Three Months In The Southern States: The 1863 War Diary Of An English Soldier: April-June 1863 [Illustrated Edition]

By Colonel Arthur James Lyon Fremantle

Includes Civil War Map and Illustrations Pack - 224 battle plans, campaign maps and detailed analyses of actions spanning the entire period of hostilities.
“A British soldier's view of the great conflict of blue and grey
“The author of this book has, perhaps, achieved more renown in recent years than at any time since the publication of his literary efforts. Those familiar with the film, 'Gettysburg' will recall the unusual figure of a British Guards officer attired (inaccurately) in his full dress Guardsman's scarlet uniform among the ranks of the Virginians at the famous and pivotal battle. The cinema may have taken its usual liberties, but the character was firmly based in fact and was none other than the author of this book. The British Empire felt no need to come down strongly on either side of the conflict between the States, but its support for the Confederacy was both implicit and occasionally obvious. Fremantle wanted to see the war at first hand and so he travelled to America and accompanied the Confederate forces-actually unglamorously in mufti-in the field. His experiences brought him to the collision of Gettysburg and history is indebted to Fremantle for the observations of a comparatively impartial military man on these monumental times and events. Essential Civil war material.”-Print Edition

• Language: English
• Publisher: Golden Springs Publishing
• Release date: Aug 15, 2014
• ISBN: 9781782895435

Colonel Arthur James Lyon Fremantle

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Text originally published in 1864 under the same title.

© Pickle Partners Publishing 2013, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.

Publisher’s Note

Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.

THREE MONTHS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES APRIL-JUNE 1863

BY

LIEUT.-COL. FREMANTLE

COLDSTREAM GUARDS

WITH PORTRAITS ENGRAVED FROM PHOTOGRAPHS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS 4

PORTRAITS. 11

PREFACE. 12

THREE MONTHS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. APRIL, MAY, JUNE, 1863. 13

