Endocrine System: A Tutorial Study Guide

By Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.

“Endocrine System” is a part of the Principles of Biology course series textbooks. It is a tutorial written in questions and answers format. It is a study guide with in-depth explanations. Each section is a modular unit that is self-contained for easy reading. The principles and concepts are introduced systematically so students can learn and retain the materials intuitively.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.
• Release date: Aug 16, 2013
• ISBN: 9781301642939

Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.

Dr. Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., is an author and a university professor with a Ph.D. degree in Physiology and 3 bachelor's degrees in Computer Science, Physics, and Astrophysics.She uses innovative teaching methods to challenge students and engage them to participate in learning. The books she has written are intuitive, easy-to-read and understand because she applies the theories of learning gained from her neurobiological research.The pedagogy uses immediate feedback to provide answers to questions instantly to accelerate the rate of learning and knowledge acquisition. The interactive and self-paced method allows students to explore knowledge modularly and incrementally without a pre-defined path of exploration.The brain-compatible pedagogy was inspired by the results of her brain research, which identified how decisions are affected by emotions using a neurobiological model of emotions she has created.She has teaching experience in physiology, neuroscience, and neuropsychopharmacology.

Book preview

Preface

Endocrine System is a part of the college-level Principles of Biology course series textbooks. It is a tutorial written in questions and answers format to describe the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system, hormones, hormonal release, hormonal feedback systems an the evolution of the endocrine system.

It is a study guide with in-depth explanations. Each section is a modular unit that is self-contained for easy reading. The principles and concepts are introduced systematically so students can learn and retain the materials intuitively.

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Textbooks by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., in the Principles of Biology course series:

Principles of Biology textbook in one volume:

Principles of Biology: Animal Systems

ISBN 9781301691739

Individual chapters of the Principles of Biology textbook series:

Biological System

ISBN 9781301003891

Scientific Methods

ISBN 9781301898688

Biological Principles

ISBN 9781310803666

Origin of Species

ISBN 9781301352456

Nervous System

ISBN 9781301053025

Neuron

ISBN 9781301119646

Action Potential

ISBN 9781301115372

Synapse

ISBN 9781301374120

Reflex

ISBN 9781301991266

Neurotransmitter

ISBN 9781301268610

Sensory System

ISBN 9781301660070

Motor System

ISBN 9781301500895

Endocrine System

ISBN 9781301642939

Reproductive System

ISBN 9781301424078

Circulatory System

ISBN 9781301262410

Respiratory System

ISBN 9781301805389

Immune System

ISBN 9781301452309

Renal System

ISBN 9781301927111

Digestive System

ISBN 9781301317097

Textbooks by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., in the Neuropsychopharmacology course series:

Neuropsychopharmacology textbook in one volume:

Neuropsychopharmacology

ISBN 9781311596178

Individual chapters of Neuropsychopharmacology textbook series:

Neuropsychopharmacology: An Introduction

ISBN 9781301482733

Scientific Methods

ISBN 9781301898688

Mind-Brain Connection

ISBN 9781301903405

Pharmacology: In Introduction

ISBN 9781301843534

Pharmacokinetics

ISBN 9781301010776

Dose-Response Curve

ISBN 9781301541812

Learning Mechanisms

ISBN 9781301729531

Cognitive Learning

ISBN 9781301966455

Experimental Methods in Neuropsychopharmacology

ISBN 9781301966455

Brain Imaging Techniques

ISBN 9781311863638

Nervous System

ISBN 9781301053025

Neuron

ISBN 9781301119646

Action Potential

ISBN 9781301115372

Synapse

ISBN 9781301374120

Reflex

ISBN 9781301991266

Neurotransmitter

ISBN 9781301268610

Neurotransmitter Pathways

ISBN 9781301696666

Cytoplasmic Release of Neurotransmitters

ISBN 9781311978615

Executive Functions

ISBN 9781301125968

ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ISBN 9781301318445

Schizophrenia

ISBN 9781301972692

Affective Disorders: Depression, Mania and Bipolar Disorder

ISBN 9781311988416

Anxiety Disorders

ISBN 9781311060419

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Table of Contents

Cover Page

Preface

Endocrine System

Evolution of Endocrine System

Hormones

First and Second Messengers

Endocrine Glands

Posterior Pituitary

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Anterior Pituitary

Growth Hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Prolactin

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Pineal Gland

Melatonin

Thyroid Glands

Thyroid Hormones

Calcitonin

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Adrenal Glands

Glucocorticoid

Mineralcorticoid

Adrenaline

Pancreatic Hormones

Insulin

Glucagon

Thymus

Thymoxin

Reproductive Hormones

Androgens

Estrogens

Progestogens

About the Author

Other Books Published by the Author

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1.Endocrine System

Objectives

Understand the functions of the endocrine system

Understand the function and regulation of hormone release

Understand the regulation of internal environment

Concepts to Learn

First messengers

Second messengers

Hormonal functions

Regulation of hormonal release

Feedback control of hormones

Control of endocrine glands

Hypothalamic and pituitary control of hormonal release

Anterior pituitary hormones

Posterior pituitary hormones

Control of pineal gland hormone

Control of thyroid hormones

Control of adrenal hormones

Control of pancreatic hormones

Control of reproductive hormones

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1.1.Evolution of Endocrine System

Objectives

Understand how endocrine system is evolved

Understand the difference between autocrine, paracrine and endocrine systems

Understand the difference between endocrine and exocrine systems

Understand the chemical signals used to communicate by hormones

Understand the advantages and disadvantages of using chemical signals for communication

Q&A

What is an autocrine system?

It is the system that a cell releases chemicals to affect itself when binding with its own receptor.

Autocrine (Auto = self; -crine = secreting) system was first evolved to use chemical signals to bind with receptor to produce a cellular response.

What is a paracrine system?

It is the system, which a cell releases chemicals to the neighboring cells to respond to.

Paracrine (para = parallel, next; -crine = secreting) system was evolved next when the organism evolved to be larger multicellular organism. Communication with the neighboring cells becomes more important for multicellular organisms.

Paracrine system relies on diffusion to spread the chemical signal.

What is an endocrine system?

It is the system, which releases chemicals to the inside of the body.

Hormones are usually released in the endocrine system. Endocrine (endo = inside; -crine = secreting) system includes glands that secrete chemicals inside the body.

When an organism evolved even bigger that contain billions of cells, communication via diffusion by the paracrine system is inefficient. Instead, endocrine system is evolved to take advantage of the circulatory system to move the chemical signal (hormone) by a pump.

What is an exocrine system?

It is the system, which releases chemicals to the outside of the body.

Sweat and tears are examples of the exocrine system. Exocrine (exo = outside; -crine = secreting) system includes glands that secrete chemicals to the body surface.

What is the progression in the evolution of endocrine system?

It evolves from