Cercus fulvous, distal margin rounded and not curved, without black spines.

Distribution. Northern Territory (north).

Fig 15

Distribution map of three species (A. geniseta, plax, spatula).

Australinina plax, sp. nov.

    (Figs 15,16)

Types

Holotype: 1 , Nourlangie Creek, 8 km N. of Mt Cahill, Northern Territory, 27.x.1972, genit. prep. 1211, at light, DHC, ANIC.

Paratypes: Northern Territory: 3 , 4 , Nourlangie Creek, 8 km N. of Mt Cahill, 12°52'S., 132°47'E., 27.x.1972, genit. prep. 1212–1214, DHC, ANIC; 1 , 1 , 7 km NW. by N. of Cahills Crossing(E. Alligator R.), 12°22'S., 132°56'E., 4.xi.1972, at light, DHC, ANIC; 1 , 1 km S. of Cahills Crossing(E. Alligator R.), 12°26'S., 132°58'E., 3.xi.1972, DHC, ANIC; 2 , 2 , Magela Creek, 9 km SSE. of Mudginbarry H.S., 12°40'S., 132°55'E., 6–7.xi.1972, genit. prep. 1215, at light, on blossom, DHC, ANIC; 1 , 15 km SW. by S. of Nimbuwah Rock, 12°18'S., 133°17'E., 10.xi.1972, on blossom, DHC, ANIC; 1 , Goose Lagoon, 11 km SW. by S. of Borroloola, 16°10'S., 136°15'E., 31.x.1975, MSU, ANIC; 1 , 22 km Southwest of Katherine, 14°37'S., 132°08'E., 21.xi.1974, on Eucalyptus sp., E. Exley and R. Storey, UQIC. Queensland: 1 , Flinders River, 59 km SW. of Normanton, 18°10'S., 140°51'E., 2.xii.1981, genit. prep. 1216, Malaise trap, DHC, ANIC. Western Australia: 1 , Kimberley Res. Station, 15°39'S., 128°42'E., 15.i.1953, R. Lukins, ANIC; 3 , 101 km SE. by E. Broome, 18°27'S., 123°03'E., 20.viii.1976, IFBC, ANIC; 1 , Broome, 17°58'S., 122°14'E., 15.xii.1975, on Eucalyptus sp., E. Exley and R. Storey, UQIC; 2 , 1 , Derby, 17°19'S., 123°38'E., 26.ii.1973, on Eucalyptus sp., E.M. Exley, UQIC; 1 , 6 km W. Kununurra, 15°47'S., 128°41'E., 10.xii.1975, on Eucalyptus sp., E. Exley and R. Storey, UQIC.

Diagnosis. Occiput without setulae. Frons not steeply sloping, with dark vittae. Compound eye ovate. Antennal segment 3 fulvous; arista bare. Face fulvous, with 4 distinct, black spots. Palpus not blackened. Mesoscutum with 2 sublateral longitudinal dark bands. Scutellum yellowish. Mesothoracic spiracle without surrounding setulae. Mesopleuron fulvous, with 1 dark horizontal band. Stigma not darkened. All femora fulvous. Protandrium with 2 separated ventral plates. Spermathecae 2+1.

Characters as given for A. geniseta (p. 24) except as indicated below.

Body. Brownish. Total length 3.58–4.13–4.43 mm (male, n=11) or 3.42–4.00–4.47 mm (female, n=16).

Head. Occiput without setulae. Frons not steeply sloping. Anterior fronto-orbital bristle strong, about 3/4 as long as posterior bristle. Ocellar bristle eclinate. Compound eye ovate. Antennal segment 3 fulvous, about 1.5 times as long as wide; arista bare. Face fulvous. Palpus not black. Head height 0.98–1.11–1.22 mm (male) or 0.98–1.12–1.24 mm (female). Head width 1.39–1.50–1.60 mm (male) or 1.35–1.51–1.65 mm (female). Head height/width ratio 0.71–0.74–0.77 (male) or 0.72–0.74–0.77 (female). Mid parafacial width 0.05–0.06–0.06 mm (male) or 0.06–0.06–0.08 mm (female). Mid face width 0.43–0.49–0.52 mm (male) or 0.43–0.49–0.54 mm (female). Parafacial/face ratio 0.10–0.11–0.14 (male) or 0.12–0.13–0.15 (female). Cheek height 0.20–0.23–0.24 mm (male) or 0.20–0.23–0.24 mm (female). Eye height 0.76–0.88–0.96 mm (male) or 0.80–0.89–0.98 mm (female). Cheek/eye ratio 0.23–0.26–0.29 (male) or 0.21–0.26–0.29 (female).

Thorax. Length 1.77–1.99–2.23 mm (male) or 1.85–2.02–2.14 mm (female). Mesoscutum with 2 sublateral longitudinal dark bands. 1–2 setulae in the area between posterior dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. Scutellum yellowish. Mesothoracicspiracle without surrounding setulae. Propleuron brownish, suture not black. Mesopleuron fulvous, with 1 band (dark, horizontal). Pteropleuron fulvous, with 1 band (dark, horizontal). No minute setulae on lower margin of metathoracic spiracle. Sternopleuron fulvous. Anterior and posterior prosternum setulae absent. Ventral sternopleuron with strong, anterior bristles, 2+2.

Wing. Stigma not darkened. Tegula slightly darkened. Wing length 3.46–3.83–4.06 mm (male) or 3.46–3.81–4.08 mm(female). Apical section of vein 4 0.92–1.02–1.10 mm (male) or 0.94–1.02–1.06 mm (female). Preapical section of vein 40.59–0.71–0.80 mm (male) or 0.63–0.69–0.78 mm (female). Basal section of vein 4 0.96–1.06–1.16 mm (male) or 0.96–1.04–1.18 mm (female). Vein 4 index 1.30–1.44–1.79 (male) or 1.29–1.48–1.68 (female). Anterior crossvein index 0.57–0.67–0.78 (male) or 0.57–0.66–0.79 (female).

Legs. All femora fulvous. Fore femur with anteroventral ctenidium, 6–7 strong bristles on posterior to posterodorsal surface, no strong subapical posterior bristles, 3–4 strong posteroventral bristles. Mid femur with an apical anteroventral black spot and 5–6 subapical anterior spurs. Mid and hind tibiae without markings. Fore basitarsus about half as long as whole tarsus.

Preabdomen. Tergite 6 slightly longer than tergite 5 (male) or 6 slightly shorter than tergite 5 (female). Paired dark spots on tergites 3 to 6 (female) or absent (male).

Male postabdomen. Protandrium fulvous, with a pair of large, elongated ventral segments. Epandrium fulvous. Surstylus notably less than half as long as height of epandrium. Hypandrium with 2 apodemes, less than half as long as wide. Gonopod slightly curved, about as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus weakly sclerotized, bluntly pointed distally, almost as long as distally broadened aedeagal apodeme; aedeagal apodeme base broadly and deeply divided; ejaculatory apodeme about 1/3 as long as aedeagal apodeme.

