Telecommunications Traffic : Technical and Business Considerations

By Sigit Haryadi

This book contains the technical and economic studies of telecommunications traffic, which is required by a person who is or will be engaged in the telecommunications business. This book is also useful for students and lecturers of the faculty in the fields of engineering, business and economics, especially those specializing in the field of Information & Telecommunication.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Dago Press
• Release date: Jan 14, 2015
• ISBN: 9781507069332

Sigit Haryadi

book created by Sigit Haryadi, Famous author and lecturer from Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) Indonesia. This book published by Dago Press in 2013.

Book preview

TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC: TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS CONSIDERATIONS

Sigit Haryadi

Lantip Safari Media

––––––––

TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC: TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS CONSIDERATIONS

Copyright © 2012, Lantip Safari Media

ISBN : 978-602-18578-5-4

All rights reserved,

No portion of this publication may be copied, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Dago Press is registered trademarks of CV Lantip Safari Media, Inc.

Published by :

DAGO PRESS

CV Lantip Safari Media

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Website: www.dagopress.com

Thanks Note

To whom I would like to thank. I could not possibly list all, but I never forgot all the people who means something to me, even if that people are consider me nuts. Firstly thanks to God. Thank you to all of my family members. Thank you for my wife Westi Riani, my son Salman Aditya Firaas and my daughter Salma Huda California. Thank you to all colleges in Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB). Thanks to all of my students.

Preface

I wrote this book, based on my experience of teaching at university and become experts in telecommunication providers and regulators for over 28 years.

This book contains the technical and economic studies of telecommunications traffic, which is required by a person who is or will be engaged in the telecommunications business.

The book is also useful for students and lecturers of the faculty in the fields of engineering, business and economics, especially those specializing in the field of Information & Telecommunication.

January 2013

Sigit Haryadi - Associate Professor at- Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) - Bandung - Indonesia

Table of Contents

Preface                         

Introduction                     

Chapter I – Traffic Demand Characteristic              

1. Traffic Measurements               

2. Creating Mathematical Model           

3. Estimates Traffic Demand           

4. Review of Probability and Statistics for Telecommunication Traffic     

5. Queuing Network Concept           

Chapter II – Grade of Service             

Determining the Quality of Service Requirements     

Specifies Requirements For End-to-end Grade of Service    

Determine the Allocation of the Technical Components in the Telecommunication System           

Chapter III – System Telecommunication Planning           

Controlling traffic             

Dimensional calculation System Capacity (Dimensioning)     

Chapter IV – Traffic Monitoring               

Traffic Monitoring             

Perform Calculations and Performance Analysis of

Telecommunication systems           

Perform Re-calculation of the System Capacity     

INTRODUCTION

The telecommunications industry requires two inseparable aspects, namely economic and technical issues. Telecommunications traffic is one thing that is very fundamental in engineering and economics of telecommunications.

Arrangement of chapters in this book is tailored to the definition, task and objective of telecommunication traffic engineering contained in the recommendations of the ITU-T

Telecommunication Traffic Engineering Definition

Telecommunication Traffic Theory (Tele-traffic theory) is defined as:

The application of probability theory to the solution of problems concerning planning, performance evaluation, operation, and maintenance of telecommunication systems (ITU-T Rec. E.490)

More generally, the theory of telecommunication traffic can be viewed as a planning discipline and performance evaluation of telecommunication networks using probability theory, stochastic processes and queuing theory.

Understanding telecommunications traffic covers all forms of traffic in telecommunication networks. In principle, the theory of telecommunication traffic also includes all telecommunications services. 

Objective of the Telecommunication Traffic Engineering

The purpose of telecommunication traffic theory can be described as follows:

"to make telecommunication traffic can be properly measured using a mathematical model to relate the GOS (grade of service) with capacity telecommunication systems with the aim of telecommunication traffic theory can be a tool for planning telecommunication networks in an efficient, economical and have a good performance"

Task of the Telecommunication Traffic Engineering

The task of the theory of telecommunication traffic is:  "to design a telecommunications system and the capacity of all network elements cost Effectively with reference to the required GOS company or regulator, by first estimating the future traffic needs".

In the telecommunication system is operating, telecommunication traffic theory is used to control the GOS of telecommunications networks remain within the tolerance limits of performance required. Furthermore telecommunication traffic theory can be used to analyze traffic overload and various technical problems that occurred in telecommunications systems. Thus, the theory of telecommunication traffic requires a method for estimating or forecasting the need for traffic to come (traffic demand). It also needed a method to calculate the capacity of the system and understanding of the quantitative measure of GOS.

