The Portuguese in San Jose

By Meg Rogers

For hundreds of years, Portuguese explorers have swept across the globe, many of them landing in California in the 1840s as whalers, ship jumpers, and Gold Rush immigrants. Gold was the lure, but land was the anchor. San Jose became home toPortuguese immigrants who overcame prejudice to contribute to the area politically, socially, and economically. They worked hard, transplanting farming, family, and festa traditions while working in orchards and dairies. Many came from the Azores Islands, 800 miles out to sea from mainland Portugal. For over 160 years, the Portuguese haveenriched San Jose with colorful figures, including radio star Joaquim Esteves; jeweler and filmmaker Antonio Furtado; the charismatic and controversial Fr. Lionel Noia; educator Goretti Silveira; and community leaders Vicki and Joe Machado.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Arcadia Publishing
• Release date: Feb 3, 1990
• ISBN: 9781439634165

Meg Rogers

Meg Rogers, educator and contributing editor to many works, including Arcadia Publishing's Alviso, San Jose, has collected images of San Jose's Portuguese with the support of the Portuguese Historical Museum and the Portuguese Organization for Social Services and Opportunities (POSSO). Using images gathered from public and private collections, Rogers guides readers through the three waves of Portuguese immigration to the Valley of Heart's Delight.

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INTRODUCTION

In the 1840s, Portuguese whalers, ship jumpers, and Gold Rush immigrants came to California. Gold was the lure, but land was the anchor. Although many stayed in San Diego to fish, most migrated into the Central Valley and Santa Clara Valley to farm. Until they could earn their own land, many worked in support services like hotels and barbershops. Agriculture and construction were big industries of post–Gold Rush California.

Azorean immigration to the Valley of Heart’s Delight occurred in three main waves. From 1849 to 1880, dreams of striking it rich in the Gold Rush and through whaling lured the Azoreans over the sea. During this period, many intrepid Azorean youths fled the draft to escape the unjust wars of mainland Portugal. Young men stowed away aboard whaling vessels bound for the New World; many were caught by angry captains who threatened to throw them into the sea. Others dreaming of a better, more prosperous life in America signed on as slave labor aboard craft taking them to the promised land; intolerable conditions aboard these vessels often forced Azorean whalers to jump ship onto the shores of California. When whaling grew tiresome and mining did not pan out, Azorean immigrants worked in Gold Rush support services or found work on dairies and farms in the Santa Clara Valley. From 1880 to 1922, immigrants called their relatives to the California frontier, causing a second wave. Land was plentiful; immigrants willing to work hard and suffer through delayed gratification could rise up from farmhand or dairy worker to farm and cattle owner. Many in this generation were able to achieve the American dream of home ownership.

Ties to the homeland were strong, and many Azoreans experienced saudade thinking about their island. Saudade is a Portuguese word with no exact translation; it stands for something lost that can never be regained. Many fado songs express this emotion. The passage to the New World was a rough one, and for many, the longing for home never really went away. Holy Ghost societies helped Azorean immigrants remember the beautiful processions along the streets of their home islands. In San Jose, like other colonias, the Portuguese gradually established fraternal societies to meet the growing needs of their community. Irmando do Espirito Santo (IES) and Five Wounds National Portuguese Church are jewels in the crown of California social and religious institutions.

Pres. Woodrow Wilson attempted to curtail Portuguese immigration in 1917 with a literacy test for Azorean immigrants, 80 percent of whom were unschooled. During Prohibition, some intrepid Portuguese in San Jose stomped grapes in barrels in their basements, making white lightning, wine, and root beer with yeast cakes. Sometimes when the priest was visiting, caps blew off and there were explosions in the closets.

In 1924, anti-immigration laws decreased the quota of immigrants from any Portuguese territory to 440. For 40 years, Portuguese immigrants trickled into San Jose, some obtaining visas after a short stay in Canada or Brazil, others being called by distant relatives. The Portuguese worked hard to maintain their foothold on the American dream. During the Great Depression, many of the Portuguese in San Jose reverted to subsistence farming and working several jobs in order to survive. Colorful figures following the second wave include Tony Santos, the fiery Portuguese earth worker from Hawaii who became the biggest landholder in the Alviso district, and John Ignacio Silva, who founded the Dairy Labor Union in San Jose in 1933. The 1940s brought hard work and solidarity for the whole community. Everyone pitched in to win the war.

Following the eruption of Capelinhos in 1957, Congress, under the leadership of Sen. John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts and Sen. John Pastore of Rhode Island, passed a relief act allowing 1,500 families from Faial who were victims of the volcano to immigrate to the New World. Thousands of new Azorean immigrants were called and sponsored by their families in America following this relief act. Believing the quota system was an injustice, Kennedy fought for its elimination; he wanted immigration to be based on skill sets needed in America and not on ethnicity. After Kennedy’s death in 1964, President Johnson signed Kennedy’s bill lifting the unfair European immigration quotas.

The last great wave of Portuguese immigrants flowed into the Santa Clara Valley during the 1960s and 1970s. Third-wave immigrants came for economic and educational opportunity, to escape the draft to Portuguese colonies in Africa, and to rejoin their families across the sea. Interesting immigrants during this third wave include San Jose’s Vicky Borba Machado, who came from the Azores as a child in the 1950s and later became a top Santa Clara County social worker. She cofounded POSSO (Portuguese Organization for Social Services and Opportunities) with her husband, Joe Machado, who also spearheaded the Portuguese Historical Museum. According to a study by Harvard professor Dr. Francis M. Rogers, 114,931 immigrants born in Portugal and the Azores resided in the United States in 1970. In the 1990s, immigrants from Portugal grew to include 1.4 percent of the total American population.

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COMING TO AMERICA

OS EMIGRANTES (THE EMIGRANTS). This painting depicts the rich cultural heritage the Azorean immigrants brought to the New World. The lure to cross the sea was powerful. The Azores offered little in the way of economic or educational opportunity. Immigrants were drawn to reports such as this from the San Francisco Call Atlas of 1910, which described San Jose as a charming home city that has won it the title, ‘The Garden City’ ... with growth in bank deposits from $15,504,767 in 1907 to $27,828,978 in 1910. Immigrants willing to commit themselves to delayed gratification in the fields could work and save in order to buy a small piece of land to give them a foothold on the American dream. (Painting by Domingos Rebelo; courtesy Carlos Machado Museum, Ponta Delgada, San Miguel, Azores.)