Female postabdomen. Slightly elongated. Tergite 7 without markings. 7th spiracle situated within tergite 7. Spermathecae 2+1. Cercus blackish.

Distribution. Queensland (northwest); Northern Territory (north); Western Australia (northeast).

Etymology. The specific name is from the Greek, meaning ‘a plate’ and refers to the ventral segments of the protandrium.

Fig 16

Australinina plax, sp. nov., , genit. prep. 1211 (holotype); epandrium and protandrium, lateral (A), epandrium, posterior (B), protandrium, posterior (C), aedeagal complex, anterior (D) and lateral (E), tergite 6, lateral (I), , genit. prep. 1215 (paratype); postabdomen, lateral (F) and ventral (G), spermathecae (H). Scales = 0.5 mm.

Australinina spatula, sp. nov.

(Figs 1, 15, 17)

Types

Holotype: 1 ,1 km N. of Cahills Crossing (E. Alligator R.), Northern Territory, 31.x.1972, genit. prep. 1200, at light, DHC, ANIC.

Paratypes: Northern Territory: 1 , Cooper Creek, 11 km S. by W. of Nimbuwah Rock, 12°13'S., 133°15'E., l.xi.1972, DHC, ANIC; 2 , Koongarra, 15 km E. of Mt Cahill, 12°52'S., 132°51'E., 6–9.iii.1973, genit. prep. 1202, at light, DHC, ANIC; 2 , Black Point, Cobourg Pen., 11°09'S., 132°09'E., 15–23.ii.1977, ex. light trap, TAW, ANIC; 1 , Magela Creek, 9 km SSE. of Mudginbarry H.S., 12°40'S., 132°55'E., 7.xi.1972, genit. prep. 1203, on blossom, DHC, ANIC; 1 , 12 miles S. of Katherine, 14°34'S., 132°16'E., 14.iii.1973, on Eucalyptus bleeseri, E.M. Exley, UQIC. Queensland: 1 , 24 km N. by W. of Mareeba, 16°47'S., 145°22'E., 24.xi.1981, genit. prep. 1201, at light, DHC, ANIC; 1 , 1 , Iron Range, Cape York Pen., 12°44'S., 143°17'E., 11–17.v.1968, G. Monteith, UQIC; 1 , 2 , Claudie River, Iron Range, 12°46'S., 143°17'E., 19.x.1974, M.S. Moulds, AM; 1 , Caboolture, 27°05'S., 152°57'E., 30.viii.1963, H.A. Rose, UQIC; 1 , Glasshouse Mt, 26°54'S., 152°57'E., 1963, W. Klazal, UQIC; 1 , Peach Creek, 25 km NNE. of Coen, 13°43'S., 143°14'E., 4.xi.1979, M.S. and B.J. Moulds, AM; 1 , Horn Island, Torres Strait, 10°37'S., 142°17'E., 27.vii.1975, attracted to light, H. Heatwole, AM.

Diagnosis. Very closely related to A. geniseta and A. plax, agreeing with description given for latter principally except as indicated below. Frons with pale vittae. Face with 5 black and 1 blackish spots and 2 dark marks on lower margin. Costal and marginal cells and stigma darkened.

Characters as given for A. geniseta (p. 24) except as indicated below.

Body. Brownish. Total length 4.23–4.57–4.80 mm (male, n=5) or 3.86–4.25–4.72 mm (female, n=12).

Head. Occiput without setulae. Frons not steeply sloping. Anterior fronto-orbital bristle strong, about 3/4 as long as posterior bristle. Ocellar bristle eclinate. Compound eye ovate. Antennal segment 3 fulvous, about 1.5 times as long as wide; arista bare. Face fulvous. Palpus not black. Head height 1.14–1.18–1.22 mm (male) or 1.04–1.14–1.22 mm (female). Head width 1.53–1.56–1.60 mm (male) or 1.37–1.52–1.61 mm (female). Head height/width ratio 0.74–0.76–0.80 (male) or 0.73–0.75–0.78 (female). Mid parafacial width 0.04–0.04–0.05 mm (male) or 0.04–0.04–0.06 mm (female). Mid face width 0.43–0.47–0.50 mm (male) or 0.42–0.45–0.49 mm (female). Parafacial/face ratio 0.08–0.09–0.10 (male) or 0.08–0.10–0.11 (female). Cheek height 0.20–0.22–0.24 mm (male) or 0.16–0.20–0.20 mm (female). Eye height 0.94–0.97–1.00 mm (male) or 0.82–0.94–1.00 mm (female). Cheek/eye ratio 0.21–0.23–0.26 (male) or 0.19–0.21–0.25 (female).

Thorax. Length 2.16–2.26–2.36 mm (male) or 2.00–2.21–2.40 mm (female). Mesoscutum with 2 sublateral longitudinal dark bands. 1–2 setulae in the area between posterior dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. Scutellum yellowish. Mesothoracic spiracle without surrounding setulae. Propleuron brownish, suture not black. Mesopleuron fulvous, with band (dark, horizontal). Pteropleuron fulvous, with 1 band (dark, horizontal). No minute setulae on lower margin of metathoracic spiracle. Sternopleuron fulvous. Anterior and posterior prosternum setulae absent. Ventral sternopleuron with strong, anterior bristles, 2+2.

Wing. Wing length 4.16–4.26–4.35 mm (male) or 3.67–4.04–4.31 mm (female). Apical section of vein 4 1.14–1.18–1.20 mm (male) or 1.04–1.13–1.18 mm (female). Preapical section of vein 4 0.78–0.80–0.84 mm (male) or 0.63–0.75–0.86 mm (female). Basal section of vein 4 1.06–1.15–1.18 mm (male) or 0.92–1.05–1.12 mm (female). Vein 4 index 1.37–1.48–1.55 (male) or 1.38–1.53–1.62 (female). Anterior crossvein index 0.65–0.70–0.77 (male) or 0.61–0.71–0.80 (female).

Legs. All femora fulvous. Fore femur with anteroventral ctenidium, 7–9 strong bristles on posterior to posterodorsal surface, no strong subapical posterior bristles, 3–4 strong posteroventral bristles. Mid femur with an apical anteroventral black spot and 7 subapical anterior spurs. Mid and hind tibiae without markings.

Preabdomen. Tergite 6 slightly longer than tergite 5 (male) or 6 slightly shorter than tergite 5 (female). Paired dark spots on tergites 3 to 6 (male) or 6 only (female).