MARCH 1863 13

APRIL 1863 13

MAY 1863 40

JUNE 1863 80

JULY 1863 122

POSTSCRIPT. 144

REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 146

MAPS 147

I – CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE MAPS - 1861 147

Charleston Harbor, Bombardment of Fort Sumter – 12th & 13th April 1861 147

1st Bull Run Campaign – Theatre Overview July 1861 148

Bull Run – 21st July 1861 149

1st Bull Run Campaign – Situation 18th July 1861 150

1st Bull Run Campaign – Situation 21st July 1861 (Morning) 151

1st Bull Run Campaign - 21st July 1861 Actions 1-3 p.m. 152

1st Bull Run Campaign - 21st July 1861 Union Retreat 4 P.M. to Dusk 153

II – CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE MAPS - 1862 154

Battle of Mill Springs – 19th January 1862 (6-8.30 A.M.) Confederate Attacks 154

Battle of Mill Springs – 19th January 1862 (9 A.M.) Union Attacks 155

Forts Henry and Donelson – 6th to 16th February 1862 156

Battle of Fort Donelson – 14th February 1862 157

Battle of Fort Donelson – 15th February 1862 Morning 158

Battle of Fort Donelson – 15th February 1862 Morning 159

New Madrid and Island No. 10 – March 1862 160

Pea Ridge – 5th to 8th March 1862 161

First Battle of Kernstown – 23rd March 1862, 11 – 16:45 162

Shiloh (or Pittsburg Landing) - 6th & 7th April 1862 163

Battle of Shiloh – 6th April 1862 - Morning 164

Battle of Shiloh – 6th April 1862 – P.M. 165

Battle of Yorktown – 5th to 16th April 1862 166

Jackson’s Valley Campaign – 24th to 25th May 1862 - Actions 167

Williamsburg – 5th May 1862 168

Fair Oaks – 31st May to 1st June 1862 169

Battle of Seven Pines – 31st May 1862 170

Seven Days – 26th June to 2nd July 1862 171

Seven Days Battles – 25th June to 1st July 1862 - Overview 172

Seven Days Battles – 26th & 27th June 1862 173

Seven Days Battles – 30th June 1862 174

Seven Days Battles – 1st July 1862 175

Battle of Gaines Mill – 27th June 1862 2.30 P.M. Hill’s Attacks 176

Battle of Gaines Mill – 27th June 1862 3.30 P.M. Ewell’s Attacks 177

Battle of Gaines Mill – 27th June 1862 7 P.M. General Confederate Attacks 178

Pope’s Campaign - 24th August 1862 179

Pope’s Campaign - 28th August 1862 A.M. 180

Pope’s Campaign - 28th August 1862 6 P.M. 181

Second Battle of Bull Run – 28th August 1862 182

Second Battle of Bull Run – 29th August 1862 10 A.M. 183

Second Battle of Bull Run – 29th August 1862 12 P.M. 184

Second Battle of Bull Run – 29th August 1862 5 P.M. 185

Pope’s Campaign – 29th August 1862 Noon. 186

Second Battle of Bull Run – 30th August 1862 3 P.M. 187

Second Battle of Bull Run – 30th August 1862 4.30 P.M. 188

Second Battle of Bull Run – 30th August 1862 5 P.M. 189

Battle of Harpers Ferry – 15th September 1862 190

Antietam – 16th & 17th September 1862 191

Battle of Antietam – 17th September 1862 Overview 192

Battle of Antietam – 17th September 1862 6 A.M. 193

Battle of Antietam – 17th September 1862 7.30 A.M. 194

Battle of Antietam – 17th September 1862 9 A.M. 195

Battle of Antietam – 17th September 1862 10 A.M. 196

Iuka – 19th September 1862 197

Battle of Iuka – 19th September 1862 198

Corinth – 3rd & 4th October 1862 199

Second Battle of Corinth – 3rd October 1862 200

Second Battle of Corinth – 4th October 1862 201

Perryville – 8th October 1862 202

Battle of Perryville – 8th October 1862 – 2 P.M. 203

Battle of Perryville – 8th October 1862 – 3 P.M. 204

Battle of Perryville – 8th October 1862 – 3.45 P.M. 205

Battle of Perryville – 8th October 1862 – 4 P.M. 206

Battle of Perryville – 8th October 1862 – 4.15 P.M. 207

Battle of Perryville – 8th October 1862 – 5.45 P.M. 208

Fredericksburg – 13th December 1862 209

Battle of Fredericksburg – 13th December 1862 Overview 210

Battle of Fredericksburg – 13th December 1862 Sumner’s Assault 211

Battle of Fredericksburg – 13th December 1862 Hooker’s Assault 212

Battle of Chickasaw Bayou – 26th to 29th December 1862 213

Stone’s River – 31st December 1862 214

Battle of Stones River – 30th December 1862 215

Battle of Stones River – 31st December 1862 – 8.00 A.M. 216

Battle of Stones River – 31st December 1862 – 9.45 A.M. 217

Battle of Stones River – 31st December 1862 – 11.00 A.M. 218

III – CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE MAPS - 1863 219

Battle of Stones River – 2nd January 1863 – 4 P.M. 219

Battle of Stones River – 2nd January 1863 – 4 P.M. 220

Battle of Stones River – 2nd January 1863 – 4.45 P.M. 221

Chancellorsville Campaign (Hooker’s Plan) – April 1863 222

Battle of Chancellorsville – 1st May 1863 Actions 223

Battle of Chancellorsville – 2nd May 1863 Actions 224

Chancellorsville – 2nd May 1863 225

