Concise Insect Guide
By Bloomsbury
5/5
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About this ebook
Britain is home to a marvellous variety of insects, including dragonflies, bees, wasps, beetles, bugs and flies. Each species account in the field guide contains accurate artworks and a concise written account which covers size, description, habitat, distribution, foodplants and habits.
The easy-to-follow layouts and illustrations aid quick and precise identification, and make this book an indispensable reference in the field as well as at home.
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Book preview
Concise Insect Guide - Bloomsbury
There are 47 individual Wildlife Trusts covering the whole of the UK and the Isle of Man and Alderney. Together The Wildlife Trusts are the largest UK voluntary organization dedicated to protecting wildlife and wild places everywhere – at land and sea. They are supported by 791,000 members, 150,000 of whom belong to their junior branch, Wildlife Watch. Every year The Wildlife Trusts work with thousands of schools, and their nature reserves and visitor centres receive millions of visitors.
The Wildlife Trusts work in partnership with hundreds of landowners and businesses across the UK in towns, cities and the wider countryside. Building on their existing network of 2,250 nature reserves, The Wildlife Trusts’ recovery plan for the UK’s wildlife and fragmented habitats, known as A Living Landscape, is being achieved through restoring, recreating and reconnecting large areas of wildlife habitat. As well as protecting wildlife this is helping to safeguard the ecosystems that we depend on for services like clean air and water.
The Wildlife Trusts are also working to protect the UK’s marine environment. They are involved with many marine conservation projects around the UK, often surveying and collecting vital data on the state of our seas. Every year they run National Marine Week in August – a two-week celebration of our seas with hundreds of events taking place around the UK.
All 47 Wildlife Trusts are members of the Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts (Registered charity number 207238). To find your local Wildlife Trust visit wildlifetrusts.org
Contents
Introduction
Bristletails
Mayflies
Dragonflies & Damselflies
Grasshoppers & Crickets
Earwigs
Cockroaches & Mantids
Psocids
True Bugs
Thrips
Lacewings
Beetles
Fleas
Scorpion Flies
True Flies
Caddis Flies
Sawflies
Ichneumons
Gall Wasps
Ants
Wasps
Bees
Introduction
Insects are invertebrates, and thus have no internal skeleton. Instead they have an outer shell that contains the internal organs. They are distinguished from spiders and other arachnids by having six legs (arachnids have eight). During its lifetime an insect will go through a series of metamorphoses. At each of these stages it changes its appearance quite dramatically. About a million insect species have been identified so far, and more remain to be described. Almost 100,000 species are found in Europe, with more than 20,000 occurring in Britain. The Concise Insect Guide illustrates some of the most common and distinctive species, and provides details of their distinguishing characteristics, distribution, habitat and behaviour.
Insect Structure
Some insects are so small that a microscope is needed to see them clearly, while a number of moths and dragonflies have wingspans of up to 12cm. The form that they take is also very varied, but they do share certain anatomical characteristics. The bodies of adult insects have three main parts: the head, the thorax and the abdomen.
Head
The head has a pair of compound eyes, whose surfaces are faceted with tiny lenses. The number of these lenses, or facets, varies, but dragonflies, which are swift fliers and active predators, have several thousand in each eye, while some soil-dwelling insects may have none. In addition some insects have ocelli, very simple eyes on the front of the head, probably for detecting the intensity of light rather than for producing images. Insects have two antennae, which are the sensors of smell and touch. Some species have simple antennae that are a series of similar segments well supplied with nerve endings. In other species the antennae may be more complex: branched as in weevils or feather-shaped as in moths.
The head also contains the mouthparts, which are complex and vary according to the feeding method of a species. The mouthparts comprise a pair of jaws, a pair of secondary jaws and a lower lip. There are also four palps that examine the food before it is eaten. The secondary jaws and the lower lip hold the food steady, while the other set of jaws cuts it up. The mouthparts of species that feed on liquids have been modified quite dramatically. True bugs that feed on the sap of plants have piercing mouthparts. Mosquitoes and horseflies have long needle-like jaws, with which they pierce an animal’s skin and withdraw its blood. Moths and butterflies have no jaws, but the secondary jaws have become linked together to form a long proboscis, through which they can suck nectar.
Thorax
The thorax is the motor centre of an insect. It has three segments, on each of which is a pair of legs. The pronotum is a tough plate over the front of the thorax. The legs are variable, but have a femur or thigh, a tibia or shin, and a tarsus or foot. The second segment carries a pair of wings. If there is a second pair of wings, they are on the third segment. Most insects have wings, but they are missing from the primitive bristletails and springtails, and from the parasitic lice and fleas. The scientific names of many of the orders of insects describe their wings: Coleoptera (beetles) means ‘leather wings’, Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) means ‘scaly wings’, Diptera (flies) means ‘two wings’. The forewings of beetles (elytra) are thick and leathery, providing a covering for the hindwings. In flight they are held upright.
Body design of a Common Earwig
Abdomen
The abdomen is the centre of digestion and excretion. It is also where the sexual organs are situated. Most insects have eleven abdominal segments. At the tip there is a pair of cerci, or tail-feelers. Earwig cerci consist