Male postabdomen. Protandrium fulvous, with a pair of distinctive ventral segments. Epandrium fulvous. Surstylus notably less than half as long as height of epandrium. Hypandrium with 2 apodemes, less than half as long as wide. Gonopod slightly curved, about as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus weakly sclerotized, bluntly pointed distally, almost as long as distally broadened aedeagal apodeme; aedeagal apodeme base broadly and deeply divided; ejaculatory apodeme about 1/3 as long as aedeagal apodeme.

Female postabdomen. Tergite 7 without markings. 7th spiracle situated within tergite 7. Tergite 8+9 weakly sclerotized. Spermathecae 2+1. Cercus blackish.

Distribution. Queensland (east); Northern Territory (north).

Etymology. The specific name is from the Greek, meaning ‘a spoon’ and refers to the shape of the aedeagal apodeme.

Fig 17

Australinina spatula, sp. nov., , genit. prep. 1200 (holotype); epandrium and protandrium, lateral (A), epandrium, posterior (B), protandrium, posterior (C), aedeagal complex, anterior (D) and lateral (E), tergite 6, lateral (I), , genit. prep. 1203 (paratype); postabdomen, lateral (F) and ventral (G), spermathecae (H). Scales = 0.5 mm.

Genus Cephaloconus Walker

Cephaloconus Walker, 1861, p. 299; Hendel, 1908, p. 62; Malloch, 1939, pp. 447–449; Malloch, 1940b, pp. 145–146; Lower, 1953, pp. 77–79; Stuckenberg, 1971a, p. 524; Shewell, 1977, p. 197; Evenhuis and Okadome, 1989, p. 584.

Type species: Cephaloconus tenebrosus Walker, 1861, by monotypy.

Callistorhina Bigot, 1878, p. xxxiii.

Type species: Callistorhina vittigera Bigot, 1878, by monotypy.

Ichthyomyia de Meijere, 1913, p. 382; Malloch, 1929a, pp. 40–41, Malloch, 1939, pp. 447–449.

Type species: Ichthyomyia cyprinus de Meijere, 1913, by monotypy.

Redescription

Body. Blackish brown. Total length 3.82–5.19–5.86 mm.

Head. Postocellar bristle distinctly longer than ocellar bristle. Occiput without markings, with setulae. Frons fulvous, notably longer than wide, with 2 submedian vittae, with conspicuous setulae on anterior half. Fronto-orbitals strong, reclinate, anterior bristle slightly shorter than posterior bristle which situated well behind mid frons. Ocellar bristle weak, rather eclinate, not reaching mid frons. Compound eye roundly rectangular. Antennal segment 3 almost twice as long as wide, with distal margin rounded; arista long-pubescent. Face dark fulvous, with a median black spot and longitudinal stripes, developed into a blunt cone. A black spot present between each antenna and compound eye. Vibrissal angle without a black spot or a group of strong bristles. Cheek wide. Palpus not black. Head height 1.10–1.28–1.38 mm. Head width 1.43–1.66–1.81 mm. Head height/width ratio 0.71–0.76–0.79. Mid face width 0.63–0.78–0.90 mm. Cheek height 0.18–0.26–0.35 mm. Eye height 0.90–0.98–1.04 mm. Cheek/eye ratio 0.20–0.27–0.35. No measurements of mid parafacial width and parafacial/face ratio possible due to absence of parafacial.

Thorax. Length 2.15–2.50–2.73 mm. Mesoscutum with 2 median and 2 submedian longitudinal dark bands, somewhat flattened, covered with fine particles. Intradorsocentral setulae in 6 rows. Mesothoracic spiracle with surrounding setulae. Following bristles present: propleural; presutural; humeral; notopleurals 2; supra-alar; postalar; intra-alar; dorsocentrals 0+3; acrostichal 0+1; scutellars 2; mesopleural; sternopleurals 2, anterior bristle weaker and shorter than posterior bristle; ventral sternopleurals 1+3. Notopleuron with an horizontal band. Mesopleuron, pteropleuron, sternopleuron and meropleuron without markings. Haltere entirely fulvous. Prosternum haired.

Wing. Almost whole area except hyaline band along posterior margin extensively darkened. Costal spinules stopping abruptly at apex of vein 3. Tegula blackened. Apical sections of veins 2 and 4 normal. Wing length 3.91–4.45-4.88 mm. Apical section of vein 4 1.08–1.22–1.33 mm. Preapical section of vein 4 0.84–0.95–1.02 mm. Basal section of vein 4 0.94–1.06–1.14 mm. Vein 4 index 1.17–1.29–1.37. Anterior crossvein index 0.87–0.93–1.04.

Legs. All femora blackish brown. Fore femur with anteroventral ctenidium, 7–8 strong bristles on posterior to posterodorsal surface, no strong subapical posterior bristles, 5–6 strong posteroventral bristles. Mid femur with 6 subapical anterior spurs. All tibiae fulvous, blackened basally. Fore tibia slightly shorter than tarsus. Mid and hind tibiae about as long as tarsus. Mid tibia with 2 apical spurs. Basitarsus about half as long as whole tarsus.

Preabdomen. Tergites and sternites fulvous or brownish. Lateral margins of tergites and sternites 1 to 6 darkened.

Male postabdomen. Protandrium forming a sclerotized band without ventral segment. Protandrium and epandrium separated dorsally by membrane, with 7th spiracle within protandrium, without surrounding spiracle setulae. Epandrium with or without a pair of inner processes. Surstylus short, elongate. Area below cerci closed. Hypandrium heavily developed, with 1 apodeme. Gonopod shorter than 1/4 as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, weakly sclerotized; aedeagal apodeme rod shaped, base broadly but not deeply divided, with articulation with aedeagus; ejaculatory apodeme present. Cercus normal size, not reaching ventral margin of epandrium.

Female postabdomen. Not elongated. Tergite 7 shorter than tergite 6. 7th spiracle situated within tergite 7. Spermathecae 2+1, ovoid. Distal margin of cercus rounded; without black spines.

Distribution. Queensland; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Is.; Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Maluku).

Notes. Malloch (1939) examined the specimens of three described genera and he found that Callistorhina and Ichthyomyia were synonyms of Cephaloconus, and, furthermore, that Ceph. tenebrosus and Call. vittigera were conspecific. Prior to this study only C. tenebrosus was recorded from Australia (Lower 1953). C. cyprinus has been found in eastern Queensland.

KEY TO THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF CEPHALOCONUS

Cephaloconus cyprinus (de Meijere)

    (Figs 18, 19)

Ichthyomyia cyprinus de Meijere, 1913, p. 382; Malloch, 1929a, p. 41; Malloch, 1939, p. 448; Malloch, 1940b, pp. 145–146; Stuckenberg, 1971a, p. 524; Shewell, 1977, p. 197; Evenhuis and Okadome, 1989, p. 584.

