Legendary Locals of New Britain

By Amy Melissa Kirby

New Britain began in 1754 as an ecclesiastical society and farming village, and with few natural resources, was transformed into a modern industrial city by the time of its incorporation in 1871. Attracting waves of immigrant workers and entrepreneurs, this became a diverse but unified community in which people of all ethnicities worked together, served together in times of war, and even played together on the baseball fields. Legendary Locals of New Britain includes remarkable residents among the early inhabitants and settlers; the people and institutions that brought New Britain to cityhood; artists and entertainers; famous or leading immigrants; sports legends; and men and women who have otherwise made their mark on New Britain, the nation, or the world.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Legendary Locals
• Release date: Nov 3, 2014
• ISBN: 9781439648179

Amy Melissa Kirby

With a bachelor of science degree in history and a master of arts degree in public history, Amy Melissa Kirby has spent several years bringing community-focused historical programs to New Britain. The most successful is �Timeless Tales of Fairview Cemetery,� produced in collaboration with the city parks and recreation department. She is also the founder and president of the New Britain Historical Society. Legendary Locals of New Britain is an example of her efforts to discover and celebrate the history of all residents of this great city.

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INTRODUCTION

New Britain was founded and named by colonists who fondly remembered their homeland, despite its intolerance toward their religion. Although in this way it appears to be a typical New England town, New Britain is, in fact, unique. The men and women of New Britain created their modern, cosmopolitan, industrialized city despite a lack of resources that spurred the growth of other industrial towns. New Britain was destined to stand out not because of its natural advantages, but because of the ingenuity and determination of its people.

Historians often note that it was improbable for the area now part of New Britain to be a viable settlement. The area featured extensive swamplands, rocky hills, and meager streams. Even the Mattabesset Indians—the Tunxis, the Wangunks, and the Quinnipiacs—had not a single village here, but, rather, they considered this their hunting grounds. It was not long after the establishment of Hartford that a group of Tunxis solicited settlers from Hartford to purchase and settle land on the bend of a nearby tributary of the Connecticut, known as Tunxis Sepus. The town of Farmington was established in 1645, the first inland settlement west of the Connecticut River. It would soon be the largest town in the colony. Although initially settled miles to the north, this would be the mother town of New Britain.

For the first few decades, Farmington residents remained in their principal village, living in relative harmony with the Tunxis, who helped protect them during King Philip’s War. Eventually, a highway laid out between Hartford and New Haven brought attention to the swampy wilderness of southern Farmington. A few men were granted tracts of land in this area, generally out of some sort of civic service to the colony. A wealthy merchant, Capt. Andrew Belcher, saw this land as an opportunity and purchased large tracts from the original owners. He made some improvements—roads, cleared farmland, and a few structures—and offered lots with easy terms for settlers. In 1686, Richard Seymour and others from Farmington chose to settle in the Great Swamp along a path that they named Christian Lane. Beginning as a fort, the settlement began spreading out as Belcher sold his tracts. The population grew quickly, and in 1705, the community established itself as an independent ecclesiastical society, the Great Swamp Society. Eventually renamed Kensington Society, it began in the mid-1720s to experience disagreements between different sections of the parish. A group of residents in the northernmost portions of the community petitioned the Connecticut General Assembly to create their own ecclesiastical society, which they were granted. This was the establishment of New Britain Society in May 1754.

A hardy and capable lot, the first residents of New Britain sustained their relatively isolated agrarian village and maintained their devotion to church and work. Most were farmers, although typical Colonial-era businesses began to spring up. Blacksmiths and tinsmiths provided locals with tools and utensils for farming and domestic work. A couple of stores came into existence to provide trade for goods imported from the rest of the colony or beyond. Taverns brought in some money from travelers on the principal roads, and there were a few small sawmills and gristmills that used the small streams found in the parish.

Blacksmiths saw the success of the tinsmith, and some had already created a line of products for farming, milling, and domestic use. But without brass fittings and knobs, they could not compete with the fancier goods from Massachusetts. So, three blacksmiths’ sons went abroad to learn the brass-making trade. Upon their return in 1799, James North Jr. and Samuel Shipman partnered in what is considered the first manufacturing venture in New Britain, the production of brass sleigh bells. North and Shipman soon became one of the principal manufacturers of brass goods, selling them all over the colonies via the horse-drawn wagons of Yankee peddlers, and continually diversifying to survive the first decades of the 19th century. By the 1850s, other local families began to follow suit as industrialists or investors, and even some men from outside the area saw the opportunity here. This began a century of almost steady industrial growth, earning New Britain the title Hardware Capital of the World.