Chancellorsville – 3rd to 5th May 1863 226

Battle of Chancellorsville – 3rd May 1863 Actions 6 A.M. 227

Battle of Chancellorsville – 3rd May 1863 Actions 10 A.M. – 5 P.M. 228

Battle of Chancellorsville – 4th to 6th May 1863. 229

Battle of Brandy Station – 8th June 1863 230

Siege of Vicksburg – 25th May to 4th July 1863 231

Siege of Vicksburg – 19th May 1863 - Assaults 232

Siege of Vicksburg – 22nd May 1863 - Assaults 233

Gettysburg – 1st July 1863 234

Battle of Gettysburg – 1st July 1863 Overview 235

Battle of Gettysburg – 1st July 1863 7 A.M. 236

Battle of Gettysburg – 1st July 1863 10 A.M. 237

Battle of Gettysburg – 1st July 1863 10.45 A.M. 238

Battle of Gettysburg – 1st July 1863 11 A.M. 239

Battle of Gettysburg – 1st July 1863 12.30 P.M. 240

Battle of Gettysburg – 1st July 1863 2 P.M. 241

Gettysburg – 2nd to 4th July 1863 242

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Lee’s Plan 243

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Overview 244

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Cemetary Ridge A.M. 245

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Culp’s Hill – Initial Defence 246

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Culp’s Hill – Evening attacks 247

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Hood’s Assaults 248

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Peach Orchard Initial Assaults 249

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Peach Orchard and Cemetary Ridge 250

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Wheatfield – Initial Assaults 251

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Wheatfield – Second Phase 252

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Cemetery Hill Evening 253

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Little Round Top (1) 254

Battle of Gettysburg – 2nd July 1863 Little Round Top (2) 255

Battle of Gettysburg – 3rd July 1863 Overview 256

Battle of Gettysburg – 3rd July 1863 – Pickett’s Charge 257

Battle of Gettysburg – 3rd July 1863 – Pickett’s Charge Detail 258

Battle of Gettysburg – 3rd July 1863 Culp’s Hill – Johnson’s Third Attack 259

Battle of Gettysburg – 3rd July 1863 East Cavalry Field – Opening Positions 260

Battle of Gettysburg – 3rd July 1863 East Cavalry Field – First Phase 261

Battle of Gettysburg – 3rd July 1863 East Cavalry Field – Second Phase 262

Battle of Gettysburg – 3rd July 1863 South Cavalry Field 263

Battle of Gettysburg – Battlefield Overview 264

Fight at Monterey Pass – 4th to 5th July 1863 265

Chickamauga – 19th & 20th September 1863 266

Chickamauga Campaign – Davis’s Crossroads – 11th September 1863 267

Chickamauga Campaign – 18th September 1863 After Dark 268

Battle of Chickamauga – 19th September 1863 Morning 269

Battle of Chickamauga – 19th September 1863 Early Afternoon 270

Battle of Chickamauga – 19th September 1863 Early Afternoon 271

Battle of Chickamauga – 20th September 1863 9 A.M. to 11 A.M. 272

Battle of Chickamauga – 20th September 1863 11 A.M. to Mid-Afternoon 273

Battle of Chickamauga – 20th September 1863 Mid-Afternoon to Dark 274

Battle of Chickamauga – 20th September 1863 Brigade Details 275

Chattanooga – 23rd to 25th November 1863 276

Chattanooga Campaign – 24th & 25th November 1863 277

Chattanooga Campaign – Federal Supply Lines and Wheeler’s Raid 278

Battle of Missionary Ridge – 25th November 1863 279

Mine Run – 26th to 30th November 1863 280

IV – CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE MAPS - 1864 281

Siege of Petersburg – Actions 29th to 31st March 1864 281

Wilderness – 5th & 6th May 1864 282

Battle of the Wilderness – 5th May 1864 – Positions 7 A.M. 283

Battle of the Wilderness – 5th May 1864 - Actions 284

Battle of the Wilderness – 6th May 1864 – Actions 5 A.M. 285

Battle of the Wilderness – 6th May 1864 – Actions 6 A.M. 286

Battle of the Wilderness – 6th May 1864 – Actions 11 A.M. 287

Battle of the Wilderness – 6th May 1864 – Actions 2 P.M. 288

Spotsylvania – 8th to 21st May 1864 289

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House – 7th & 8th May 1864 - Movements 290

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House – 8th May 1864 - Actions 291

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House – 9th May 1864 - Actions 292

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House – 10th May 1864 - Actions 293

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House – 12th May 1864 - Actions 294

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House – 13th May 1864 - Actions 295

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House – 17th May 1864 - Actions 296