Type

Holotype: 1 , Z. Nieuw Guinea, Lorentz 1909–10, Alkmaar 3.ii.1910, ZMA (examined).

Other Specimens Examined

Queensland: 1 , 1 km W. of Cooktown, 15°28'S., 145°15'E., 12.v.1981, at light, DHC, ANIC; 1 , Didillibah near Nambour, 26°39'S., 153°02'E., 25.viii.1958, genit. prep. 1179, T.G. Campbell, ANIC; 1 , 3 km NE. Mt Webb, 15°03'S., 145°09'E., 1–30.x. 1980, genit. prep. 1087, yellow pantrap(ethanol), transfer to alcohol, JCC, ANIC; 2 , 5 km NNW. Kuranda, 16°46'S., 145°37'E., 20.ii–20.iii.1985, MDPI, FIT Site 24, Storey and Halfpapp, QDPI.

Diagnosis. Facial cone usually about half as long as C. tenebrosus, with a notably fainter dorsal stripe than lateral ones. Posterior prosternum with 15–20 setulae. Epandrium with a group of very strong and long dorsolateral bristles, without inner processes. Distal margin of male cercus rather pointed, with dense bristles.

Redescription

Body. Brownish (blackish tone), partly covered with whitish pruinosity. Total length 3.82–4.77–5.29 mm (male, n=5) or 4.56–5.13–5.70 mm (female, n=5). Small basal dark spot absent on bristles.

Head. Postocellar bristle distinctly longer than ocellar bristle. Occiput without markings, with setulae; median sclerite fulvous. Postocciput not darkened. Frons fulvous, notably longer than wide, not steeply sloping, with 2 distinct submedian vittae, with distinct setulae on anterior half. Fronto-facial angle horizontal. Frontal lunule normal. Anterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate, strong, about 3/4 as long as posterior bristle, situated slightly closer to anterior edge of frons than to posterior bristle. Posterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate, situated notably behind mid frons. Ocellar bristle eclinate, weak, never reaching mid frons. Compound eye roundly rectangular. Antennal segments 1 and 2 not black. Segment 3 fulvous, almost twice as long as wide, with distal margin rounded; arista long-pubescent. Face fulvous, with marking (a dorsal longitudinal stripe notably faint), developed into a blunt cone. Ptilinal fissure only facial part blackened. A black spot present between each antenna and compound eye. Vibrissal angle without an adjacent dark mark, without a group of strong bristles. Palpus not black. Head height 1.10–1.22–1.31 mm (male) or 1.10–1.14–1.18 mm (female). Head width 1.43–1.60–1.71 mm (male) or 1.55–1.59–1.63 mm (female). Head height/width ratio 0.73–0.76–0.78 (male) or 0.71–0.72–0.73 (female). Midparafacial width 0.00 mm (male) or 0.00 mm (female). Mid face width 0.63–0.73–0.78 mm (male) or 0.73–0.73–0.73 mm (female). Parafacial/face ratio 0.00 (male) or 0.00 (female). Cheek height 0.18–0.25–0.28 mm (male) or 0.20–0.25–0.28mm (female). Eye height 0.90–0.94–0.98 mm (male) or 0.92–0.93–0.94 mm (female). Cheek/eye ratio 0.20–0.26–0.30(male) or 0.22–0.26–0.31 (female).

Thorax. Length 2.16–2.38–2.56 mm (male) or 2.15–2.24–2.32 mm (female). Mesoscutum brownish (blackish tone), with 2 median and 2 submedian longitudinal dark bands, somewhat flattened, covered with fine particles. Dorsocentral bristles 0+3; first bristle situated behind suture but closer to suture than to second bristle. Intradorsocentral setulae in 6 rows. Acrostichal bristles 0+1; prescutellar pair strong. 3 setulae in the area between posterior dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. Presutural bristle strong, without a minor, upper bristle. 1 setula in front of supra-alar bristle. Intra-alar bristle present; anterior bristle absent. Scutellum brownish (blackish tone), without marking (with a whitish pruinose band), covered with fine particles, without setulae between apical and preapical bristles. Postnotum brownish (deep tone). Mesothoracic spiracle with surrounding setulae, without markings. Propleuron brownish (blackish tone), suture blackened; propleural bristle without a minor, anterior setula. Humeral callus brownish (reddish tone); humeral bristle present. Notopleuronwith a band (dark horizontal). Mesopleuron brownish (blackish tone), without markings and a strong, downsloping bristle near centre. Pteropleuron brownish (blackish tone), without markings, with setulae. Haltere entirely fulvous. 2–3 minute setulae on lower margin of metathoracic spiracle. Sternopleuron brownish (blackish tone), without markings; anterior sternopleural bristle weaker and shorter than posterior bristle. Meropleuron without markings and setulae. Anterior prosternum with 2 setulae. Posterior prosternum with 18 setulae. Ventral sternopleuron with strong, anterior bristles, 1+3 and setulae on distal half.

Wing. With more than anterior half darkened mainly containing irregular hyaline markings or stripe. No broad, dark crossband in posterior crossvein area. Costal spinules stopping abruptly at apex of vein 3. Stigma and tegula black. Main patterned area with darkened hyaline markings. First basal cell without hyaline spots. Submarginal cell with large hyaline marking, without an hyaline spot in postero-apical corner. First posterior cell without a costal hyaline mark. Hyaline areas of second and third posterior cells without dark spots. Third posterior cell without an enclosed hyaline spot. Apical section of vein 2 not bent forward. Apical section of vein 4 not arched. Wing length 4.15–4.38–4.60 mm (male) or 3.91–3.92–3.93 mm (female). Apical section of vein 4 1.08–1.17–1.22 mm (male) or 1.14 mm (female). Preapical section of vein 4 0.90–0.96–1.02 mm (male) or 0.84–0.91–0.98 mm (female). Basal section of vein 4 0.94–1.00–1.08 mm (male) or 0.94–0.95–0.96 mm (female). Vein 4 index 1.20–1.22–1.24 (male) or 1.17–1.27–1.37 (female). Anterior crossvein index 0.93–0.96–1.00 (male) or 0.87–0.96–1.04 (female).

Legs. All femora blackish, without markings. Fore femur with anteroventral ctenidium, 7–8 strong bristles on posterior to posterodorsal surface, no strong subapical posterior bristles, 6 strong posteroventral bristles. Mid femur with 6 subapical anterior spurs. Hind femur without long posteroventral bristles and strong black spinules on posteroventral surface (male). Tibiae fulvous, blackened basally. Fore tibia slightly shorter than tarsus, with an apical spur. Mid and hind tibiae about as long as tarsus. Mid tibia with 2 apical spurs. Tarsus fulvous. Fore and mid basitarsi slightly more than half as long as whole tarsus. Male fore basitarsus without long ventral setulae. Hind basitarsus about half as long as whole tarsus.

