Next generation sequencing (NGS)13 technology, also known as massively parallel sequencing (MPS), is being incorporated rapidly to clinical laboratory testing. Current applications include detection of germline variants in inherited diseases, somatic variants in cancers, subpopulations of circulating cell-free DNA, and single viral or microbial genomes in infections or metamicrobial genomes in normal or altered human flora. Each application is unique and has its advantages and disadvantages.