Thus there are five key words to understand the theory of telecommunication traffic:

The theory of systems and telecommunications technology

Probability theory

Stochastic processes

Method of estimating (forecasting)

Simulation and numerical calculations

CHAPTER I:Traffic Demand Characteristic

Traffic Measurements

Creating Mathematical Model

Estimates Traffic Demand

Review of Probability and Statistics for Telecommunication Traffic

Queuing Network Concept

1.  Traffic Measurement

Telecommunication traffic can be expressed in terms of the intensity of traffic and traffic volume.

Intensity of Traffic

Definition of traffic intensity by ITU-T contained in ITU-T B.18:

The instantaneous traffic intensity in a pool of resources is the number of busy resources at a given instant of time (ITU-T B.18).

Resource pool can be the number of trunks, number of channels, the number of time-slots and so forth depending on the technology used.

Because the resource pool on Unit Standard International is not having dimension (dimensionless), the unit of telecommunications traffic intensity also has no dimension. And the suggestion of many telecom experts who are members of the ITU-T Study Group unit of erlang is used (commonly abbreviated as erl. Or E). Unit of telecommunications traffic intensity recommended by the ITU-T are also standardized by ISO. Using the unit of telecommunications traffic erlang for intensity began in 1946 as a tribute to the Danish mathematician AK Erlangen (1878 - 1929) who first put forward the theory of telephone traffic.

Units unit of telecommunications traffic intensity on the telecommunications network based on IP (Internet Protocol) is still using erlang. It should be noted that the erlang which is dimensionless, suitable for use in modeling telecommunications traffic, and can be used for all kinds of telecommunication services.

The intensity of the traffic used in telecommunication traffic modeling for planning purposes telecommunication system, to control traffic and for traffic and performance monitoring of telecommunications services.

Traffic Volume

The volume of traffic is a traffic that is served by telecommunication systems (= Carried traffic) over a period of time measurement.

Unit of telephony traffic volume according to ITU-T is erlang-hours (Eh), which is equal to the amount of the holding times during the time period of measurement.

According to ISO standards, telephony traffic volume is erlang-seconds, but sometimes also used erlang-hours as recommended by ITU-T.

Traffic volumes of data communication are expressed in bytes: kbyte, Mbyte, Gbyte, TByte .....

The volume of traffic is used for planning and controlling the company's revenue. Therefore, in addition to erlang and erlang-hours-seconds, many operators of telecommunications services using the unit Mbyte units, especially when the operator is implementing volume-based are charging system in IP-based services.

Another Traffic Unit

There are several units of telephony traffic that is used by a limited circle who do not want to use the standard ITU and ISO standards, such as:

a)  SM = Speech-minutes, 1 BC = 1/60 Eh.

b)  CCS = Hundred call seconds: 1 CCS = 1/36 Eh. This unit refers to the mean holding time is assumed = 100 seconds. Ever used in the USA.

c)  EBHC = Equated busy hour calls: 1 EBHC = 1/30 Eh. This unit refers to the mean holding time is assumed = 120 seconds

Erlang Calculation Example

This is an example of the calculation of the intensity of telecommunication traffic in erlang unit. It looks simple, today many people are confused and how do I calculate the intensity of IP traffic in erlang unit

Calculate the intensity of traffic (using erlang unit) on the 3 questions below:

a)  A radio-link with a capacity of 6 channels, with measurements for 30 minutes, every channel average holded for 15 minutes.

b)  A measurement of the digital switch over for 25 minutes, processed about 25,000 calls, which have a mean holding time = 3 minutes.

c)  A web server has a service rate = 1 M bit per seconds, if a 10-minute measurements received 600 requests, each request requires an average of 100 packet data @ 1,000 bits per packet.

Solution : final calculation should be dimensionless, because the requested unit is erlang !!

a)  Traffic Intensity = A = 6 channel x (15 minutes per channel / 30 minutes) = 3 erlang.

b)  Traffic Intensity = A = 25,000 calls x 3 minutes per call / 25 minutes = 3,000 erlang.

c)  Traffic Intensity = A = (600 requests x 100 packets per request x 1,000 bits per packet) / (1 M bits per second x (10 minutes x 60 seconds per minute) = 0.1 erlang

Example of Calculations Related to Promotional Rates

This is an example of the calculation, where as a provider has been kind enough to eliminate the telephone and internet rates, when in fact it is only the business strategy

A Telecommunications Operator providing promotional rates as follows: (a) The call is free, when the communication time does not exceed MHT (mean holding time) (b) free internet connection, if the data transfer for a month does not exceed the