J.D. Ponce on Søren Kierkegaard: An Academic Analysis of Either/Or: Existentialism Series, #1

By J.D. Ponce

This exciting essay focuses on the explanation and analysis of Søren Kierkegaard's Either/Or, one the most influential works in history and whose understanding, due to its complexity and depth, escapes comprehension on a first reading.

Whether you have already read Either/Or or not, this essay will allow you to immerse yourself in each and every one of its meanings, opening a window to Kierkegaard's philosophical thought and his true intention when he created this immortal work.

• Language: English
• Publisher: J.D. Ponce
• Release date: Feb 20, 2024
• ISBN: 9798224070862

Book preview

J.D. PONCE ON

SøREN KIERKEGAARD

An ACADEMIC ANALYSIS OF EITHER/OR

© 2024 by J.D. Ponce

INDEX

PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

Chapter I: HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Chapter II: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Chapter III: POLITICAL EVENTS

Chapter IV: RELIGIOUS SITUATION

Chapter V: PHILOSOPHICAL LANDSCAPE

Chapter VI: CULTURAL MILIEU

Chapter VII: LITERARY INFLUENCES

Chapter VIII: UNDERSTANDING EITHER/OR

Chapter IX: EXPLORING THE DIAPSALMATA

Chapter X: THE EROTIC STAGES

Chapter XI: FIRST PRE-SYMPARANEKROMENOI ESSAY

Chapter XII: SECOND PRE-SYMPARANEKROMENOI ESSAY

Chapter XIII: THIRD PRE-SYMPARANEKROMENOI ESSAY

Chapter XIV: THE FIRST LOVE

Chapter XV: CROP ROTATION

Chapter XVI: DIARY OF A SEDUCER

Chapter XVII: THE AESTHETIC VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE

Chapter XVIII: THE AESTHETIC AND ETHICAL SPHERES

Chapter XIX: ULTIMATUMS

Chapter XX: FAITH’S EXPECTATIONS

Chapter XXI: GOODS AND GIFTS

Chapter XXII: THOUGHT, TIME AND HUMAN QUEST

Chapter XXIII: EITHER/OR’S PHILOSOPHICAL IMPACT

Chapter XXIV: INFLUENCE ON PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter XXV: EITHER/OR, MODERN CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Chapter XXVI: IMPLICATIONS IN THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

Chapter XXVII: EXTENDED IMPACT OF EITHER/OR

Chapter XXVIII: EITHER/OR’S 50 KEY QUOTES

Preliminary Considerations

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard, born on May 5, 1813, in Copenhagen, Denmark, was an enigmatic and influential figure in philosophy and literature. His profound writings and unique approach continue to captivate readers, pushing them to reflect deeply on existence, human nature, and the complexities of faith.

Kierkegaard's upbringing in a devoutly religious home, coupled with his father's pious influence and his mother's melancholic disposition, laid the foundation for his introspective and existential orientation. These early experiences not only shaped his understanding of religious devotion but also instilled in him a keen sensitivity to the inner struggles of the human psyche, a theme that would permeate his works.

From an early age, Kierkegaard demonstrated an exceptional intellect and a deep understanding of various philosophical movements, including German idealism and Romanticism. At the University of Copenhagen, he was exposed to the works of thinkers such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schelling, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. While engaging with these influential philosophers, Kierkegaard simultaneously developed his distinctive approach that would challenge and transcend existing philosophical frameworks.

What sets Kierkegaard apart from his contemporaries is his use of pseudonyms and personas in his literary works. Through these narrative devices, he sought to delve into multiple perspectives, challenge conventional thinking, and unveil the intricacies of the human condition. Each pseudonym represented a distinct voice, enabling Kierkegaard to address different aspects of existential questions and present contrasting viewpoints.

Central to Kierkegaard's writings is his exploration of the existential condition, especially the tensions between reason, faith, and subjective experience. Rejecting the pursuit of objective certainty, he emphasized the significance of individual subjectivity. For Kierkegaard, genuine understanding and meaning could only emerge through an authentic engagement with one's own experiences and a willingness to confront uncertainty and anxiety.

One of his seminal works, Fear and Trembling, presents an in-depth examination of the story of Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac. In this work, Kierkegaard dives into the complexities of faith, ethics, and the individual's relationship with God. He recognizes the ethical dilemmas that arise from adhering to divine commands in the face of societal norms and personal morality. Kierkegaard emphasizes the importance of subjective truth and the subjective leap of faith that transcends rationality as a means to a deeper understanding of oneself and the divine.

Kierkegaard's The Concept of Anxiety delves into the psychological and existential dimensions of anxiety, challenging the prevailing notion of anxiety as solely negative. He proposes that anxiety is not merely an object of fear to be avoided but a fundamental part of human existence. Anxiety arises from the tension between freedom and responsibility, possibility and finitude. Kierkegaard argues that embracing anxiety can lead to self-awareness, personal growth, and the realization of one's true potential.

