Bibliography and Footnotes, Third Edition: A Style Manual for Students and Writers

By Peyton Hurt

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1968.

• Language: English
• Publisher: University of California Press
• Release date: Nov 15, 2023
• ISBN: 9780520338135

Peyton Hurt

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Bibliography and Footnotes

Bibliography

and Footnotes

A Style Manual

for Students and Writers

By PEYTON HURT

THIRD EDITION

REVISED AND ENLARGED BY

MARY L. HURT RICHMOND

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY, LOS ANGELES, LONDON

University of California Press

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.

London, England

Third Edition, 1968

Copyright © 1949, 1968, by

The Regents of the University of California

Second Printing, 1973

ISBN: 0-520-00589-9

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 67-26633

Printed in the United States of America

TO

SYDNEY B. MITCHELL

IN APPRECIATION OF HIS

NEVER-FAILING GOOD NATURE

WISE COUNSEL AND

STIMULATING PROFESSIONAL LEADERSHIP

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

IN THE course of time since Bibliography and Footnotes was first printed, many students, research workers, and librarians concerned with advising writers have commended the work as a concise and practical guide. Many, too, have requested more illustrations and much more about government documents. The present revision offers additional information, with as little sacrifice of brevity as possible.

The fundamentals of bibliographical and footnote references to books and articles are treated with only slight changes from what was said in the second edition. This part of the work may be used separately, without reference to the full treatment of government documents, statute and case citations, or scientific references. For the benefit of those who are primarily intereśted in references to documents the fundamentals of document citation and their characteristic peculiarities are described in detail in the section on United States government documents. This section may be used or taught independently of such special categories of document reference as, for example, the United Nations. The expansion of government activities and government regulation in the social and economic fields, and the attendant increase in publications reporting and describing them, have made government documents one of our most abundant sources of printed information. Students are citing documents more than ever before, and no other class of printed materials presents so many confusing problems. The document sections in this manual are sufficiently detailed, and include a sufficient number of illustrations, to enable the student to apply the principles even when no special instruction has been given in class work.

Instructions for typing the final draft of a manuscript, and specimen thesis pages, have been added to meet the needs expressed by graduate students. It was not considered practical, however, to increase the size of this book further by inclusion of material on research methods; several dependable manuals are already available on general methods of assembling data, and others treat the special subject fields. Similarly, no attempt has been made to offer detailed rules of editorial practice, correct usage, proofreading, and the like, which are adequately presented in the manuals of style included in the Selected List of References, pages 149-150. English composition and grammar, also, are considered to lie outside the scope of this work. And no attempt has been made to describe the varying usages in foreign languages, since it is assumed that if a student has a working knowledge of the principles of citation in English the application of these principles will be a matter of judgment, in whatever language the citation be made.

I am indebted to Joel F. Walters, Senior Editor, University of California Press, for his friendly interest and helpful suggestions during the preparation of this edition. Except for his sharp eye many faults might have otherwise appeared in print. Professor Wallace W. Douglas, Department of English, Northwestern University, has kindly given permission to use the title page and parts of his doctoral dissertation. The generous cooperation of Wyllis Wright, Librarian, and Juanita Terry, Reference Librarian, Williams College, has often allowed me to work conveniently in my home and also as far away as East Africa. Through the kindness of the Library staff of University College, Nairobi, Kenya, United Nations depository materials were there made available to me.

M. L. H. R.

Williamstown, Massachusetts

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES TO BOOKS

Essential Points of Information

1. AUTHOR'S NAME

2. TITLE

3. SERIES AND NUMBER

4. EDITION

5. IMPRINT—PLACE: PUBLISHER, DATE

6. MAIN PAGINATION

Recommended Form of Reference to Books

REFERENCES TO ARTICLES

Essential Points of Information

1. AUTHOR’S NAME

2. TITLE OF THE ARTICLE

3. NAME OF THE PERIODICAL

4. VOLUME NUMBER

5. DATE

6. NUMBER OF THE ISSUE (ORDINARILY OMITTED)

7. PAGINATION OF THE ARTICLE

Recommended Form of Reference to Articles

REFERENCES TO GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

Essential Points of Information

1. GOVERNMENT AGENCY AS AUTHOR—U.S.

2. PERSONAL AUTHOR

3. TITLE

4. IMPORTANCE OF SERIES AND NUMBER

5. EDITION

6. IMPRINT

7. SERIAL NUMBER

Recommended Form of Reference to Documents

1. U. S.. CONGRESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

2. U. S. DEPARTMENTAL PUBLICATIONS

3. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

4. U. S. LAWS, STATUTES, ETC.

5. U. S. SUPREME COURT, ETC.

6. STATE AND MUNICIPAL DOCUMENTS

7. BRITISH GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS, ETC.

8. OTHER FOREIGN GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

9. PUBLICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

FOOTNOTES

FULL FORM OF FOOTNOTE CITATION (For First Reference)

1. BOOKS

2. ARTICLES

3. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

4. PARTS OF BOOKS—ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES

5. INDIRECT QUOTATIONS

6. DISSERTATIONS, MANUSCRIPTS, AND INTERVIEWS

7. U. S.—NATIONAL, STATE, and MUNICIPAL DOCUMENTS

8. BRITISH GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

9. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

10. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES

11. LAWS, STATUTES, ETC.

12. COURT DECISIONS

SHORTENED FOOTNOTE CITATIONS (For Later Reference, Etc.)

