The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. IX: Africa for the Africans June 1921-December 1922

By Marcus Garvey

"Africa for the Africans" was the name given in Africa to the extraordinary black social protest movement led by Jamaican Marcus Mosiah Garvey (1887-1940). Volumes I-VII of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers chronicled the Garvey movement that flourished in the United States during the 1920s. Now, the long-awaited African volumes of this edition (Volumes VIII and IX and a forthcoming Volume X) demonstrate clearly the central role Africans played in the development of the Garvey phenomenon.

The African volumes provide the first authoritative account of how Africans transformed Garveyism from an external stimulus into an African social movement. They also represent the most extensive collection of documents ever gathered on the early African nationalism of the inter-war period. Here is a detailed chronicle of the spread of Garvey's call for African redemption throughout Africa and the repressive colonial responses it engendered. Volume VIII begins in 1917 with the little-known story of the Pan-African commercial schemes that preceded Garveyism and charts the early African reactions to the UNIA. Volume IX continues the story, documenting the establishment of UNIA chapters throughout Africa and presenting new evidence linking Garveyism and nascent Namibian nationalism.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1996.
"Africa for the Africans" was the name given in Africa to the extraordinary black social protest movement led by Jamaican Marcus Mosiah Garvey (1887-1940). Volumes I-VII of the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers chroni

• Language: English
• Publisher: University of California Press
• Release date: Sep 1, 2023
• ISBN: 9780520342309

Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey (1887 – 1940) was a controversial yet influential political activist, entrepreneur and journalist. Born in Saint Ann’s Bay, Jamaica, Garvey experienced first hand the ills of colonialism, colorism and racism during his upbringing, ultimately shaping his view of the world. His early adult years were spent learning trades and involving himself in political organizations such as The National Club and going onto create the United Negro Improvement Association and the African Communities League in 1914. Three years after this, he would go onto the United States, with the hopes of further expanding the U.N.I.A and spreading his message of Black brotherhood in an “Africa for Africans,” spilling into the creation of a weekly newspaper, The Negro World in 1918. As Garveyism began to take hold in Black communities in the United States and abroad, Garvey faced increased government surveillance and strife as he attempted to branch out into other ventures like The Black Star Line. Between 1922 – 1925, Garvey was arrested and tried on accusations of mail fraud before his eventual deportation from the United States in 1927. Never one to become settled, Garvey lived out the rest of his life attempting to travel the world and continue to spread his ideology; while often clashing with other Black leaders and organizations of the time. A very complicated and complex figure, Garvey was nevertheless an important piece to the foundation of Black nationalism as it is known today.

Book preview

THE

MARCUS GARVEY

AND

UNIVERSAL NEGRO

IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

PAPERS

African Series

SPONSORED BY

National Endowment for the Humanities

National Historical Publications and Records Commission

James S. Coleman African Studies Center

University of California, Los Angeles

SUPPORTED BY

Ahmanson Foundation

Ford Foundation

Rockefeller Foundation

UCLA Foundation

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

E. U. ESSIEN-UDOM

CHRISTOPHER FYFE

THOMAS L. HODGKIN

ARNOLD HUGHES

J. AYODELE LANGLEY

JOHN LONSDALE

HOLLIS R. LYNCH

TERENCE O. RANGER

ANDREW D. ROBERTS

ROBERT I. ROTBERG

GEORGE A. SHEPPERSON

CHARLES VAN ONSELEN

Marcus Garvey as commander in chief of the Universal African Legion

THE

MARCUS GARVEY

A ND

UNIVERSAL NEGRO

IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION

PAPERS

VOLUME IX

Africa for the Africans

1921—1922

Robert A. Hill, Editor in Chief

Tevvy Ball, Associate Editor

Erika A. Blum, Associate Editor

Chin C. Kao, Composition Editor

Barbara Bair, Contributing Editor

R. Kent Rasmussen, Contributing Editor

Arnold Hughes, Consulting Editor

University of California Press

Berkeley Los Angeles London

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.