Preabdomen. Tergites 1 to 6 fulvous, with dark markings, 6 slightly shorter than tergite 5. Paired dark spots on tergites absent. Lateral margin of tergites 1 to 6 darkened. No basal white spot of strong bristle on tergite. Lateral part of tergite 6 unmodified. Lateral margin of male tergites 5 and 6 without dense black spinules. Distal margin of tergites 5 and 6 without long erect bristles. Sternites fulvous, with dark markings. Lateral margin of sternites 3 to 6 darkened. Pleural membrane near sternites 4 to 6 without setulae. Pleural membrane near female tergite 5 without a distinct mark.

Male postabdomen. Protandrium brownish (blackish tone), without markings, forming a sclerotized band without any ventral segment, dorsal area slightly longer than tergite 6, with dorsal setulae. Protandrium and epandrium separated dorsally by membrane, with 7th spiracle within protandrium, without surrounding spiracle setulae. Epandrium fulvous, without markings. Surstylus present, elongate, straight, not divided, setulose, notably less than half as long as height of epandrium (extremely short), basal connection with epandrium unmodified. Area below cerci closed. Hypandrium heavily developed, without distal median process, with 1 apodeme, about as long as wide. Gonopod present, symmetrical, slightly curved, not branched, without setulae, shorter than 1/4 as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, weakly sclerotized, bluntly pointed distally, shorter than distally broadened aedeagal apodeme; aedeagal apodeme slightly curved, base broadly but not deeply divided, with articulation with aedeagus; ejaculatory apodeme present, unmodified, less than 1/3 as long as aedeagal apodeme. Cercus brownish, normal size, not reaching beyond ventral margin of epandrium.

Female postabdomen. Not elongated. Tergite 7 fulvous, without markings, shorter than tergite 5, without anterior membranous areas dorsolaterally. Tergite 7 and sternite 8 not forming a band, with 7th spiracle within tergite 7. Tergite 8+9 and supra-anal plate weakly sclerotized. Sternites 8 and 9 fulvous, without markings. Sternite 9 unmodified. Spermathecae 2+1, ovoid. Cercus brownish, distal margin rounded and not curved, without black spines.

Distribution. Eastern Queensland (new to Australia); Solomon Is.; Indonesia (Irian Jaya).

Fig 18

Cephaloconus cyprinus (de Meijere), , genit. prep. 1179; epandrium and protandrium, lateral (A), epandrium, posterior (B), protandrium, posterior (C), aedeagal complex, anterior (D) and lateral (E), , genit. prep. 1087; postabdomen, lateral (F) and ventral (G), spermathecae (H). Scales = 0.5 mm.

Fig 19

Distribution maps of three species; C. cyprinus, tenebrosus (A), Wawu queenslandensis (B).

Cephaloconus tenebrosus Walker

    (Figs 2, 19, 20)

Cephaloconus tenebrosus Walker, 1861, p. 299; Hendel, 1908, p. 62; Malloch, 1939, p. 447; Lower, 1953, pp. 77–79; Stuckenberg, 1971a, p. 524; Shewell, 1977, p. 197; Evenhuis and Okadome, 1989, p. 584.

Callistorhina vittigera Bigot, 1878, p. xxxiv.

Type

Holotype: 1 , Batchian, E. Indian Archipelago (Moluccas?), A.R. Wallace, ex coll., Saunders, 68.4, tenebrosus, BMNH (no date) (examined).

The type specimen ( ) of Callistorhina vittigera Bigot, 1878 (Ternate, Batchian, no date, Walker, ex Verrall/Collin collection: Hope University Museum, Oxford) was also examined. It is in very poor, mouldy condition and the head is missing. All the remaining characters agree with that of C. tenebrosus.

Other Specimens Examined

Queensland: 2 , Town Mt near Nambour, 13.x.1959, on Passionfruit vine, H.G.G., UQIC; 1 , Freshwater near Cairns, 16°53'S., 145°43'E., 12.viii.1959, genit. prep. 1180, T.G. Campbell, ANIC; 1 , Clump Pt., 17°52'S., 146°07'E., 6.iii.1964, IFBC and MSU, ANIC; 1 , Palm Island, 18°40'S., 146°33'E., genit. prep. 1181, Bancroft, ANIC; 1 , Brisbane, 27°28'S., 153°01'E., xii.1950, R.P.K., UQIC; 2 , 1 , Murray Island, 09°56'S., 144°04'E., 29.v.1985, genit. prep. 1516–1518, Donaldson and Hamacek, QDPI; 1 , Wallaman Falls area, W. Ingham, rainforest, 18°36'S., 145°48'E., 31.i.1975, at light, BKC, DPI; 1 , Kuranda, 16°49'S., 145°38'E., det. by Malloch, F.P. Dodd, AM.

Diagnosis. Facial cone very much produced, with a dorsal stripe as dark as lateral ones. Posterior prosternum setulae less than 5. Epandrium with normal bristles, with a pair of inner processes. Distal margin of male cercus not pointed, with normal bristles.

Characters as given for C. cyprinus (p. 33) except as indicated below.

Fig 20

Cephaloconus tenebrosus Walker, , genit. prep. 1180; epandrium and protandrium, lateral (A), epandrium, posterior (B), protandrium, posterior (C), aedeagal complex, anterior (D) and lateral (E), , holotype (BMNH); postabdomen, lateral (F) and ventral (G), spermathecae (H). Scales = 0.5 mm.

Redescription

Body. Total length 5.45–5.66–5.86 mm (male, n=2) or 5.37 mm (female, n=l).

Head. Ocellar bristle pro-eclinate. Antennal segment 3 brownish (reddish tone). Face with marking (a dorsal longitudinal stripe distinctly dark). Head height 1.34–1.36–1.38 mm (male) or 1.34 mm (female). Head width 1.75–1.78–1.81 mm (male) or 1.71 mm (female). Head height/width ratio 0.76–0.77–0.77 (male) or 0.79 (female). Mid face width 0.84–0.87–0.90 mm (male) or 0.80 mm (female). Cheek height 0.33–0.34–0.35 mm (male) or 0.24 mm (female). Eye height 1.00–1.01–1.02 mm (male) or 1.04 mm (female). Cheek/eye ratio 0.32–0.33–0.35 (male) or 0.23 (female).

Thorax. Length 2.65–2.69–2.73 mm (male) or 2.57 mm (female). 3–4 setulae in the area between posterior dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. Pteropleuron brownish. 3–6 minute setulae on lower margin of metathoracic spiracle. Posterior prosternum with 2 setulae.

