ASCO: You’re listening to a podcast from Cancer.Net. This cancer information website is produced by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, known as ASCO, the world’s leading professional organization for doctors who care for people with cancer. The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions. Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement. Cancer research discussed in this podcast is ongoing, so the data described here may change as research progresses. Cancer does not affect all people equally. Some groups of people, including racial and ethnic minorities, poor people, sexual and gender minorities (LGBT+ people), adolescent and young adult populations, and older adults, are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer, or have poorer outcomes. This is known as “health disparities.” In today’s podcast, Dr. Petros Grivas and Dr. Edith Mitchell discuss health disparities in cancer clinical trials, why it is important for clinical trials to be inclusive, and resources for people with cancer who face barriers to care. Dr. Grivas is the clinical director of the Genitourinary Cancers Program at University of Washington Medicine, and an associate member of the clinical research division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. He is also a Cancer.Net Specialty Editor. Dr. Mitchell is Clinical Professor of Medicine and Medical Oncology at Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, and the Director of the Center to Eliminate Cancer Disparities at the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University. View disclosures for Dr. Grivas and Dr. Mitchell at Cancer.Net. ASCO would like to thank Dr. Grivas and Dr. Mitchell for discussing this topic. Dr. Grivas: Hello. This is Petros Grivas. I'm a medical oncologist at Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. I'm an associate professor at University of Washington and associate member of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. I'm real delighted today to be able to discuss with a legend in the field, Prof. Dr. Edith Mitchell. Dr. Mitchell is well-known internationally for her work in oncology as well as health care disparities. Dr. Mitchell is directing the Diversity Services features of the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, and is a full Professor there, she is a medical oncologist, as I mentioned. And in addition to many achievements that she has over the years, and her international role in cancer research education and patient care, a few examples of her achievements include that she has been selected to be a member of the President's Cancer Panel and also in the NIH Council of Councils, which speaks highly of her contributions in the field. And I was impressed to find out recently that she was the first woman physician that was promoted to the rank of general in the U.S. Air Force. And again, there're many other accomplishments. Dr. Mitchell and myself have no relevant disclosures in relation to this particular topic that we're discussing today.  Dr. Mitchell, thanks for joining us today. Dr. Mitchell: Well, thank you so much, Dr. Grivas. It's really good to speak with you again, Dr. Grivas.  And thank you so much for the opportunity to discuss disparities with you today. Dr. Grivas: Absolutely. And thank you so much, Dr. Mitchell, for your nice words. We talked a bit about health care disparities. And your work in the field is really, really important. Could you comment a little bit about health care disparities—the definition—and what we mean when we talk about that? Dr. Mitchell: Sure. So when we speak about disparities, it's very important that we understand that for any disease process, whether it's a cancer disease or some other disease, if there are difference