London, England

The preparation of this volume was made possible in part by grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency, and the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. Production of the volume has also been supported by grants from the Ahmanson Foundation, Ford Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, and UCLA Foundation.

Documents in this volume from the Public Record Office are ©British Crown copyright and are published by permission of the Controller of Her Britannic Majesty’s Stationery Office.

This volume has been typeset by the Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers Project using Interleaf 5, release 5.4. Photographs and illustrations were digitized using a Mustek Paragon 1200 flatbed scanner. The volume was designed by Linda M. Robertson and set in Galliard and Stempel Garamond type.

Copyright ©199$ by The Regents of the University of California.

Cataloging-in-Publication data on file with the Library of Congress

ISBN 978-0-520-20211-5

Printed in the United States of America

18 19 20 21 22

456789

DEDICATED TO

THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA, AT HOME AND ABROAD

A Race for a Continent.

A Continent for a Race.

UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION 1 August 1920

CONTRIBUTING SCHOLARS

Ralph A. Austen

Teresa Barnes

Nicole Bernard-Duquenet

A. Adu Boahen

Joye L. Bowman

Helen Bradford

Tim Couzens

Adelaide M. Cromwell

LaRay Denzer

Philippe Dewitte

Jill R. Dias

Robert Edgar

Tony Emmett

Christopher Fyfe

fRita Headrick

Ian Henderson

Arnold Hughes

Allen Isaacman

Abiola Ade Lipede

Wyatt MacGaffey

François Manchuelle

Patrick Manning

Harold G. Marcus

Richard Newman

Rina L. Okonkwo

Melvin E. Page Sean Redding R. S. Roberts

Alberto Sbacchi

George A. Shepperson

Leon P. Spencer

Ibrahim Sundiata

Jean-Luc Vellut

Michael O. West

Donald R. Wright

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

PHOTOGRAPHS

ILLUSTRATIONS

MAPS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION

EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES

TEXTUAL DEVICES

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Repository Symbols

Manuscript Collection Symbols

Descriptive Symbols

Abbreviations of Published Works

Other Symbols and Abbreviations

CHRONOLOGY

W. E. B. Du Bois to Charles Evans Hughes,1 U.S. Secretary of State

Enclosure: Resolutions Passed at the 1919 Pan-African Congress

Henri Jaspar, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to Baron Emile de Cartier de Marchienne, Belgian Ambassador to the U.S.

Joseph L. Johnson, U.S. Minister Resident and Consul General, Monrovia, to Charles Evans Hughes

Cyril A. Crichlow, UNIA Resident Secretary, to Marcus Garvey

Joseph L. Johnson to the U.S. Secretary of State

John C. Wiley, Division of Western European Affairs, U.S. Department of State, to William L. Hurley1

Leon E. Howe,1 Special Agent, Bureau of Investigation, to Howard P. Wright,2 Special Agent in Charge, Jacksonville, Florida

Enclosure: Unidentified Newspaper Article

Baron Emile de Cartier de Marchienne to Henri Jaspar

Henri Jaspar to Baron Emile de Cartier de Marchienne

Enclosure: Article in La Nation Belge

Roland Jacquin de Margerie,1 French Ambassador to Belgium, to Aristide Briand,2 President of the Council of Ministers

Henri Jaspar to Louis Franck, Minister of Colonies

Enclosure: Baron Emile de Cartier de Marchienne to Henri Jaspar

Open Letter from C. D. B. King in the Crisis

E. G. Campbell, Acting Secretary, Gold Coast Branch, Society of Peoples of African Origin, to W. E. B. Du Bois

Article in the Christian Express

Supplementary Report from Cyril A. Crichlow to Marcus Garvey

Cyril A. Crichlow to Marcus Garvey

Charles Evans Hughes to the U.S. Consul, Barcelona, Spain

Charles E. Hughes to W. E. B. Du Bois

Baron Emile de Cartier de Marchienne to Henri Jaspar

Editorial in Uniteteli wa Bantu

Article in the Baltimore Afro-American1

Report by U.S. Military Attaché1

U.S. Immigration Department Interview with Gabriel M. Johnson, Mayor of Monrovia, UNIA Potentate and Supreme High Commissioner

