A hundred years before the first ship carrying enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia, Europeans introduced the commercial practice of enslavement in “The New World.” And for the next 400 years, millions of Indigenous people throughout the Americas were enslaved through several forms of forced labor and bondage. Historian and author Andrés Reséndez calls this “The Other Slavery,” and his work is changing our understanding of the transatlantic slave trade. Resources and Readings Teaching Hard History, Summary Objective 1 Teaching Hard History, Summary Objective 2 Andrés Reséndez History, University of California, Davis The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca References: Ancient History Encyclopedia, Atahualpa Spanish forced labor, Encomienda Spanish forced labor, Repartimiento Southern United States, Convict leasing PBS: Slavery by Another Name, Slavery v. Peonage Interviews with Historians, Brett Rushforth Portuguese slave trade, São Jorge da Mina American Heritage, Columbus and Genocide Massimo Livi-Bacci, The Depopulation of Hispanic America after the Conquest Spain, New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians Nancy E. van Deusen, Global Indios: The Indigenous Struggle for Justice in Sixteenth-Century Spain And you'll find a full episode transcript on our site.