It was not only determined growth and diversification of products that made New Britain great. To overcome the lack of waterpower, Frederick Stanley was the first to employ a steam engine. In similar spirit, New Britain industrialists were prolific in patenting not only their goods, but also tools and technologies of industry. The success of New Britain’s factories made this city a destination for immigrants from around the world. Industry and population exploded, and New Britain became a town in 1850, and then a city in 1871. The residents and city leaders designed, alongside the factories, a great city of beautiful architecture, towering churches, and lush parks. The tough life of factory work was balanced by sports activities, civic societies, the arts, and shopping. By the end of the 19th century, New Britain was an industrial giant and probably one of the most cosmopolitan cities between New York and Boston. And it continued to grow into the 20th century. When, in World War II, the War Department called for production of armaments and equipment for the armed forces, New Britain’s great factories were ready to answer the call. Men and women were not only glad to have a steady job, but they were also proud of the work they did for their nation.

When the war ended, most manufacturers converted to their prewar goods. Some companies survived this expensive process, while others ran into trouble. Meanwhile, across the nation, new expressways were being laid out to give people and businesses access to the increasing trend of automobile travel and truck shipping. With a booming economy, New Britain’s manufacturers saw the time for expansion, but they had no highway access and no land left in the middle of the city. This problem was at first ignored by city leaders, and initial plans for expressways through the city were turned down. They could see no reason to bisect the city and bulldoze homes when the factories were doing fine as they were. After all, big manufacturing built this city, so did they not have an unbreakable tie to the city? As it turns out, beginning in 1950, industry leaders began telling city leaders that, frankly, they had no obligation to the city. Tax breaks and better highway access offered by other locales were too good to pass up. By the end of the decade, the first big companies began closing their plants, commencing an exodus that would change the face of the city. Civic leaders and residents could see the consequence of inaction. Beginning with the ceremonial swing of a sledgehammer in 1961 by Mayor Julius Kremski, the period of redevelopment began.

Redevelopment involved a few initiatives: better transportation, more room for manufacturers to grow, and conversion of industrial zones to commercial use. This began with a feverish demolition of buildings, including not only the big factories but, unfortunately, a number of historic buildings. Not one, but two expressways were laid out through the city, further transforming and obliterating the landscape in the name of modernization. A few industrial zones were created on the outskirts of the city, but in most cases the companies either found a better offer or the city could not come through with a deal. What was left when the dust settled was a new city. Of the large manufacturers, only Stanley Works remained, keeping some of its operations as well as its headquarters in New Britain. Routes 72 and 9 cut travel time to surrounding towns. Huge shopping and office centers sprawled where the dingy brick monoliths once stood. And outside of downtown, the skyline was now dominated by the numerous church steeples and towers, surely making for a more pleasing view. Those not enjoying the scene were workers who had lost their jobs. While smaller manufacturers continued to operate, overall, available jobs dwindled due to a more diverse economy, which continues to this day.

Today, New Britain is in many ways similar to other postindustrial towns in its evolution during the 20th century. While the landscape and economy has changed, there remain definite advantages owing to New Britain’s great industrial history. Cityhood, for instance, would not likely have taken place, and without industry, New Britain could very well have remained a part of the towns of Berlin or Farmington. Ethnic diversity is still a major characteristic of New Britain, thanks to the industries that attracted immigration. And while New Britain struggles to redefine itself in the 21st century, its residents still enjoy the pride of their city and their heritage, which in many ways make New Britain a legend in Connecticut.

That being said, let us consider some of the local legends of New Britain—the people who have found themselves in local lore for one reason or another. Legends include the most esteemed city leaders and the most commonplace people to be found in written and oral accounts of the city. Legends include lifetime residents, those who spent a short time here, and those who left at one point to make a name for themselves. With its long and colorful history, New Britain has yielded legends in all aspects of life. The founding families are spoken of for their courage to start this new community and to help fight for independence and democracy. Veterans from all wars—from Colonial times to this day—yield a variety of legends. Industrialists and their spirit of capitalism and philanthropy brought industry and so much more to this city. Artists and entertainers of all types either bestowed their works here or have at one time called New Britain home. The story of the