Joseph L. Johnson to the U.S. Secretary of State

Enclosure: Cyril Crichlow to Joseph L. Johnson

Enclosure: Joseph L. Johnson to G. O. Marke, UNIA Supreme Deputy

Enclosure: G. O. Marke to Joseph L. Johnson

Enclosure: H. F. Worley, General Receiver of Customs, to Joseph L. Johnson

Enclosure: Joseph L. Johnson to H. F. Worley

Article in LJAvenir Colonial Beige

Unpublished Letter by John E. Bruce

Excerpt from Speech by Marcus Garvey

Article in Correio de Africa

Archibald Johnson to the New York Age1

G. Shepherd,1 British Consul General, Monrovia, to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

Enclosure: Edwin Barclay, Secretary of State, to G. Shepherd

Martial-Henri Merlin, Governor-General of French West Africa, to Albert Sarraut, Minister of Colonies

Editorial in Uniteteli wa Bantu

Article in O Brado Africano

Article in ABC1

Negro World Report of UNIA Meeting

Opening Convention Address by Gabriel M. Johnson

Opening Convention Speech by Marcus Garvey

Negro World Report

Article in the African World

R. C. F. Maugham,1 British Consul General, to the Governor-General of French West Africa

Enclosure: R. J. Wilkinson, Governor of Sierra Leone, toR.C.F. Maugham

A. S. W. Shackleford, President, Lagos UNIA Division, to John E. Bruce

Enclosure: Adeoye Deniyi to A. S. W. Shackleford

Article in Negro World

Article in Correio de Africa

Article by H. Selby Msimang' in Umteteli iva Bantu

Report of the UNIA Convention

Article in the African World

Article in the Nigerian Pioneer

Negro World Report by Rev. Joseph H. Davis, General Secretary, UNIA Division, Brewerville, Liberia

Speech by Leopoldo de Sousa Neto1

J. C. Lucan1 to William H. Ferris, Literary Editor, Negro World

J. C. Lucan to W. E. B. Du Bois

Report of a Conversation between Joseph Gaye1 and Abdou Cogna Diop, Chief of the Lebu

Article in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

Article by Major Gustave Vervloet1 in Notre Colonie1

Edward J. Brennan, Division Superintendent, Bureau of Investigation, New York City, to William J. Burns,1 Director of the Bureau, Washington, D.C.

Enclosure: Article by Madarikan Deniyi

Article in Lu Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

Article in the African World

Article in the London Times

Article by J. B. Chinsman1 in the Negro World

Article in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

Article in Le Matin

Article in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

Speech by Marcus Garvey

Martial-Henri Merlin to French Ambassador to the U.S.

Article by Blaise Diagne, Deputy of Senegal, in La Depeche Coloniale et Maritime

W. D. Cingo1 to the Kokstad Advertiser

Austin D. Horton1 et al. to the New York Herald

Article in the African World

Article in the African World

Report by P. K. K. Atiogbe of UNIA Meeting, Lüderitz, South West Africa

R. S. Cope, Officer in Charge of Native Affairs,1 Windhoek, to the Officer in Charge of Native Affairs, Lüderitz

Officer in Charge of Native Affairs, Lüderitz, to J. F. Herbst,1 Secretary for South West Africa

Martial-Henri Merlin to Roland Jacquin de Margerie, French Ambassador to the U.S.

Marcus Garvey to the New York Tribune

Martial-Henri Merlin to Lieutenant Governors of Colonies

Report by J. Saesar Allen, Secretary, UNIA Division, Cape Town, South Africa

Article in Imprensa da Manda

Article by Blaise Diagne in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

Article by Blaise Diagne in La Depeche Politique

Samuel Margai1 to the Negro World

Eduardo Baccari,1 Italian Ministry of Colonies, to the Ambassador to the U.S.

