Safe and Sustainable Arctic Shipping Management and Development

By Mawuli Afenyo, Adolf K.Y. Ng and Naima Saeed

Safe and Sustainable Arctic Shipping Management and Development presents insight into what is happening currently in the Arctic in shipping and natural resource exploration. It discusses the challenges in harnessing the potential of the Arctic and are geared towards achieving a sustainable and productive Arctic. It enables both researchers and practitioners to apply the theoretical knowledge obtained in the field to solve challenging Arctic issues.

The book focuses on the management and development of Arctic shipping, including the use of shipping for natural resource exploration and the socio-economic implications of shipping activities in the Arctic. It covers the geography, planning, environmental, economics, management, policy, regulations, and governance of the Arctic comprehensively. It also closely integrates the implications of Arctic activities with indigenous ways of life. The book is divided into four major sections, namely Theoretical Settings, Economic Opportunities and Risks, Operational Challenges, and Environmental and Social Implications.

This book is a quality companion to any researchers, policymakers, and industrial practitioners involved in transport and environmental planning and management as a solid platform for further research, planning, and development of appropriate policies and practices.

• Captures the latest state of affairs in Arctic shipping and recent evolutions
• Shows forward-thinking policies of the Arctic by leading scholars, predicting a very favorable future of the Arctic
• Focuses on operational aspects—constraints, challenges and opportunities, and the extent to which shipping can become a development tool

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: Apr 17, 2024
• ISBN: 9780443188480

Mawuli Afenyo

Mawuli Afenyo is currently Assistant Professor at Texas A&M University, US. He previously worked at the Memorial University of Newfoundland and the Asper School of Business of the University of Manitoba and Transport Institute, Canada, as well as in Italy and Ghana. He obtained his PhD from the Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada and focused on developing tools for improving the safety of shipping in Arctic regions for which he won the outstanding award for graduate research. Further, he co-founded CCAPPTIA, a non-profit consulting and research organization with more than 60 researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. He won the KLU- young researcher award for his work on “A method for assessing the socio-economic impact of oil spills generated by Arctic shipping.” Dr. Afenyo is also co-editor of the Maritime Economist. He has also organized conferences, e.g. 1st and 2nd Climate Change Adaptation for Transportation Infrastructure for Ports and the Arctic Conference.

Book preview

9780443188480_FC

Safe and Sustainable Arctic Shipping Management and Development

First Edition

Mawuli Afenyo

Department of Maritime Business, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX, United States

Adolf K.Y. Ng

Faculty of Business and Management, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China

Naima Saeed

School of Business and Law, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

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Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Photo collection

About the authors

Preface

Section A: Theoretical settings

Chapter One Setting the scene

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Chapter layouts

3 Previously published materials

References

Chapter Two Arctic shipping development and management: A holistic view

Abstract

1 Definition of the Arctic

2 The Arctic Council

3 Management and development of the Arctic: The cases of selected countries

4 China and the Arctic

5 Business and environmental management view of the Arctic

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter Three Arctic policies, governance, and cooperation: A catalyst for the development and management of the Arctic

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Selected Arctic countries policy

3 Selected non-Arctic countries policy

4 Policy similarities

5 The Polar Code

6 The Barents Euro-Arctic transport plan

7 Discussions and conclusions

References

Section B: Economic opportunities and risks

Chapter Four Potential consequences of Arctic shipping and resource exploitation

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Discussions

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Five Operational risks of Arctic shipping

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Operational risk factors in the Arctic

3 Polar Code and its role in risk management

4 The Bayesian Network as a tool for assessing the operational risk of arctic shipping

5 Methodology

6 Discussions

7 Conclusions

References

Section C: Operational challenges of Arctic shipping

Chapter Six Arctic oil spills: Should we be worried?

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Fate and transport processes of oil

3 Response to oil spills

4 Policies regulating oil spills

5 Discussions

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter Seven Arctic shipping insurance

Abstract

Acknowledgment

1 Introduction

2 Literature reviews

3 Methodology

4 An overview of industry experience in Arctic shipping insurance

5 Analysis of case study with the proposed model

6 Analysis of the case

7 Results and discussions

8 Conclusion

References

Chapter Eight Evaluation of Arctic resources exploration, management, and supply chains

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 A link between the resource exploration trends and shipping needs

3 The role of third-party services in supporting resource exploration and shipping in the Arctic

4 The resupply of tourism in the Arctic during COVID-19

5 The risk of the Arctic supply chain disruption

6 Conclusion

References

Section D: Environmental and social impacts of Arctic shipping

Chapter Nine Environmental and socio-economic implications of Arctic development

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Environmental impacts

3 Assessing the social impacts

4 Discussions

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter Ten Indigenous knowledge and culture: How important is it for Arctic development?

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Indigenous knowledge and culture in Arctic development

3 Conclusion

References

Chapter Eleven Perspective of frontline individuals involved in Arctic works and research

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Amundsen expedition

3 The CCAPTIA conference

4 Discussions

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter Twelve Cybersecurity in the Arctic: Are businesses and infrastructures safe?