Wing. Wing length 4.80–4.84–4.88 mm (male) or 4.39 mm (female). Apical section of vein 4 1.31–1.32–1.33 mm(male) or 1.24 mm (female). Preapical section of vein 4 1.02 mm (male) or 0.92 mm (female). Basal section of vein 4 1.08–1.11–1.14 mm (male) or 1.06 mm (female). Vein 4 index 1.28–1.29–1.30 (male) or 1.36 (female). Anterior crossvein index 0.89–0.92–0.94 (male) or 0.87 (female).

Legs. All femora brownish (blackish tone). Fore femur with 5 strong posteroventral bristles.

Preabdomen. Tergites 1 to 6 brownish. Paired dark spots on tergites 6 only (female). Sternites without markings.

Male postabdomen. Protandrium brownish, dorsal area shorter than tergite 6. Epandrium brownish (blackish tone), modified. Surstylus slightly curved, notably less than half as long as height of epandrium. Hypandrium less than half as long as wide. Gonopod rather straight. Aedeagus broadly rounded distally, almost as long as rod shaped aedeagal apodeme; aedeagal apodeme rather straight. Cercus fulvous.

Female postabdomen. Tergite 8+9 well sclerotized. Cercus fulvous.

Distribution. Eastern Queensland; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Maluku).

Genus Wawu Evenhuis

Monocera van der Wulp, 1898, pp. 425–426 (preocc. Renier, 1828); Hendel, 1913, p. 100; Hendel, 1925, p. 109; de Meijere, 1914, pp. 238–240; Kertész, 1915, pp. 502–506; Malloch, 1929b, p. 410; Malloch, 1929e, p. 440; Malloch, 1940b, pp. 134–135.

Type species: Monocera monstruosa van der Wulp, 1898, by monotypy.

Wawu Evenhuis, 1989, p. 589 (n. name for Monocera van der Wulp, 1898).

Type species: Monocera monstruosa van der Wulp, 1898.

Redescription

Body. Fulvous. Total length 2.85–3.56–4.23 mm.

Head. Postocellar bristle about as long as ocellar bristle. Occiput with dark marking, without setulae; median sclerite fulvous. Postocciput blackened. Frons fulvous, slightly longer than wide, not steeply sloping, with 2 distinct submedian vittae and distinct setulae on anterior half. Fronto-facial angle obtusely rounded. Frontal lunule developed into a long, forwardly curved horn (male) or normal (female). Anterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate (female) or inclinate (male), strong, slightly longer than posterior bristle, situated about midway between anterior edge of frons and posterior bristle. Posterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate (female) or eclinate (male), situated notably behind mid frons. Ocellar bristle eclinate. Compound eye vertically elongate. All antennal segments fulvous, segment 3 almost twice as long as wide, distal margin rounded; arista bare (male) or long-pubescent (female). Face yellowish, without markings, with a median horn on upper margin (male) or without modification (female), lateral margin at most slightly curved. Vibrissal angle with an adjacent dark mark, with a group of strong bristles. Palpus not blackened. Head height 1.04–1.23-1.39 mm. Head width 1.37–1.51–1.71 mm. Head height/width ratio 0.74–0.81–0.89 mm. Mid parafacial width 0.13–0.15–0.16 mm. Mid face width 0.46–0.56–0.67 mm. Parafacial/face ratio 0.21–0.27–0.30 mm. Cheek height 0.14–0.19–0.24 mm. Eye height 0.92–0.99–1.14 mm. Cheek/eye ratio 0.16–0.19–0.25 mm.

Thorax. Length 1.67–1.82–2.00 mm. Mesoscutum fulvous, with 2 median and 2 submedian longitudinal dark bands, arched, covered with fine particles. Intradorsocentral setulae in 7–8 rows. Scutellum yellowish, with 2 dark marks, smooth. Mesothoracic spiracle without surrounding marking. Following bristles present: propleural; presutural; humeral; notopleurals 2; supra-alar; postalar; intra-alar; dorsocentrals 0+3, first bristle situated behind suture but closer to suture than to second bristle; acrostichal 0+1; scutellars 2; mesopleural; sternopleurals 2, anterior bristle weaker and shorter than posterior bristle; ventral sternopleurals 2+3. Propleuron, humeral callus, notopleuron, mesopleuron, pteropleuron and sternopleuron fulvous, without markings. Meropleuron with dark marking. Haltere entirely fulvous. Prosternum bare.

Wing.With one dark spot each on anterior and posterior crossveins and at apices of veins 2 and 4, three spots on vein 3. Costal spinules stopping abruptly at apex of vein 3. Stigma and tegula not darkened. Apical sections of veins 2 and 4 normal. Wing length 3.04–3.32–3.65 mm. Apical section of vein 4 0.89–0.95–1.05 mm. Preapical section of vein 4 0.64–0.72–0.79 mm. Basal section of vein 4 0.63–0.71–0.76 mm. Vein 4 index 1.22–1.31–1.45. Anterior crossvein index 0.97–1.04–1.12.

Legs. All femora and tibiae fulvous, without markings. Fore femur with anteroventral ctenidium, 4–5 strong bristles on posterior to posterodorsal surface. Mid femur with 1–2 subapical anterior spurs.

Preabdomen. Tergites 2 to 6 with paired dark spots. Sternites yellowish (female) or brownish (male), without markings.

Male postabdomen. Protandrium forming a sclerotized band with a ventral segment, dorsal area shorter than tergite 6. Protandrium and epandrium fused dorsally, with 7th spiracle within protandrium, without surrounding spiracle setulae. Epandrium unmodified. Surstylus elongate, notably less than half as long as height of epandrium. Hypandrium well developed, without distal median process, with 2 apodemes. Gonopod present, symmetrical, shorter than 1/4 as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, weakly sclerotized; aedeagal apodeme broadly flattened, notably bent, almost as long as aedeagus, without articulation with aedeagus; ejaculatory apodeme present. Cercus normal.

Female postabdomen. Slightly elongated. Tergite 7 without markings, shorter than tergite 6. 7th spiracle situated within tergite 7. Tergites 8+9 and supra-anal plate weakly sclerotized. Sternites 8 and 9 unmodified, without markings. Spermathecae 2+1, round. Cercus fulvous, normal.

Distribution. Queensland (northeast and northern islands); Papua New Guinea; Solomon Is.; Indonesia (Maluku); Taiwan.

Notes. The genus Monocera was erected by van der Wulp (1898) (type species M. monstruosa) from New Guinea, but the name was preoccupied by Monocera Renier (1828). According to Neave (1940, p. 206) Meneghini (1847) emended Monoceras (Renier 1828) to Monocera. This is incorrect. I have examined Renier’s paper (1828), and found that he did not use Monoceras, but only Monocera. Later Meneghini (1847) used both Monocera and Monoceras; i.e. he himself invalidly emended Monocera (Renier 1828) to Monoceras. Evenhuis (1989) renamed the genus as Wawu. At present five species are reported from the Oriental and Papua New Guinea regions (Shewell 1977; Evenhuis and Okadome 1989). None has been previously reported from Australia but one new species is here described from northeastern Queensland. Holotype of M. monstruosa could not been examined but published information was used. The type location in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest was confirmed by Dr L. Papp and he informed me its label data (N. Guinea, Biró 96, Seleo, Berlinhaf, Monocera monstruosa v.d. W.-handwriting of v.d. Wulp, det. Wulp, red label, typus-handwriting of Wulp or K. Kertész).