L. Anwoke to the Negro World

Article by Maurice Delafosse’ in La Depeche Coloniale et Maritime

Cyril Crichlow to the U.S. Secretary of State

Excerpt from Draft Memorandum1 by John Cooper Wiley

Excerpt from Interview with Daudi Basade1

Article in Avenir Colonial Belage

Article in the African World

Article by Arthur Brenez in L’Avenir Colonial Beige

I.J.F.B. to the Negro World

Article in Correio de Africa

Article in Correio de Africa

Article by Hilaire de Souza1 in Le Guide du Dahomey2

Article in Umteteli wa Bantu

Peter O. Daniels,1 UNIA Division, Cape Town, to the Pierro World

Colonial Office Translation of Article by Josiel Lefela’ in Naie di1

R. Petre, French Charge d’Affaires, Monrovia, to Aristide Briand

Joshua Wilson to William H. Ferris

J. C. Lucan to the Negro World

Article in Congo

Lieutenant Governor of Cote d’Ivoire1 to Martial-Henri Merlin

A Gold Coaster to the Negro World

Article in the Gold Coast Leader

Editorial in the Gold Coast Leader

Article by J. C. Lucan in the Negro World

J. F. Herbst to C. Lewis Warner, Magistrate, Lüderitz

Enclosure: Fitz Herbert Headly, President of UNIA Division, Lüderitz, to the Negro World

UNIA Press Release Published in the Sierra Leone Weekly News

B. Olikosie Thomas to Cyril V. Briggs

A. B. Ackah to the Negro World

Alexander van Rooyen to Cyril V. Briggs

Unsigned Letter to the Negro World

C. Lewis Warner to the Secretary for South West Africa, Swakopmund

Enclosure: Proposed Resolutions of South West Africa Branch of the ICU

R. S. Cope to J. F. Herbst

Isa Macdonald Lawrence1 to Rev. James E. East,2 Corresponding Secretary, Baptist Mission Board3

A. J. Waters1, Acting Secretary of South West Africa, to Secretary for Native Affairs of South Africa

J. Osman Oriyo to William H. Ferris

Articles by Cyril A. Crichlow in the Crusader1

Aaron Mungunda1 et al., UNIA Division, Windhoek, to the Mayor in Council, Windhoek

Fitz Herbert Headly to the Negro World

G. A. Godley, Secretary for Native Affairs, to the Secretary for South West Africa

Article by Juvenal A. Lopes da C. Cabral1 in Correio de Africa

Editorial in the Sierra Leone Weekly News

Chief K. Takji to the Negro World

Article in APO

Marcus Garvey to Fitz Herbert Headly

W. Scotland,1 Manager,

Kweku Amissah to the Negro World

Fitz Herbert Headly to Mr. Barnabas, Herero Headman1

Fitz Herbert Headly to A. C. Warner, Resident Magistrate, Lüderitz

Article in the African World1

Article in APO

A. J. Waters to W. Scotland

Article in Congo

Samuel M. Bennett Ncwana

Raul de Oliveira1 to Correio de Africa

Article in O Brado Africano

Report of Cape Town UNIA Meeting

Article in the Sierra Leone Echo and Law Chronicle

Article in APO

Major W. H. Cowles, Military Intelligence Division, to William J. Burns

Enclosure: Major James H. Cunningham, Chief, Political Subsection,

Report of Claremont1 (Cape Town) UNIA Meeting

Capt. G. Stadler,1 Belgian Consul General, to Sir George Smith, Governor of Nyasaland

Letter from Peter Maranga

Executive Officers, UNIA Division, Windhoek, to Gysbert Reitz Hofmeyr,1 Administrator of South West Africa

Enclosure: Fitz Herbert Headly to Gysbert Reitz Hofmeyr

Enclosure: G. Kerby, Town Clerk, Windhoek, South West Africa, to Executive Body, UNIA Division, Windhoek

B. Tagoe to the Negro World

Nicholas Arnold, Secretary-General, Belgian Ministry of Colonies, to Henri Jaspar

Enclosure: Article in La Tribune Congolaise

Claude McKay1 to Leon Trotsky

A. J. Waters to the Magistrate, Lüderitz

Article in APO

Winston S. Churchill,1 British Secretary of State for the Colonies, to Sir Hugh Clifford, Governor of Nigeria