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Arctic cybersecurity and business operations

3 Data and Arctic maritime cybersecurity

4 Risk, insurance, and Arctic maritime cybersecurity

5 Discussions

6 Conclusion

References

Index

Copyright

Elsevier

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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN: 978-0-443-18849-7

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Image 1

Dedication

For Dr. David G. Barber

Pearls are everywhere but not the same as the eyes

Thank you.

Photo collection

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A photo illustrating a ship trapped in the frozen sea ice during the winter in northern Canada. (Source: Authors, taken in February 2018.)

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Extreme physical conditions substantially increase the difficulty in the construction, operation, and maintenance of transport infrastructures in the Arctic region. This is a photo illustrating the typical physical landscape in the Arctic region. (Source: Authors taken in October 2017.)

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Ice melting in the summer has made the Arctic passages more accessible to shipping activities. However, as illustrated in this photo, sea ice does not always melt completely but often ends up with small, numerous icebergs flowing along the Arctic seas and passages, posing considerable risks to the ships that attempt to navigate through. (Source: Courtesy of Thomas Linkowski from Amundsen Science Program, August 2019.)

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A photo illustrating the CCGS Amundsen navigating through the Arctic waters with splintered sea ice in front of it. (Source: Tommy Pontbriand from Amundsen Science Program, August 2019.)

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The hazards of Arctic shipping are not only restricted to sea ice. This photo illustrates a ship navigating through the Northwest Passage with thick fog and thus poor visibility. (Source: Adam Tremblett from Amundsen Science Program, August 2019.)

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A photo illustrating the view of the frozen sea near Greenland from a ship’s engine control room. (Source: Source: Petermann Glacier from Amundsen Science Program, August 2019.)

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A photo illustrating the natural landscape along the Northwest Passage in the summer. (Source: Julia Baak from Amundsen Science Program, August 2019.)

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A photo illustrating the Arctic natural landscape in the summer in Greenland. (Source: Petermann Glacier from Amundsen Science Program, August 2019.)

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A photo illustrating the Arctic natural landscape in the summer in Greenland. (Source: Petermann Glacier from Amundsen Science Program, August 2019.)

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A photo illustrating two researchers conducting their work in the CCGS Amundsen. (Source: Petermann Glacier from Amundsen Science Program, August 2019.)

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Inland connection plays a significant role in affecting the success of Arctic shipping. This photo illustrates the damaged rail tracks connecting the town of Churchill with the rest of Canada due to floods. The damaged infrastructures took more than a year to repair, causing huge socio-economic consequences to local communities. (Source: Authors, taken in October 2017.)

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The town of Churchill is a major gateway connecting the Canadian Arctic with the rest of Canada. This photo illustrates the town of Churchill’s train station, with the port of Churchill in the background. (Source: Authors, taken in October 2017.)

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The CCAPPTIA Conference (www.ccapptia.com) involves key scholars, policymakers, and practitioners in addressing Arctic shipping and development. This photo illustrates the opening ceremony of the first CCAPPTIA conference, held in Winnipeg, MB, Canada. (Source: Authors, taken in May 2018.)

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A photo illustrating a discussion session on Arctic shipping and development during the third CCAPPTIA Conference. It was held in partnership with the Hong Kong Maritime Museum in Hong Kong, China. (Source: Authors, taken in August 2023.)

About the authors

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Dr. Mawuli Afenyo is currently a professor at Texas A&M University and holds a PhD in engineering. Prior to becoming an academic, he worked in engineering consulting. Mawuli is well published and has authored and coauthored more than 40 journal articles, conference proceedings, and scientific reports. He is also a sought-after speaker at conferences on the Arctic. Dr. Afenyo has taken part in major multidisciplinary, multinational, large-scale scientific projects in different countries around the world, including Finland, Norway, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, China, Hong Kong, and Ghana. Mawuli is cofounder of the nonprofit organization called CCAPPTIA—An International Forum for Climate Change Adaptation Planning for Ports, Transportation Infrastructure, and the Arctic (see www.ccapptia.com), made up of more than 50 practitioners and researchers around the world. Dr. Afenyo has also been interviewed by different outlets, both print and radio. Some include the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and SciTech Daily, among others, about oil spills. He has also offered his services as a consultant to different government agencies as well as other corporate organizations around the world. Until recently, Dr. Afenyo was the coeditor of the Maritime Economist, the official magazine of the International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME).

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Adolf K.Y. Ng is currently a chair professor and the acting dean of the Faculty of Business and Management, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China. He received his DPhil from the University of Oxford, excelling in the research and teaching of transport, global supply chains, and green logistics. His scholarly outputs include 9 books, more than 110 papers in leading journals, and other forms of publication. He receives numerous prestigious accolades and frequently offers strategic advice to major organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), the European Commission (EC), and the African Development Bank (AFDB). He is an associate editor of Maritime Policy & Management, the chief editor of The Maritime Economist, the official magazine of the International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), and a council member of IAME. He is a cofounder of CCAPPTIA (www.ccapptia.com), an international forum that brings together leading experts around the world in addressing the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change and the Arctic.