Wawu queenslandensis, sp. nov.

    (Figs 3, 19, 21)

Types

Holotype: 1 , Dunk Island, Queensland, 25.viii.1927, genit. prep. 1190, T12699, QM.

Paratypes: Queensland: 1 , Flying Fish Pt., Innisfail, 17°30'S., 146°05'E., 23.iv.1958, genit. prep. 1185, T.G. Campbell, ANIC; 19 , 29 , Sue(Warraber) Island, 10°12'S., 142°49'E., 9.xii.1977, genit. prep. 1188, EDE, 4.ii.1978, genit. prep. 1186–1187, at light, R. Lewis, 21.iv.1982, in alcohol, ANIC, 15–23.v.1985, genit. prep. 1520, Malaise trap, Donaldson and Hamacek, QDPI; 2 , Booby Island, 10°36'S., 141°55'E., 1–28.ii–1.iii.1978, genit. prep. 1088–1089, at light, R. Farrow, ANIC; 1 , Dunk Island, 17°57'S., 146°09'E., 25.viii.1927, UQIC; 1 , Cairns, 16°55'S., 145°46'E., 28.viii.1957, genit. prep. 1189, V. Wjenert, UQIC; 1 , Cape Tribulation (beach), 16°05'S., 145°29'E., 18.iv.1982, D.E. Hardy, ANIC; 2 , Getullai Island, Torres Strait, 10°11'S., 142°31'E., 30.iii.1985, genit. prep. 1521, sweeping, J.W. Turner, QDPI; 1 , Darnley Island, 09°35'S., 143°46'E., 18.iii.1985, sweeping, J.W. Turner, QDPI; 1 , Yorkeys Knob, 16°49'S., 145°43'E., 17.viii.1963, genit. prep. 1191, B.V. Timms, UQIC.

Diagnosis. Occiput with dark marking. Frons with distinct setulae on anterior half. Anterior fronto-orbital bristle strong, slightly longer than posterior bristle. Ocellar bristle strong and eclinate. Compound eye vertically elongate. Arista bare (male) or long-pubescent (female). Vibrissal angle with a group of strong bristles. Mesoscutum with 2 median and 2 submedian longitudinal dark bands. Scutellum yellowish, with 2 dark marks. Postnotum blackish. Ventral sternopleural bristles 2+3. No strong bristles on posteroventral surface of fore femur. Paired dark spots on tergites 2 to 6. Protandrium and epandrium fused dorsally.

Body. Fulvous, without definite pruinosity. Total length 2.85–3.32–3.58 mm (male, n=6) or 3.29–3.81–4.23 mm (female, n=5). Small basal dark spot absent on bristles.

Head. Postocellar bristle about as long as ocellar bristle. Occiput with dark marking, without setulae; median sclerite fulvous. Postocciput black. Frons fulvous, slightly longer than wide, not steeply sloping, with 2 distinct submedian vittae, with distinct setulae on anterior half. Fronto-facial angle obtusely rounded. Frontal lunule developed into a long, forwardly curved horn (male) or normal (female). Anterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate (female) or inclinate (male), strong, slightly longer than posterior bristle, situated about midway between anterior edge of frons and posterior bristle. Posterior fronto-orbital bristle reclinate (female) or eclinate (male), situated notably behind mid frons. Ocellar bristle eclinate, strong, but never reaching mid frons. Compound eye vertically elongate. Antennal segments 1 and 2 not black. Segment 3 fulvous, almost twice as long as wide, with distal margin rounded; arista bare (male) or long-pubescent (female). Face yellowish, without markings, with a median horn on upper margin (male) or almost flat in profile (female), lateral margin at most slightly curved. Ptilinal fissure not black. No black spot between each antenna and compound eye. Vibrissal angle with an adjacent dark mark, with a group of strong bristles. Palpus not black. Head height 1.18–1.26–1.39 mm (male) or 1.04–1.19–1.33 mm (female). Head width 1.37–1.47–1.55 mm (male) or 1.41–1.56–1.71 mm (female). Head height/width ratio 0.78–0.85–0.89 (male), or 0.74–0.76–0.80 (female). Mid parafacial width 0.13–0.15–0.16 mm (male) or 0.13–0.15–0.16 mm (female). Mid face width 0.56–0.60–0.67 mm (male) or 0.46–0.52–0.57 mm (female). Parafacial/face ratio 0.21–0.25–0.28 (male) or 0.27–0.28–0.30 (female). Cheek height 0.20–0.21–0.24 mm (male) or 0.14–0.17–0.18 mm (female). Eye height 0.94–0.96–1.02 mm (male) or 0.92–1.02–1.14 mm (female). Cheek/eye ratio 0.20–0.22–0.25 (male) or 0.16–0.16–0.17 (female).

Thorax. Length 1.67–1.78–1.87 mm (male) or 1.69–1.86–2.00 mm (female). Mesoscutum fulvous, with 2 median and 2 submedian longitudinal dark bands, arched, covered with fine particles. Dorsocentral bristles 0+3; first bristle situated behind suture but closer to suture than to second bristle. Intradorsocentral setulae in 7–8 rows. Acrostichal bristles 0+1; prescutellar pair strong. 1–2 setulae in the area between posterior dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles. Presutural bristle strong, without a minor, upper bristle. 2 setulae in front of supra-alar bristle. Intra-alar bristle present; anterior bristle absent. Scutellum yellowish, with 2 dark marks (on anterior area-weak), smooth. Postnotum blackish. Mesothoracic spiracle without surrounding setulae and markings. Propleuron fulvous, suture not black; propleural bristle without a minor, anterior setula. Humeral callus fulvous; humeral bristle present. Notopleuron without markings. Mesopleuron fulvous, without markings and a strong, downsloping bristle near centre. Pteropleuron fulvous, without markings and setulae. Haltere entirely fulvous. 1–2 minute setulae on lower margin of metathoracic spiracle. Sternopleuron fulvous, without markings; anterior sternopleural bristle weaker and shorter than posterior bristle. Meropleuron with dark marking, without setulae. Anterior and posterior prosternum setulae absent. Ventral sternopleuron with strong, anterior bristles, 2+3, with setulae on distal 1/3.