Enclosure: Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, Governor of the Gold Coast, to Winston S. Churchill

Enclosure: R. C. F. Maugham to Sir Frederick Guggisberg

Enclosure: Memorandum from the Office of the Governor-General of French West Africa

Article in the Cape Times

Baron Emile de Cartier de Marchienne to Henri Jaspar

Article in the South African Outlook1

Duse Mohamed Ali to William E. G. Sekyi1

Enclosure: Convention Program

Kimberley Reader to APO

Major C. Thomas Forsbrook, Acting Magistrate, Rehoboth,1 to A. J. Waters

Sir George Smith to G. Stadler

C. Thomas Forsbrook to A. J. Waters

Enclosure: Confiscated Letter by Salmon Diedrik

Excerpts from Speech by Marcus Garvey

C. Lewis Warner to Secretary for South West Africa

A. J. Waters to C. Thomas Forsbrook

Order of Governor in Council

W. F. Gowers,1 Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Provinces,2 Nigeria, to the Secretary of Government, Lagos

Anonymous Letter to the Negro World

Article in the Negro World

Lieutenant Officer in Charge, CID, to the Secretary for South West Africa

Sir Hugh Clifford to Winston S. Churchill

Enclosure: H. C. Moorhouse,1 Lieutenant Governor, Southern Provinces,2 to the Chief Secretary of Nigeria

Enclosure: G. H. Walker, Deputy Inspector General of Police, Southern Provinces, to the Secretary of Southern Nigeria

Enclosure: G. Ashie-Nikoi1 to the Editor of the Times of Nigeria

Enclosure: G. Ashie-Nikoi to the General Agent, BSL

Editorial in the Nigerian Pioneer

Statement by Rev. August Kuhlmann,1 Rhenish Mission Society2

Fitz Herbert Headly to the Negro World

Acting Secretary for South West Africa to the Secretary for Native Affairs, Pretoria

Article in Congo

Major-General Sir Edward Northey,1 Governor of Kenya, to Winston S. Churchill

Enclosure: Transcript of Letter from Harry Thuku to J. Kamulegeya

Enclosure: Acting Commissioner of Police to Colonial Secretary of Kenya

Georges Alsace,1 Secretary-Archivist of Chamber of Commerce of Saint-Louis, Senegal, to President, Bordeaux Colonial Institute2

E. Costley White, Acting Chief Secretary of Nyasaland, to Resident Commissioners1

Louis-Jacques-Auguste Fousset,1 Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Volta, to Governor-General of French West Africa

Minutes of the Inaugural Meeting of the Dakar UNIA Branch

A. J. Henry to the Negro World

Albert Sarraut to President of the Council

Albert Sarraut to French Colonial Governors

Martial-Henri Merlin to Lieutenant Governor of Dahomey

James Manning, Director of Posts and Telegraphs, to Secretary for South West Africa

W Schulz, Acting Magistrate, Swakopmund, to Secretary for South West Africa

Enclosure: J. D. Abraham to W. Schultz

Major Stephens, Chief Commissioner of Police, to the Chief Secretary for Nyasaland

W. Schulz to Secretary for South West Africa

Enclosure: Town Clerk to Post Commander

Enclosure: Fitz Herbert Headly to J. D. Abraham

A. J. Waters to Magistrate of Swakopmund

Sir Robert T. Coryndon, Governor of Uganda Protectorate, to Winston S. Churchill

Article in Congo by Charles Du Bus de Warnaffe'

Wilfrid A. Wilson et al., Rufisque’ UNIA Branch, to Secretary-General of the UNIA

Eduardo Baccari to Carlo Schanzer,1 Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs

Enclosure: Marcus Garvey to Giovanni Amendola,1 Italian Secretary of State for the Colonies

Jean Pourroy, Chief Police Superintendent, to Louis Aujas,1 Delegate (Deputy Governor) of Senegal

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot, Lieutenant Governor of Senegal

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Louis Aujas

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

Nicholas Arnold to Henri Jaspar

S. O. Logemoh to John E. Bruce

C. N. Manning,1 Native Commissioner of South West Africa, to Private Secretary

Intercepted Letter from John Henry Farmer to Randall1

R C. F. Maugham to Governor of the Gambia1

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Cercle Commandant of Tivaouane1

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Cercle Commandant of Diourbel1

Article in the African Messenger

Henri Jaspar to Belgian Legation, Washington, D.C.

