COP26 state of play: as climate conference comes to a close, where do things stand?

Climate change was described earlier this year by Antonio Guterres, the UN Secretary-General, as "the defining issue of our time", so expectations for COP26 in Glasgow could hardly have been higher.

After the hottest decade in human history, commitments to transform energy generation, protect forests, cut methane emissions, change transport systems and reconfigure the global financial system were seen as crucial.

Now, as the climate summit enters its final stretch - it is officially due to end on Friday at 6pm UK time, but COP summits are notorious for overrunning and it may not be until Sunday when its final texts are agreed - This Week in Asia looks at the progress made so far, and considers where efforts fell short.

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Limiting the movement of capital into fossil fuels has been a key aim of COP26, with Mark Carney central to efforts.

This former governor of the Bank of England is now the UN Special Envoy on Climate Action and Finance, and co-chairperson of Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ).

Carney announced in Glasgow that the total value of companies committing to net zero was US$130 trillion, a major increase on the US$5 trillion when the UK and Italy took over the presidency of COP.

While more than 450 banks and other financial institutions have signed up, major Chinese, Russian and Indian ones have not, and Chinese banks are the biggest investors in coal.

Away from the speeches, the meetings and the negotiations of COP26, the world's media were just as interested in what was happening on the streets of Glasgow.

Greta Thunberg, the 18-year-old Swedish activist, was one of thousands of young people who skipped school and marched in the Scottish city to demand change.

They took to the streets on the first Friday of the conference in honour of the Fridays for Future movement that swept Thunberg to global attention.

With protest marches being held across the globe, the activists put forward an agenda far more radical than the incremental steps being haggled over by bureaucrats.

Brandishing banners with slogans such as "End Climate Betrayal", they called for the abandonment of fossil fuels and, as Thunberg memorably put it, an end to "blah, blah, blah".

Keeping the global temperature rise to no more than 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels was a central aim of the Paris Agreement adopted in 2015.

Research released during COP26 indicated that even when pledges at the event were factored in, a 2.4 °C rise was likely - with all the consequences, such as more extreme weather events, that go with it.

"Many countries are taking action and are cutting emissions or limiting them more than they would've done if we had carried on with business as usual," said Bob Ward, policy and communications director at the London School of Economics' Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.

"[But] there needs to be greater ambition and more concrete action being taken on the ground to give people confidence these pledges are going to be delivered by 2025 or 2030."

For an event with a name that includes two acronyms, it is perhaps appropriate that a dizzying array of initials were employed at COP26 (26th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, or United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).

As well as GFANZ, the banker-turned-UN-climate-envoy Mark Carney was promoting the Taskforce on Scaling up Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM), which encourages the private sector to invest in carbon offsets.

Other Glasgow initiatives included the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance (BOGA, aiming to end oil and gas), the Energy Transition Mechanism (ETM, which focuses on phasing out coal) and the First Movers' Coalition (FMC, which promotes climate-friendly research and development).

Add to these many non-governmental organisations (NGOs), including Compassion in World Farming (CIWF), which released a report saying that meat and dairy consumption reductions were essential to limit climate change.

Coal is the biggest offender among the fossil fuels when it comes to climate change, being responsible for about 14 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020.

Ahead of COP26, the G20 pledged to stop financing coal abroad by the end of this year, while in Glasgow, 46 nations agreed to phase it out, with developed nations to end its use by the 2030s and other nations by the 2040s.

Non-signatories included, however, some of the biggest coal users: Japan, India, the United States and China, which is home to about half the planet's coal-fired power generation capacity.

Japan has not committed to phasing out coal, although it plans to get less than one fifth of its electricity from the fuel by 2030, down from 30 per cent now. There may be hints of movement in China, which back in September promised to stop financing foreign coal projects.

"President Xi Jinping has started talking about controlling coal consumption in China," Ward said.

Speaking of hints of movement, Wednesday's surprise announcement that the US and China would boost climate cooperation over the coming decade could herald further shifts by the world's two biggest emitters.

A joint declaration included commitments to cooperate on cutting methane emissions; protecting forests; improving technology and information exchanges; and ramping up the use of renewable energies. It also promised the establishment of a working group tasked with enhancing climate action in the 2020s.

Both sides were keen to play the agreement up, having faced criticisms throughout the conference of doing too little. John Kerry, the US climate change envoy, described the declaration as "only the beginning", while Xie Zhenhua, China's chief climate negotiator, vowed the countries would "jointly strengthen climate action and cooperation".

However, the declaration offered little in the way of new quantitative targets, prompting some scepticism over how much of a breakthrough the declaration really represents.

Negotiations on how to trade emissions reduction units have continued into the final days of COP26, highlighting the difficulties linked to an issue that has remained unresolved since the Paris Agreement.

Referred to in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, carbon markets will become increasingly important as countries look to achieve net zero while continuing to burn fossil fuels.

Many of the roadblocks to agreement concerned how to deal with historical units and those that fell outside each country's nationally determined contributions - their submitted proposals for limiting carbon emissions.

There is also the issue of how to prevent double counting, which could happen when emissions reductions are transferred between nations.

"It's clear there's widespread acknowledgement double counting would be a bad idea," said Ward.

Additional reporting by Owen Churchill

This article originally appeared on the South China Morning Post (SCMP).

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