Moreover, Kierkegaard explores the intricacies of human relationships, particularly romantic love, throughout his writings. In Either/Or, presented through the voices of two pseudonyms, he examines the contrasts between aesthetic and ethical modes of existence. The aesthetic individual seeks fleeting pleasures and avoids commitment, while the ethical individual embraces responsibility, personal integrity, and self-reflection. These contrasting perspectives serve as mirrors reflecting Kierkegaard's own lived experiences with love, as he wrestled with the turmoil of his engagement to Regine Olsen, ultimately breaking it off to pursue a solitary and introspective life.

Throughout his life, Kierkegaard grappled with a deep sense of loneliness and existential anguish. His works, such as The Sickness Unto Death and his posthumously published Journals, offer poignant insights into his personal struggles and philosophical ruminations on the human condition. Kierkegaard believed that genuine self-discovery and a willingness to confront the depths of one's existence were essential for leading a truly meaningful life.

Søren Kierkegaard's philosophical legacy extends far beyond his contemporaries, influencing thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus. His emphasis on the individual's subjective experience, the examination of existential dread, and the necessity of making subjective leaps of faith continue to resonate with those grappling with questions of identity, meaning, and purpose in a complex modern world.

Influential Events and Relationships:

Søren Kierkegaard's journey through life was a tumultuous one, marked by a series of thought-provoking events and influential relationships that profoundly impacted his philosophical thought and writings in Either/Or. This chapter delves even deeper into the significant experiences and individuals that shaped Kierkegaard's perspective, unraveling the intricate threads woven throughout his work.

One of the most pivotal events in Kierkegaard's life was the death of his father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, in 1838. This profound loss shook the young Kierkegaard to his core, causing him to question the purpose and meaning of life itself. Wrestling with the stark reality of mortality and the existential turmoil of human suffering, Kierkegaard developed a deep sense of introspection that would become central to his philosophical explorations.

Kierkegaard's relationship with his father was a complex one, characterized by a dichotomy of influence and tension. Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, a devoutly religious man, instilled in his son a fervent piety and adherence to faith. However, the elder Kierkegaard's strictness and authoritarian nature strained their relationship. This tension between religious devotion and the oppressive weight of authority motivated Kierkegaard to delve into the complexities of faith, ethics, and the individual's relationship with God in Either/Or.

Moreover, it is worth mentioning that Kierkegaard's father, a retired merchant, had experienced significant financial setbacks, leaving the family in a diminished economic situation. This financial strain impacted the young Kierkegaard's outlook on material possessions and the connection between wealth and authentic living. This nuanced understanding of the human condition is reflected in his critique of the superficiality and excesses of societal norms and aspirations within Either/Or.

Another influential figure in Kierkegaard's life was Regine Olsen, his former fiancée. Their engagement, which lasted merely a year before Kierkegaard abruptly broke it off, holds profound significance in understanding his theories of love, relationships, and the nature of commitment. The anguish he experienced in severing this bond weighed heavily on his soul, prompting him to challenge conventional notions of passion, ethical duty, and the significance of personal sacrifice. Kierkegaard's decision to dissolve their engagement was not simply due to fear of marriage or personal inadequacy, but rather due to a profound understanding that he could not fulfill his true calling and devote himself fully to both God and Regine. This sacrifice and rejection of conventional happiness further fueled his philosophical exploration into the tension between passion and duty, and the complexities and contradictions embedded within human relationships.

Additionally, Kierkegaard's brother, Peter Christian Kierkegaard, played a role in shaping his philosophical thought. As a pastor, Peter supported his brother's literary pursuits, providing financial assistance. However, he held reservations about Søren's unorthodox approach to theology and faith, posing a tension between conformity and individuality. The dissonance in their views strained their relationship, yet this tension contributed to Kierkegaard's understanding of the individual's struggle against institutionalized religion and societal norms. Kierkegaard's critique of religious institutions in Either/Or reflects his rejection of the notion that faith can be commodified or reduced to external practices, advocating instead for the authentic and personal experience of one's relationship with God.

Moreover, Kierkegaard's association with the Danish philosopher and theologian Hans L. Martensen holds significance in understanding his intellectual development. Though the two were initially friends, their complex relationship gradually deteriorated as they diverged in their philosophical and theological views. Martensen's influence, while critical in shaping Kierkegaard's criticism of Hegelianism and prevailing philosophical trends, also further fueled his passionate pursuit of individuality, authenticity, and the subjective nature of truth. The clash between Martensen's more objective and systematic approach to philosophy and Kierkegaard's emphasis on subjectivity and inwardness led to a vivid exploration of these themes in Either/Or.