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

Enclosure: Jean Pourroy to Louis Aujas

Enclosure: Speech by John Farmer and Toasts at Farewell Banquet for John Kamara

Enclosure: List of Items Seized by Senegal Police

Enclosure: Police Report on Interrogation of Wilfrid A. Wilson

Enclosure: Police Report on Interrogation of John Henry Farmer

Enclosure: Police Report on Supplemental Interrogation1 of Wilfrid A. Wilson

R J. Ndimande,1 UNIA Division, Cape Town, to the Negro World

R. C. F. Maugham to Chief of Police of the Gambia

Marcus Garvey to Albert Sarraut

Sir George Smith to G. Stadler

Wilfrid A. Wilson to John Henry Farmer

Article by Louis Goulut in L’Eveil Colonial1

A. S. Paterson,1 Acting British Consul General, Monrovia, to Acting Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Louis Aujas

Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

Florent de Sélys-Fanson, Belgian Charge d’Affaires, Washington, D.C., to Henri Jaspar

Enclosure: Confidential Note

Cecil H. Armitage,1 Governor of the Gambia, to R. C. F. Maugham

C. Thomas Forsbrook to A. J. Waters

Article in the Nigerian Pioneer

Marcel Olivier,1 Acting Governor-General of French West Africa, to Ministry of Colonies

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Marcel Olivier

Open Letter from Blaise Diagne to Marcus Garvey

Nicholas Arnold to Henri Jaspar

Blaise Diagne to French President of Council, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Governor-General of French West Africa

Enclosure: Louis Aujas to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

Marcel Olivier to Pierre Jean Henri Didelot

Native Commissioner, South West Africa, to A. J. Waters

Police Statement by Wilfrid A. Wilson

Police Statement by John Henry Farmer

Police Statement by Isaac Sylvanus Doherty

Sir Edward Northey to Winston S. Churchill

Enclosure: Sir Robert T. Coryndon to Sir Edward Northey

Florent de Sélys-Fanson to Henri Jaspar

Marcus Garvey to the League of Nations

Enclosure: Petition of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League to The League of Nations,1 The Hague2

Speech by Marcus Garvey

Marcel Olivier to Lieutenant Governor of French Sudan

Eduardo Baccari to Carlo Schanzer

W. Evans, Head Constable, to Divisional Officer, Cape Town CID

Director of Political and Administrative Affairs of French West Africa to Louis Aujas

Thomas Jean Duke to the Governor-General of French West Africa

Marcel Olivier to Albert Sarraut

Enclosure: List of Rufisque UNIA Members

Florent de Sélys-Fanson to Henri Jaspar

Pierre Jean Didelot to Governor-General of French West Africa

P. A. Woodley, Native Affairs Officer, Lüderitz, to Secretary of South West Africa

J. P. Williams1 to the Negro World

F. Carpot to Governor-General of French West Africa

M. M. Martyn et al. to the Negro World

Police Commissioner to Secretary for Justice of South Africa

Police Statement by Francis G. Browne

Marcel Olivier to Albert Sarraut

R. C. F. Maugham to George Nathaniel Curzon, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

Florent de Sélys-Fanson to Henri Jaspar

Enclosure: Report by Charles Hallaert, Belgian Vice Consul, New York City

Director of Political Affairs, Ministry of Colonies, to Governor-General of French West Africa