North Anna – 23rd to 26th May 1864 297

Battle of North Anna – 23rd May 1864 298

Battle of North Anna – 24th May 1864 299

Battle of North Anna – 25th May 1864 300

Battle of Haw’s Shop – 28th May 1864 301

Battle of Bethseda Church (1) – 30th May 1864 302

Battle of Bethseda Church (2) – 30th May 1864 303

Cold Harbor – 31st May to 12th June 1864 304

Battle of Cold Harbor – 1st June 1864 305

Battle of Cold Harbor – 3rd June 1864 306

Pickett’s Mills and New Hope Church – 25th to 27th May 1864 307

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain – 27th June 1864 308

Siege of Petersburg – Actions 15th to 18th June 1864 309

Siege of Petersburg – Actions 21st to 22nd June 1864 310

Siege of Petersburg – Actions 30th July 1864 311

Wilson-Kautz Raid – 22nd June to 1st July 1864 312

First Battle of Deep Bottom – 27th to 29th July 1864 313

Second Battle of Deep Bottom – 14th to 20th August 1864 314

Siege of Petersburg – Actions 18th to 19th August 1864 315

Opequon, or Winchester, Va. – 19th September 1864 316

Fisher’s Hill – 22nd September 1864 317

Siege of Petersburg – Actions 27th October 1864 318

Cedar Creek – 19th October 1864 319

Battle of Cedar Creek – 19th October 1864 5-9 A.M. Confederate Attacks 320

Battle of Spring Hill – 29th November 1864 – Afternoon 321

Battle of Spring Hill – 29th November 1864 – Evening 322

Battle of Cedar Creek – 19th October 1864 4-5 P.M. Union Counterattack 323

Franklin – 30th November 1864 324

Battle of Franklin – Hood’s Approach 30th November 1864 325

Battle of Franklin – 30th November 1864 Actions after 4.30 P.M. 326

Nashville – 15th & 16th December 1864 327

V – OVERVIEWS 328

1 – Map of the States that Succeeded – 1860-1861 328

Fort Henry Campaign – February 1862 329

Forts Henry and Donelson – February 1862 330

Jackson’s Valley Campaign – 23rd March to 8th May 1862 331

Peninsula Campaign – 17th March to 31st May 1862 332

Jackson’s Valley Campaign – 21st May to 9th June 1862 333

Northern Virginia Campaign – 7th to 28th August 1862 334

Maryland Campaign – September 1862 335

Iuka-Corinth Campaign – First Phase – 10th to 19th September 1862 336

Iuka-Corinth Campaign – Second Phase – 20th September – 3rd October 1862 337

Fredericksburg Campaign – Movements mid-November to 10th December 1862 338

Memphis to Vicksburg – 1862-1863 339

Operations Against Vicksburg and Grant’s Bayou Operations – November 1862 to April 1863 340