However, it was the tragic loss of Kierkegaard's mother, Anne Sørensdatter Lund Kierkegaard, when he was just five years old, that had an even more profound impact on his philosophical voyage. The untimely demise of his mother left a lasting void in his life, prompting him to contemplate the existential questions surrounding life, death, and bereavement. This profound experience of loss and grief fueled Kierkegaard's relentless pursuit of meaning, purpose, and faith. Within Either/Or, Kierkegaard grapples with the paradox of a loving God allowing such suffering, and questions the existential implications of a world marked by profound loss and grief. His personal experiences provide him with a unique insight into the human longing for purpose and the inherent tension between faith and doubt.

Furthermore, Kierkegaard's personal battles with anxiety and depression significantly influenced his philosophical inquiries into despair and the human quest for meaning. Throughout his life, he grappled with intense bouts of anxiety and periods of deep despair, which left him feeling isolated and disconnected from the world around him. These personal struggles compelled him to confront questions of despair, hope, and the search for authenticity. Within Either/Or, Kierkegaard dedicates considerable attention to exploring the various stages of existence, from the aesthetic to the ethical and the religious, as potential paths toward finding meaning and overcoming despair. By drawing upon his own experiences with anxiety and depression, Kierkegaard offers readers a profound insight into the complexities of despair and the universal human longing for inner authenticity.

Chapter I

Historical Context

Denmark in the 19th century experienced a mix of cultural influences, resulting from its unique position as a small Scandinavian nation caught between larger European powers. The nation underwent significant socio-economic and political changes, transitioning from a pre-industrial agrarian society to the emergence of an urbanized middle class.

Intellectually, the era was marked by a shifting tectonic plate of ideas and ideologies, challenging long-held beliefs and traditions. The Enlightenment had a profound impact on Danish society, introducing notions of reason, rationality, and skepticism towards traditional religious beliefs. Figures such as Thomas Aquinas, Immanuel Kant, and David Hume played pivotal roles in shaping these philosophical tendencies, which emphasized logical thinking, empirical observation, and scientific inquiry.

The Danish Enlightenment was also influenced by the German Aufklärung movement, especially through figures like Immanuel Kant. Rationalist philosophers, theologians, and scientists began questioning the authority of the Church and the absolute power of monarchies, advocating for individual liberty and the separation of powers. This rationalist movement sought to free individuals from the shackles of tradition and religious dogma, encouraging a more secular and cosmopolitan worldview.

However, the Enlightenment was not the sole driving force behind the intellectual climate in 19th-century Denmark. Simultaneously, the rising influence of Romanticism challenged the dominance of reason by emphasizing passion, emotion, and individual experience. Romanticism celebrated the beauty of nature, the sublime, and the depth of human emotions, providing a counterbalance to the rationalist tendencies.

In Denmark, Romanticism flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, with figures like Adam Oehlenschläger and Jens Baggesen leading the way. These writers sought to capture the essence of Danish national identity through their works, drawing on historical events and folklore. They portrayed the Danish landscape and its people as deeply connected to nature, folklore, and a shared history, cultivating a sense of national pride and unity.

Furthermore, the effect of the Napoleonic Wars on Denmark cannot be underestimated in understanding the cultural climate of the time. Denmark, as a neutral nation, found itself inexplicably caught in a complex web of political struggles between European powers. The loss of Norway to Sweden in 1814 prompted introspection and a search for a distinct Danish national identity.

These circumstances greatly influenced the cultural zeitgeist, as intellectuals and artists grappled with questions of patriotism, national identity, and the role of Denmark in the European landscape. The flowering of Danish nationalism during this period had a profound impact on the country's cultural and intellectual milieu.

Denmark's unique geographical location, encompassing the Jutland Peninsula and numerous islands, further shaped its cultural development. The sea has always played a significant role in Danish history and identity, as the nation's ties to maritime trade and seafaring traditions were significant. This connection to the sea influenced Danish literature, art, and music, imbuing them with a distinct maritime character.

The works of Hans Christian Andersen exemplify this maritime spirit, as his fairy tales draw upon nautical themes and explore the human condition through fantastical storytelling. Andersen's stories often reflect the ambiguity of life, the unpredictability of the sea, and the power of human imagination to navigate the trials and tribulations of existence.

Religiously, Denmark witnessed a tension between traditional Lutheranism and the forces of both secularism and Pietism. The Lutheran Church continued to hold a significant grip on Danish society, but there emerged a growing dissatisfaction with its dogmas and rigid structures. Pietism, a revivalist movement emphasizing individual religious experience, gained traction among certain segments of the population and served as a precursor for later religious developments.

It is within this complex tapestry of cultural, intellectual, and religious influences that Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy emerged. His writings reflect a deep engagement with the questions and conflicts that shaped 19th-century Denmark. As he critically examined the prevailing intellectual currents, Kierkegaard sought to reconcile reason and passion, tradition and modernity, and religious faith with