Milton Friedman dedicated an entire chapter of his 1962 bestseller Capitalism and Freedom to Occupational Licensure and famously criticized the licensing of physicians in the US as being a cause of high costs and doctor shortages. Nearly 60 years later, the physician licensing pipeline, health care costs and doctor shortages (particularly in rural areas) remain a critical public policy issue. Niskanen Center policy analyst Robert Orr breaks down his latest report on repairing the U.S. medical residency pipeline.