Campaign Against Vicksburg – 1863 341

Grant’s Operations Against Vicksburg – April to July 1863 342

Knoxville Campaign - 1863 343

Tullahoma Campaign – 24th June – 3rd July 1863 344

Gettysburg Campaign – Retreat 5th to 14th July 1863 345

Rosecrans’ Manoeuvre – 20th August to 17th September 1963 346

Bristoe Campaign – 9th October to 9th November 1863 347

Mine Run Campaign – 27th November 1863 – 2nd December 1863 348

Grant’s Overland Campaign – Wilderness to North Anna - 1864 349

Grant’s Overland Campaign – May to June 1864 350

Overland Campaign – 4th  May 1864 351

Overland Campaign – 27th to 29th May 1864 352

Overland Campaign –29th to 30th May 1864 353

Overland Campaign – 1st June 1864 – Afternoon 354

Sheridan’s Richmond Raid – 9th to 14th May 1864 355

Sheridan’s Trevilian Station Raid – 7th to 10th June 1864 356

Sheridan’s Trevilian Station Raid – 7th to 10th June 1864 357

Battle of Trevilian Station Raid – 11th June 1864 358

Battle of Trevilian Station Raid – 12th June 1864 359

Shenandoah Valley Campaign – May to July 1864 360

Operations about Marietta – 14th to 28th June 1864 361

Atlanta Campaign – 7th May to 2nd July 1864 362

Operations about Atlanta – 17th July to 2nd September 1864 363

Richmond-Petersburg Campaign – Position Fall 1864 364

Shenandoah Valley Campaign – 20th August – October 1864 365

Sherman’s March to the Sea 366

Franklin-Nashville Campaign – 21st to 28th November 1864 367

Operations about Petersburg – June 1864 to April 1865 368

Carolinas Campaign – February to April 1865 369

Appomattox Campaign - 1865 370

PORTRAITS.

President Jefferson Davis,

Joseph E. Johnston,

Lieut.-General Leonidas Polk,

General G.T. Beauregard,

Lieut.-General James Longstreet,

General Robert E. Lee,

PREFACE.

At the outbreak of the American war, in common with many of my countrymen, I felt very indifferent as to which side might win; but if I had any bias, my sympathies were rather in favour of the North, on account of the dislike which an Englishman naturally feels at the idea of Slavery. But soon a sentiment of great admiration for the gallantry and determination of the Southerners, together with the unhappy contrast afforded by the foolish bullying conduct of the Northerners, caused a complete revulsion in my feelings, and I was unable to repress a strong wish to go to America and see something of this wonderful struggle.

Having successfully accomplished my design, I returned to England, and found amongst all my friends an extreme desire to know the truth of what was going on in the South; for, in consequence of the blockade, the truth can with difficulty be arrived at, as intelligence coming mainly through Northern sources is not believed; and, in fact, nowhere is the ignorance of what is passing in the South more profound than it is in the Northern States.

In consequence of a desire often expressed, I now publish the Diary which I endeavoured, as well as I could, to keep up day by day during my travels throughout the Confederate States. The latter portion of the Diary, which has reference to the battle of Gettysburg, has already appeared in 'Blackwood's Magazine;' and the interest with which it was received has encouraged me to publish the remainder.

I have not attempted to conceal any of the peculiarities or defects of the Southern people. Many persons will doubtless highly disapprove of some of their customs and habits in the wilder portion of the country; but I think no generous man, whatever may be his political opinions, can do otherwise than admire the courage, energy, and patriotism of the whole population, and the skill of its leaders, in this struggle against great odds. And I am also of opinion that many will agree with me in thinking that a people in which all ranks and both sexes display a unanimity and a heroism which can never have been surpassed in the history of the world, is destined, sooner or later, to become a great and independent nation.

THREE MONTHS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. APRIL, MAY, JUNE, 1863.

MARCH 1863

2d March 1863.—I left England in the royal mail steamer Atrato, and arrived at St Thomas on the 17th.

***

22d March.—Anchored at Havana at 6.15 a.m., where I fell in with my old friend, H.M.'s frigate Immortalité. Captain Hancock not only volunteered to take me as his guest to Matamoros, but also to take a Texan merchant, whose acquaintance I had made in the Atrato. This gentleman's name is M'Carthy. He is of Irish birth—an excellent fellow, and a good companion; and when he understood my wish to see the South, he had most good-naturedly volunteered to pilot me over part of the Texan deserts. I owe much to Captain Hancock's kindness.

***

23d March.—Left Havana in H.M.S. Immortalité, at 11 a.m. Knocked off steam when outside the harbour.

APRIL 1863

1st April.—Anchored at 8.30 p.m., three miles from the mouth of the Rio Grande, or Rio Bravo del Norte, which is, I believe, its more correct name, in the midst of about seventy merchant vessels.

***

2d April.—The Texan and I left the Immortalité, in her cutter, at 10 a.m., and crossed the bar in fine style. The cutter was steered by Mr Johnston, the master, and having a fair wind, we passed in like a flash of lightning, and landed at the miserable village of Bagdad, on the Mexican bank of the Rio Grande.

