In today's episode, Abby answers a listener question: why is Russia's seemingly powerful, modern military, which Putin has spent billions to modernize, so drastically underperforming expectations? To answer this question, Abby starts out by recapping the evidence that Russia's military has not lived up to the expectations of Western military analysts or of Russia itself. Next, Abby explains that Russia underestimated Ukrainian willingness to resist- leading Russia to plan for a very short and decisive military operation. Thus, the Russian military is under-performing because the forces do not have the supplies or manpower that they need to successfully fight the conflict they are currently confronting. Abby also explains that Western analysts over-estimated Russian military effectiveness because Russia has not fought a war like this in recent history. Abby concludes by explaining what this tells us about war more broadly.