Wing. With conspicuous dark spots only. Anterior and posterior crossveins with dark marks, widely separated. One dark spot placed each on veins 2 & 4 and three on vein 3. Vein 2 spot medium, placed at apex of its vein. Vein 3 spot slightly smaller than apical vein 2 spot, apical one placed at apex of its vein and two preapical spots between anterior crossvein and the apex. Vein 4 spot placed at apex of its vein. Costal spinules stopping abruptly at apex of vein 3. Stigma not darkened. Tegula not darkened. Apical section of vein 2 not bent forward. Apical section of vein 4 not arched. Wing length 3.04–3.22–3.30 mm (male) or 3.04–3.42–3.65 mm (female). Apical section of vein 4 0.89–0.92–0.97 mm (male) or 0.92–0.98–1.05 mm (female). Preapical section of vein 4 0.69–0.71–0.77 mm (male) or 0.64–0.73–0.79 mm (female). Basal section of vein 4 0.66–0.71–0.74 mm (male) or 0.63–0.70–0.76 mm (female). Vein 4 index 1.22–1.28–1.35 (male) or 1.27–1.34–1.45 (female). Anterior crossvein index 0.97–1.01–1.06 (male) or 1.02–1.06–1.12 (female).

Legs. All femora fulvous, without markings. Fore femur with anteroventral ctenidium, 4–5 strong bristles on posterior to posterodorsal surface, no strong subapical posterior bristles and posteroventral bristles. Mid femur with 1–2 subapical anterior spurs. Hind femur without long posteroventral bristles and strong black spinules on posteroventral surface (male). Tibiae fulvous, without markings, about as long as tarsus. Fore tibia with an apical spur (female) or without an apical spur (male). Mid tibia with 4 apical spurs. Tarsus fulvous. Fore and mid basitarsi slightly more than half as long as whole tarsus. Male fore basitarsus with distinctly long ventral setulae (male) or without (female). Hind basitarsus about half as long as tarsus.

Preabdomen. Tergites 1 to 6 fulvous, with dark markings, 6 slightly shorter than tergite 5. Paired dark spots on tergites 2 to 6. Lateral part of tergite 6 unmodified. Lateral margin of male tergites 5 and 6 without dense black spinules. Distal margin of tergites 5 and 6 without long erect bristles. Sternites yellowish (female) or brownish (male), without markings. Pleural membrane near sternites 4 to 6 without setulae. Pleural membrane near female tergite 5 without a distinct mark.

Male postabdomen. Protandrium yellowish, without markings, forming a sclerotized band with a ventral segment but without setulae (small), dorsal area shorter than tergite 6, without dorsal setulae. Protandrium and epandrium fused dorsally, with 7th spiracle within protandrium, without surrounding spiracle setulae. Epandrium fulvous, without markings, unmodified. Surstylus present, elongate, straight, slightly divided, not setulose, notably less than half as long as height of epandrium, basal connection with epandrium unmodified. Area below cerci opened. Hypandrium well developed, without distal median process, with 2 apodemes, about half as long as wide. Gonopod present, symmetrical, rather straight, not branched, without small setulae, shorter than 1/4 as long as aedeagus. Aedeagus tubular, weakly sclerotized, narrowly rounded distally, almost as long as broadly flattened aedeagal apodeme; aedeagal apodeme notably bent, base broadly and deeply divided, without articulation with aedeagus; ejaculatory apodeme present, unmodified, less than 1/3 as long as aedeagal apodeme. Cercus fulvous, normal size, not reaching beyond ventral margin of epandrium.

Female postabdomen. Slightly elongated. Tergite 7 yellowish, without markings, shorter than tergite 6, without anterior membranous areas dorsolaterally. Tergite 7 and sternite 8 not forming a band, with 7th spiracle within tergite 7. Tergite 8+9 and supra-anal plate weakly sclerotized. Sternites 8 and 9 yellowish, without markings. Sternite 9 unmodified. Spermathecae 2+1, round. Cercus fulvous, distal margin rounded and not curved, without black spines.

Distribution. Queensland (northeast and northern islands).

Comparative notes. The two species (W. furcatus, W. monstruosus) of the five described species in the world fauna and this new species resemble one another in certain wing marking patterns; namely the presence of apical dark spots on veins 2, 3 and 4. Although W. queenslandensis and W. monstruosus both have the stigma unmarked, the former has a dark spot on the basal area of veins 3 and 4 and possesses a rod-shaped lower horn on the face, whereas the latter species lacks such a basal mark and has the lower horn broadened basally and thorn-shaped distally. W. furcatus has the stigma marked, has two basal dark spots on the wing and the lower horn is bifurcated distally. As a result of syntypes examination of W. furcatus (Kertész) from Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, a lectotype ( ) and three paralectotypes (1 , 2 ) are designated (later damaged by postal mishandling reported by Dr L. Papp, they all bear same label data; N. Irland Ins., Gardner, Biró, 1900, Monocera furcata Kert, det. Kertész, typus).

Etymology. The specific name is derived from the state where this species occurs.

Fig 21

Wawu queenslandensis, sp. nov., , genit. prep. 1189 (paratype); epandrium and protandrium, lateral (A), epandrium, posterior (B), protandrium, posterior (C), aedeagal complex, anterior (D) and lateral (E), , genit. prep. 1188 (paratype); postabdomen, lateral (F) and ventral (G), spermathecae (H). Scales = 0.5 mm.

Genus Homoneura van der Wulp

Homoneura van der Wulp, 1891, p. 213; Hendel, 1908, p. 48; Malloch, 1926a, p. 46; Malloch, 1926b, p. 551; Malloch, 1927a, pp. 13–15; Malloch, 1927b, pp. 419–420; Malloch, 1927c, pp. 106–110; Malloch, 1927d, pp. 169–171; Malloch, 1928a, p. 320; Malloch, 1929a, pp. 41–85 Malloch, 1929b, pp. 412–413; Malloch, 1929c, pp. 208–210; Malloch, 1929e, pp. 442–443 Malloch, 1932, p. 34; Frey, 1927, p. 40; Czerny, 1932, pp. 9–11; Curran, 1936, pp. 36–41 Malloch, 1940a, pp. 21–22; Malloch, 1940b, pp. 135–144; Hennig, 1941, pp. 140–141; Lower 1953, pp. 75–77; Shewell, 1965, pp. 697–699; Stuckenberg, 1971a, pp. 532–534; Shewell, 1977; pp. 198–212; Miller, 1977a, 1977c, pp. 147–252; Papp, 1978, pp. 213–231; Miller, 1980, pp 604–605; Sasakawa and Ikeuchi, 1982, pp. 477–499; Sasakawa and Ikeuchi, 1983, pp. 289–297 Papp, 1981, pp. 159–186; Papp, 1984a, pp. 159–177; Papp, 1984b, pp. 193–217; Shewell, 1987 pp. 951–964; Hirashima, 1989, pp.