AS London Underground (LU) passenger numbers have returned to almost pre-pandemic levels, the need to upgrade the existing systems to meet forecast demand remains. Use of the network is projected to increase into the 2030s. The ongoing Piccadilly Line upgrade is projected to enable train frequency to increase from 24 trains per hour (tph) to 27 tph during peak times.
The oldest of LU’s 600+ trains date back 50 years. While the 72 Tube Stock (TS) used on the Bakerloo Line
