Wood Turning - The Lathe and Its Accessories, Tools, Turning Between Centres Face-Plate Work, Boring, Polishing
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Wood Turning - The Lathe and Its Accessories, Tools, Turning Between Centres Face-Plate Work, Boring, Polishing - E. A. Dinmore
Oak
WOOD TURNING
THE WOOD-TURNING LATHE
A LATHE for wood turning need not be an elaborate machine. In Buckinghamshire, where much of the turnery for chairs is done, pole lathes were used right up to the outbreak of war. A pole lathe was so-called because a springy pole was used to rotate the work. This was accomplished by attaching a cord to the pole and winding the cord around the work and fixing the other end to a treadle. When the treadle was depressed, the pole was bent down, causing the work to be rotated. The pole, by reason of its resiliency, restored the treadle to its original position, at the same time revolving the work in the opposite direction. The actual cutting was done when the work revolved towards the operator, the tool being withdrawn clear of the work when revolving in the opposite direction. Such a lathe required considerable skill in operation, but much good work was done on these simple machines, and the man who is used to it can work with amazing speed.
Parts of the Lathe. There are few parts in a wood-turning lathe, and their purpose is fairly obvious. They are shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1. RELIABLE FORM OF TREADLE LATHE MOUNTED UPON STAND
This is suitable for both wood turning and light metal turning, boring, etc. An alternative to the treadle type is that fitted with an electric motor. In this the heavy flywheel is omitted, being replaced by a stepped pulley wheel.
Bed. In most manufactured lathes this is of metal and consists of two parallel tracks upon which the tailstock is free to be moved. The latter is thus always in alignment with the headstock. The bed is either mounted upon a standard or, in the case of a power-driven lathe, may be fixed to a bench.
MODERN TYPE OF POWER LATHE MOUNTED
ON A STAND
The lathe is the Myford M L 8, with 30 in. between centres and 8 in. swing over bed. Spindle speeds using 1425 r.p.m. motor are 712, 1140, 1780 and 2850.
TURNING WORK BETWEEN CENTRES.
The main roughing is done with the gouge. To finish off flat and rounded surfaces the chisel is used. For softwood both tools should be used at an angle so that they cut the wood rather than merely scrape it. The tool bears on the hand rest, the latter being as close to the work as possible so that it receives direct support. For close-grained hardwoods it is necessary to scrape, and the tool (ground from an old file) is brought up to a horizontal position.
DETAILS OF THE LATHE AND HOW TO CHOOSE ONE
Wood can be used for the bed, providing it is well seasoned.
Flywheel. This is essential in a treadle lathe, and requires to be of fairly heavy construction so that the momentum of the work being turned is maintained during the upstroke of the treadle when no effort is exerted. In a power-driven lathe no flywheel is needed as the drive is continuous.
Headstock. This carries what is termed a pulley cone,
and it will be seen on referring to Fig. 1 that it comprises three steps or pulleys of different diameters. It will also be noted that the flywheel is correspondingly stepped and that the step of greatest diameter aligns with the smallest step of the pulley cone, the arrangement being such that the belt can be slipped from one step to another in order to give different ratios of speed. In turning a softwood, such as deal, a high speed is necessary as otherwise the wood is not cut cleanly.
The necessary high speed can be obtained by driving from the step of greatest diameter to the smallest of the pulley cone. As more power is required when a hardwood is being turned or when the work is of relatively large diameter, a slow speed must be used. In these circumstances the drive is arranged from the smallest step of the flywheel to the largest step of the pulley cone. The speed of a lathe for wood-turning can vary within fairly wide limits. A suitable speed for turning work about 1 in. diameter would be approximately 2,000 r.p.m., while 6-in. diameter work would require about 500 r.p.m. Work which is intermediate of these sizes will, of course, be driven at speeds proportional to those given. It is useful to know these speeds, since if power drive is to be fitted, it is necessary to use a motor which, with a suitable pulley drive, will give these speeds.
The pulley cone is mounted on a mandrel or spindle. In the simplest forms of lathe, the mandrel has a cone bearing at one end, and at the other end a pivot bearing in the end of a threaded stud or bolt which can be easily adjusted to take up any looseness. This arrangement is perfectly satisfactory in practice, but modern lathes have ball bearings with a device for tightening up the cones.
One end of the mandrel projects beyond the headstock and the projecting end or nose is screw-threaded in order that various work-holding devices, or chucks, may be screwed on. The nose in most cases has a threaded or tapered hole, the taper being what is known as a Morse taper.
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