ASCO: You’re listening to a podcast from Cancer.Net. This cancer information website is produced by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, known as ASCO, the voice of the world's oncology professionals. The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions. Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guests’ statements on this podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement. Cancer research discussed in this podcast is ongoing, so data described here may change as research progresses. In this podcast, members of the Cancer.Net Editorial Board discuss new research in molecular testing, also known as biomarker testing or tumor marker testing, to help guide treatment for people with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. This podcast is led by Dr. Ryan Gentzler, Dr. Xiuning Le, Dr. Brendan Stiles, and Dr. Vamsidhar Velcheti. Dr. Gentzler is the director of the Thoracic Oncology Clinical Research Program at the University of Virginia (UVA) and chairs the UVA Cancer Center’s Lung Cancer Translational Research Team.  Dr. Le is an assistant professor in the Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology in the Division of Internal Medicine at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Dr. Stiles is chief of thoracic surgery and surgical oncology at Montefiore and Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Dr. Velcheti is the director of thoracic medical oncology at New York University Langone’s Perlmutter Cancer Center. View disclosures for Dr. Gentzler, Dr. Le, Dr. Stiles, and Dr. Velcheti on Cancer.Net. Dr. Gentzler: Thank you, everyone, for joining us. We've got a great group here today, and we're really going to focus on talking about molecular testing in lung cancer. This is a very hot topic. My name is Ryan Gentzler from the University of Virginia. I'm a thoracic medical oncologist. We have Drs. Le, Stiles, and Velcheti with us today. I'd like them to go ahead and introduce themselves, starting with Dr. Le. Dr. Le: My name is Xiuning Le. I'm an assistant professor. I'm at the MD Anderson Cancer Center here in Houston, Texas. I'm also a medical oncologist. Thank you, Ryan, for inviting us today. Dr. Stiles: Hey, everybody. I'm Brendan Stiles. I'm a thoracic surgeon. I'm chief of thoracic surgery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Montefiore Health System here in the Bronx in New York. Dr. Gentzler: All right, thanks for joining us. And Dr. Velcheti. Dr. Velcheti: Thank you, Ryan. I'm Vamsidhar Velcheti. I'm the director of the thoracic oncology program at NYU. Dr. Gentzler: All right, great. We hear a lot of terms thrown around about molecular testing, genomic testing, biomarkers, oncogenic drivers, and I thought it would be good to just define what exactly is molecular testing, so all of our listeners are aware of what we're talking about. Dr. Le, do you want to take this question? Dr. Le: Yeah. So we have many terms, as you described. In my eyes, there are 2 sets of testing, and then some of them also classify into actionable versus not actionable. So for clinical use, we usually ask the tumor to be tested for both the mutations as well as the immune marker. Usually, the panel of mutational testing is more than a field. Usually, it's depending on the platform we're using, oftentimes in the hundreds of things. And then the immune markers, usually, we refer to PD-L1 and the tumor mutational burden. Those are the 2 commonly used markers now in the clinic. Some of those markers, especially the hundreds in gene testing, not all of them can lead to a clinical decision because we're still in the phase of understanding the interactions of different genes. However, there is a subgroup of those mutations. Nowadays, we have targe