Essential Laboratory Skills for Biosciences
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About this ebook
Written by experienced lecturers this handy pocket book provides:
- Simple to follow laboratory techniques
- Clear use of diagrams and illustrations to explain techniques, procedures and equipment
- Step by step worked out examples of calculations including concentrations, dilutions and molarity
Suitable for all first year university students, the techniques in the book will also be useful for postgraduate and final year project students and enhance the practical and theoretical knowledge of all those studying bioscience related subjects.
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Essential Laboratory Skills for Biosciences - Mohammed Meah
This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley's global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Meah, Mohammed.
Essential laboratory skills for biosciences / Mohammed Meah and Elizabeth Kebede-Weshead.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-68647-8 (pbk.)
1. Chemistry–Laboratory manuals. 2. Chemical apparatus–Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Kebede-Weshead, Elizabeth. II. Title.
QD45.M39 2011
507.2′1—dc23
2011043893
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
List of Figures
Chapter 1 Measurements and Calculations
Figure 1.1 Accuracy and precision shown on a target
Figure 1.2a Beaker
Figure 1.2b Conical (Erlenmeyer) flask
Figure 1.2c Measuring cylinder
Figure 1.2d Burette
Figure 1.2e Volumetric flask
Figure 1.2f Pipette
Figure 1.3 Location of the meniscus of a liquid
Figure 1.4 Parts of a Gilson pipette
Figure 1.5 Circle of pipettes
Figure 1.6 Tips used with pipettes
Figure 1.7 Setting the volume on a Gilson pipette
Figure 1.8 Types of pipette tips
Figure 1.9 Pipette inserted into beaker
Figure 1.10 Ejecting tip using tip ejector button
Figure 1.11 Multichannel pipette
Figure 1.12 Pasteur pipette
Figure 1.13 Portable digital top-loading balance
Figure 1.14 Plastic boat
Figure 1.15 Spatula
Figure 1.16 A typical analytical balance
Chapter 2 Preparing Solutions
Figure 2.1 Wash bottle
Figure 2.2 Serial dilution of a stock solution
Chapter 3 Separation of Liquids and Solids
Figure 3.1a Funnel
Figure 3.1b Cone-shaped filter paper
Figure 3.1c Fluted-shaped filter paper
Figure 3.2 Buchner funnel
Figure 3.3 Side-arm filtering flask
Figure 3.4a Low-speed centrifuge
Figure 3.4b High-speed centrifuge
Figure 3.5 Microhaematocrit centrifuge
Figure 3.6a Capillary tube
Figure 3.6b Capillary tube showing separated components after centrifugation
Figure 3.7 Chromatogram showing baseline, spots and solvent front
Figure 3.8 Gel electrophoresis chamber
Figure 3.9 Gel electrophoresis wells
Chapter 4 Common Techniques and Equipment
Figure 4.1 pH paper
Figure 4.2 pH meter
Figure 4.3 Spectrophotometer
Figure 4.4 Cuvettes
Figure 4.5 Standard curve of light absorption against concentration
Figure 4.6 Inoculating loop
Figure 4.7 Bunsen burner
Figure 4.8 Petri dish
Figure 4.9a Streak plate
Figure 4.9b Plate with colonies
Chapter 5 Microscopy and Histology
Figure 5.1 Binocular light microscope
Figure 5.2a Objective lens of microscope
Figure 5.2b Ocular lens of microscope (eyepieces)
Figure 5.2c Stage and clips to hold slide
Figure 5.3 Adjustment of ocular lens
Figure 5.4 Ocular micrometer
Figure 5.5 Stage micrometer
Figure 5.6 Overlaying of ocular and stage micrometers
Figure 5.7 Unstained slide with wax covered section
Figure 5.8a H & E staining tray
Figure 5.8b Placing slide in Erlich's haematoxylin
Figure 5.8c Making a permanent mount of stained tissue
Figure 5.8d Permanent slide (stained)
Figure 5.9 Haemocytometer
Figure 5.10 Haemocytometer grid with dimensions
Chapter 6 Cardiorespiratory Measurements
Figure 6.1a Sphygmomanometer
Figure 6.1b Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
Figure 6.2 Automatic blood pressure monitor
Figure 6.3 Finger prick pen
Figure 6.4a Lancet
Figure 6.4b Pushing lancet into pen
Figure 6.4c Removing base of lancet
Figure 6.4d Pen containing inserted lancet
Figure 6.4e Pen placed perpendicular to side of finger
Figure 6.4f Ejection of used lancet from pen
Figure 6.5 Wet seal spirometer
Figure 6.6a Controls of wet seal spirometer
Figure 6.6b Controls to switch between spirometer and atmosphere
Figure 6.7 Loading vitalograph chart paper onto moveable tray
Figure 6.8a Vitalograph at the beginning of a blow
Figure 6.8b Vitalograph at the end of a blow
Figure 6.9 Electronic spirometer (MicroPlus)
Chapter 7 Recording and Presenting Data
Figure 7.1 Example of line graph
Figure 7.2 Example of bar graph
Figure 7.3 Example of scatter graph
Figure 7.4 Drawing line of best fit using linear regression
Figure 7.5 Testing the line of best fit
Figure 7.6 Pie chart
Appendix 4 Principle of Spectrophotometry
Figure A4.1 Components of a spectrophotometer
Appendix 6 Using Software to Draw Tables, Graphs and Calculating Descriptive Statistics
Figure A6.1 Bar graph showing changes in the mean heart rate (±SEM) of students at rest and during a maths test
List of Tables
Chapter 1 Measurements and Calculations
Table 1.1 Common measurements and their units and symbols
Table 1.2 Common prefixes
Table 1.3 Common measurement units of volume
Table 1.4 Volume ranges for Gilson pipettes
Chapter 2 Preparing Solutions
Table 2.1 Standard solutions prepared from a stock solution by dilution
Chapter 4 Common Techniques and Equipment
Table 4.1 Acids and bases commonly used in the laboratory
Table 4.2 Volumes of stock and water used to produce diluted standard solutions
Table 4.3 Absorbances of the standard and unknown solutions
Chapter 7 Recording and Presenting Data
Table 7.1 Examples of independent and dependent variables
Table 7.2 Glucose tolerance test for normal and diabetic persons
Appendix 6 Using Software to Draw Tables, Graphs and Calculating Descriptive Statistics
Table A6.1 Example of a table using Microsoft Word or Excel
Table A6.2 Descriptive statistics
Acknowledgements
We are extremely grateful to Varoopah Senthuran for taking the majority of photographs, and her enthusiasm, support and assistance in a variety of other tasks during the production of this book. Discussions on book contents with John Allum and Alberto Sanchez-Medina at the initial stage of writing the book were highly appreciated by the authors. We are also grateful to Stefano Casalotti and Winston Morgan for their suggestions and helpful feedback on the manuscript. We would also like to thank the following, for their help in providing the various apparatus in different laboratories, and for suggestions in taking better photographs: Susan Harrison, Raymond Stoker, Stephen Garrad, Duncan Kenedy, Kevin Clough, Manchu Ambihaiphan, Ashford Clovis, and Keith Eley.
We would also like to thank the publishing editors of Wiley Publishers for their patience, understanding and guidance in the