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REFERENCES

TYPING THE MANUSCRIPT

Specimen Pages References and Index

SELECTED LIST OF REFERENCES

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

THE SCHOLARLY investigation of a subject usually requires the intelligent and systematic collection of data to be used in support of the author’s interpretations and conclusions. Inevitably, most of the data so collected will derive from printed materials, and the author is expected to acknowledge his use of these materials, not only as a courtesy, but also as an indication of his willingness to subject his sources to investigation. In making acknowledgments it becomes necessary to utilize, in bibliography and footnotes, certain techniques and conventions of citation. This manual is concerned with the forms in which the techniques and conventions are employed when proper credit is assigned by the author for the sources upon which he has relied. The basic principles which underlie the citation of data are summarized; a sufficient number and variety of examples are presented to illustrate the practical application of the principles; and the commonly acceptable variants are indicated.

The documentation of a work (i.e., citation of sources) indicates the authorities upon which the text is based. The authorities may be listed in an appended bibliography, or cited in footnotes, or both. Ideally, the bibliography in scholarly works gives the detailed identification of all works consulted, while the footnote is a specific reference apprising the reader of the exact source of a statement within the text. A clear understanding of the differences between these two basic forms is necessary to an understanding of the principles of citation.

Bibliographical references and footnote citations contain the information which permits the reader to test the origin of all important statements which are neither common knowledge nor original with the author. The items of the bibliography are general references to entire works, but the footnotes are particular references acknowledging ideas, statements, facts, or quotations taken from other authors. Footnotes may be employed to acknowledge the source of the information used, whether it be fact, theory, or opinion; to assign credit; to cite authority for controversial state ments; to support arguments; to guide the reader to additional and related material; to identify quoted material; to interpret, limit, evaluate, describe, compare, or augment meaning within the text; or to refer to other pages or passages in the same text. In order that references of the one kind or the other shall be meaningful and intelligible to the reader, a clear, concise, consistent, and non- repetitive form of citation must be employed.

There is no common agreement among scholars, editors, bibliographers, or publishers concerning the exact forms to be used in making either footnote citations or bibliographical references to books, articles, or other printed works. Consequently, in the absence of any uniform style of citation, it is imperative that all the essential information for the identification and location of the materials cited be presented in some manner which does not allow of misinterpretation, and that this information be full enough to be understood by those for whose use it is intended.

The essential information which is required in references to books, articles, and documents is not difficult to assemble. However, the arrangement and sequence of the data, the punctuation, the use of italics and parentheses, the inclusion or omission of individual items, the use of abbreviations for volume, page, and number, and other details are treated variously, and reflect usages peculiar to the different subject fields. For example, in scientific works the footnote references are written commonly in a shortened form, and often eliminated by the use of various devices. In legal publications the footnote citations are given in an abbreviated style characteristic of the law. In works in the social sciences and the humanities the footnotes are usually cited in a longer form of reference which gives complete bibliographical information the first time a work is cited. In all fields of knowledge the footnote and bibliographical references reveal various forms, whether these be full or abbreviated.

Advantages of the forms recommended—The style of citing references recommended in this manual represents standard practice, so far as any practice in current use may be said to be standard. The forms include information sufficient for the identification of the works to be cited, and have been simplified as much as clarity will allow. This information is developed in logical sequence and is nonrepetitive. Because all essential information is included in the recommended forms of bibliographical reference, these forms may easily be adapted to the prevailing practices in various fields. They may also be used with little change, either in a footnote at the bottom of the page or in a bibliography at the end of a chapter or article. However, note is made of the different forms in common use, and various methods of handling particular details are discussed.

It is recognized that, after a fair knowledge of the principles of citation and an appreciation of the significance of the individual items of a reference are acquired, the reader will probably adopt modifications which apply to his own subject or personal needs. Nevertheless, alterations should be made only with an awareness of good bibliographical practice and in conformity with it. It must always be understood that in citation there is no one commonly accepted form; many forms of references are permissible. But when a writer chooses one form or another, he must be consistent within the same manuscript, and he should include in his references at least enough particulars of information to permit identification of the works referred to. Although various methods of citation are approved by usage, the student will profit by the adoption and consistent use of one style which conforms to his personal needs and to the requirements of his subject field.

The need of taking full references—When assembling material for a paper, thesis, or the like, a student should learn to make a complete notation of each publication used, and should cultivate the habit of so doing when using a book or article for the first time. In the daily routine of scholarship much time is lost in the relocation of printed materials because notation of the authors name, the title of the work, or the facts of its publication was erroneous or incomplete. Time is needlessly wasted, for example, from the common failure to note an author’s name in full. Without the given names or initials, one must often check over many authors of the same surname in a library catalog, bibliography, or periodical index, in order to complete the notation. The details of each reference consulted by the student should be recorded with ac curacy and completeness. At first this practice will require the exercise of conscious and deliberate attention to each item in the reference. Nevertheless, habits of precision are the basis of scholarship and demand cultivation.

"Does the author aim at money and profit? It will be a wonder then if he succeeds, since he will only stitch it away in great haste like a tailor on Easter-eve;