The bar was luckily in capital order—3½ feet of water, and smooth. It is often impassable for ten or twelve days together: the depth of water varying from 2 to 5 feet. It is very dangerous, from the heavy surf and under-current; sharks also abound. Boats are frequently capsized in crossing it, and the Orlando lost a man on it about a month ago.

Seventy vessels are constantly at anchor outside the bar; their cotton cargoes being brought to them, with very great delays, by two small steamers from Bagdad. These steamers draw only 3 feet of water, and realise an enormous profit.

Bagdad consists of a few miserable wooden shanties, which have sprung into existence since the war began. For an immense distance endless bales of cotton are to be seen.

Immediately we landed, M'Carthy was greeted by his brother merchants. He introduced me to Mr Ituria, a Mexican, who promised to take me in his buggy to Brownsville, on the Texan bank of the river opposite Matamoros. M'Carthy was to follow in the evening to Matamoros.

The Rio Grande is very tortuous and shallow; the distance by river to Matamoros is sixty-five miles, and it is navigated by steamers, which sometimes perform the trip in twelve hours, but more often take twenty-four, so constantly do they get aground.

The distance from Bagdad to Matamoros by land is thirty-five miles; on the Texan side to Brownsville, twenty-six miles.

I crossed the river from Bagdad with Mr Ituria, at 11 o'clock; and as I had no pass, I was taken before half-a-dozen Confederate officers, who were seated round a fire contemplating a tin of potatoes. These officers belonged to Duff's cavalry (Duff being my Texan's partner). Their dress consisted simply of flannel shirts, very ancient trousers, jack-boots with enormous spurs, and black felt hats, ornamented with the lone star of Texas. They looked rough and dirty, but were extremely civil to me.

The captain was rather a boaster, and kept on remarking, We've given 'em h——ll on the Mississippi, h——ll on the Sabine (pronounced Sabeen), and h——ll in various other places.

He explained to me that he couldn't cross the river to see M'Carthy, as he with some of his men had made a raid over there three weeks ago, and carried away some renegadoes, one of whom, named Montgomery, they had left on the road to Brownsville; by the smiles of the other officers I could easily guess that something very disagreeable must have happened to Montgomery. He introduced me to a skipper who had just run his schooner, laden with cotton, from Galveston, and who was much elated in consequence. The cotton had cost 6 cents a pound in Galveston, and is worth 36 here.

Mr Ituria and I left for Brownsville at noon. A buggy is a light gig on four high wheels.

The road is a natural one—the country quite flat, and much covered with mosquite trees, very like pepper trees. Every person we met carried a six-shooter, although it is very seldom necessary to use them.

After we had proceeded about nine miles we met General Bee, who commands the troops at Brownsville. He was travelling to Boca del Rio in an ambulance,{1} with his Quartermaster-General, Major Russell. I gave him my letter of introduction to General Magruder, and told him who I was.

He thereupon descended from his ambulance and regaled me with beef and beer in the open. He is brother to the General Bee who was killed at Manassas. We talked politics and fraternised very amicably for more than an hour. He said the Mongomery affair was against his sanction, and he was sorry for it. He said that Davis, another renegado, would also have been put to death, had it not been for the intercession of his wife. General Bee had restored Davis to the Mexicans.

Half an hour after parting company with General Bee, we came to the spot where Mongomery had been left; and sure enough, about two hundred yards to the left of the road, we found him.

He had been slightly buried, but his head and arms were above the ground, his arms tied together, the rope still round his neck, but part of it still dangling from quite a small mosquite tree. Dogs or wolves had probably scraped the earth from the body, and there was no flesh on the bones. I obtained this my first experience of Lynch law within three hours of landing in America.

I understand that this Mongomery was a man of very bad character, and that, confiding in the neutrality of the Mexican soil, he was in the habit of calling the Confederates all sorts of insulting epithets from the Bagdad bank of the river; and a party of his renegadoes had also crossed over and killed some unarmed cotton teamsters, which had roused the fury of the Confederates.

About three miles beyond this we came to Colonel Duff's encampment. He is a fine-looking, handsome Scotchman, and received me with much hospitality. His regiment consisted of newly-raised volunteers—a very