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Naima Saeed is a professor in supply chain management at the School of Business and Law at the University of Agder, Norway. She has a PhD in logistics from Molde University College (Norway), specializing in maritime logistics. Before joining the University of Agder, Saeed worked as an associate professor in logistics at Molde University College. Saeed was an honorary visiting fellow at La Trobe Business School, Melbourne, Australia, and a visiting scholar at the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland, USA; School of Business IT and Logistics, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia; University of California, Berkeley, United States; Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Nelson Mandela University Business School, South Africa; and at the University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Tanzania. Saeed has published papers in well-acknowledged international peer-reviewed scientific journals and conference proceedings. Saeed received research funding from several sources, including the European Union and the Research Council of Norway. Saeed was a member of the Norwegian Association of Higher Education Institutions’ committee for the research methods course (2016–2020).

Preface

Doing research in the Arctic region is never easy or straightforward. Its remoteness and extreme weather conditions seriously restrict the time, seasons, and areas that allow researchers to conduct their work, not to mention the substantial costs often associated before and during the research process (for example, in a three-week research trip conducted by the authors on the research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen, the bill read around USD 20,000 per person). In addition, the Arctic region, in many cases, is the home of many Indigenous peoples and communities. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) (www.arcticwwf.org/our-priorities/arctic-communities/), there are more than 40 Indigenous peoples in the Arctic, representing about 10% of the Arctic’s total population of about four million. Their very existence has given much food for thought to us when developing the approaches, methods, instruments, and attitudes in Arctic research, given the (increasing) importance to protect the tradition and livelihood of these peoples and communities during the research process. Indeed, in the past decade, we have witnessed many universities and research institutes introducing much more restrictive ethical guidelines on research projects and places where Indigenous people and communities might be affected. Hence, one could easily imagine the challenges and complexity in conducting quality research on virtually any areas and disciplines in the Arctic nowadays.

This is perhaps what has made the contents of this book especially valuable. All of us have our roots from places that (at least seem to) have little connection with the Arctic. Yet, at certain career stages, we have somehow got involved in the study of the Arctic, and we never look back, albeit as an outsider it came at a big opportunity cost. In hindsight, we could not imagine how much sweat and sleepless nights that we have committed in conducting fieldwork, writing numerous reports, papers (and, of course, this book), and grant proposals simply to secure enough funds to keep our project ongoing. In addition, we actively organized different workshops and conferences to enhance the impacts of our research, which played a significant role in the establishment of CCAPPTIA, an international forum that brings together leading experts, stakeholders, and right holders from academia, government, industry, consultants, interest groups, and community groups in addressing the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change and the Arctic. Between 2018 and 2023, CCAPPTIA has organized six Arctic-themed workshops and conferences held in Canada, China (including Hong Kong), France, and online. Some of the photos in this book serve as a little reminder of such sweat and sleepless nights. While not necessarily the very first piece of work (although certainly pioneers) that addresses the safety, sustainability, and socio-economic impacts of Arctic shipping and development and likely a long way to achieving perfection, the contents reflect our every bit of effort, commitment, and resilience in contributing to the Arctic and its communities. Published right after having firmly put the COVID-19 pandemic behind us, it will be our greatest satisfaction if readers find the contents interesting and insightful and that the book could contribute to making the Arctic and our world a better place. And what a way to celebrate our decade-old Arctic research by publishing a book on the Arctic with a highly reputable publisher (thanks, Elsevier)!

Needless to say, our research would not be possible without generous support. In this regard, we acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (#UICR0600041), Genome Canada and Research Manitoba through the GENICE Project (genice.ca), CCAPPTIA (www.ccapptia.com), and Amundsen Science. Some of the photos included in this book were collected during the 2019 Expedition aboard the Canadian research icebreaker CCGS Amundsen and made available by the Amundsen Science Program, supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation through Université Laval. Also, we would like to thank Dr. Gary Stern, the coproject leader of the GENICE Project. His advice, encouragement, and support to us throughout the years have greatly facilitated our research in the Arctic. On a personal note, Adolf K.Y. Ng would like to thank Dr. David G. Barber, who, unfortunately, passed away in April 2022. Being one of Canada’s most influential and accomplished Arctic researchers, in 2015, David somehow decided to invite Adolf (who, by then, had minimal Arctic knowledge) to his office, telling him why he was the most appropriate individual to conduct research on the socio-economic impacts of Arctic shipping and convincing him to take up the challenge. The rest, they say, is history.

Finally, in the brave new world of AI technology, we guarantee that not one single word in this book comes from ChatGPT or any other Generative AI.☺

Thank you very much for the support and happy reading!

Mawuli Afenyo, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX, United States

Adolf K.Y. Ng, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China

Naima Saeed, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

Section A

Theoretical settings

Chapter One Setting the scene

Abstract

This chapter offers a detailed, holistic overview of the approach to Arctic shipping management and development. It explains the objectives, uniqueness, and contributions of this book. The chapter sets the scene and tone for the other chapters to follow. It introduces the various themes the reader will encounter and