French Intelligence Report

Rev. Henry C. McDowell1 to Rev. Johnson2

Marcel Olivier to Lieutenant Governor of Senegal

Carlo Schanzer to the Italian Ministry of Colonies

A. Earnsure Johnson to the Negro World

Editorial in Ryan)s Weekly1

Report by Pierre Jean Henri Didelot to Governor-General of French West Africa

Fred W. Henley, Acting Magistrate of Okahandja, to A. J. Waters

Francesco Saverio Caroselli,1 Ministry of Colonies, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

P. A. Woodley to A. J. Waters

Enclosure: Belton Bambalaza, Assistant Secretary, Lüderitz UNIA, to Native Commissioner

A. G. Drake, CID, South West Africa, to Commanding Officer, Windhoek CID

Article in the New York World1

Victor Augagneur to Albert Sarraut

Affidavit by Thomas Joseph Duke

Florent de Sélys-Fanson to Henri Jaspar

Enclosure: Report by Charles Hallaert

Police Statement by Alpha Tairou1 Renner

Henri Jaspar to Paul Hymans,1 Belgian Delegate to the League of Nations

M. Liebert, French Consul General, New York City, to Minister of Foreign Affairs

Henri Jaspar to P. Le Tellier,1 Belgian Charge d’Affaires, London2

Octave Louwers, Advisor, Ministry of Colonies, to Mr. de Namarh

Report by David Ngxiki to South West Africa Police

Statement by August Kuhlmann to South West Africa Police

C. N. Manning to A. J. Waters

Petition of John Henry Farmer et al. to George Nathaniel Curzon

C. N. Manning, Secretary for South West Africa, to the Administrator

Article by J. B. Chinsman in the Negro World

Report by Head Constable Callaghan, Omaruru, South West Africa

Enclosure: Statement by Willem Kaapnaar

Enclosure: Statement by David Kobase

Article in O Século1

Article by Maurice Liebert in La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime

C. N. Manning to A. J. Waters

Post Commander, South West Africa Police, Karibib, to Magistrate, Karibib

Report of Native Corporal Jacob, South West Africa Police

Duke of Devonshire, Minister of Colonies, to Sir Arthur Frederick,1 High Commissioner2 and Governor-General of South Africa

Enclosure: M. Mokete Manoedi to Winston S. Churchill

Enclosure: Pamphlet by M. Mokete Manoedi1

J. J. Dewitt to Secretary for South West Africa

Enclosure: Post Commander of South West Africa Police, Usakos, to Magistrate of Karibib

Enclosure: Post Commander of South West Africa Police, Karibib, to J. J. Dewitt

Statement by John Retsang, South West Africa Police

Article in the Liberian Methodist

R. C. F. Maugham to Governor-General of French West Africa

Ugo Niccoli,1 Ministry of Colonies, to Colonial Governors at Asmara and Mogadishu

Memorandum by R. S. Cope to Secretary for South West Africa

Fred W. Henley to Secretary for South West Africa

Enclosure: Statement by John Retsang

Enclosure: Report of Native Corporal Jacob

Minute from the Office of the Governor-General of South Africa

South West Africa Police Report on UNIA Activities in Lüderitz

H. Hall Hall, British Consul General, Lourenço Marques, to Governor-General of South Africa

Speech by Marcus Garvey

Intercepted Letter from Fitz Herbert Headly to Joseph Hailand

Arthur Frederick to H. Hall Hall

Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Minister of Colonies

Enclosure: Report by Dr. Paolo Alberto Rossi,1 Vice Consul of Italy, New York City

Memorandum by Arthur Frederick

Enclosure: UNIA Membership Certificate of Jeffrey Matthew Edward

Interview with Blaise Diagne in UEcho de Paris1

Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey in the Negro World

R. S. Cope to Secretary for South West Africa

Ugo Niccoli to Colonial Governors at Asmara and Mogadishu

Ugo Niccoli to Colonial Governors at Asmara and Mogadishu

Ugo Niccoli to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Luigi Federzoni,1 Italian Ministry of Colonies, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Article in the New York Times

E. C. F. Garraway, Resident Commissioner of Basutoland, to High Commissioner for South Africa

R. S. Cope to Secretary for South West Africa

Enclosure: David Zwartbooi, Izaak Zwartbooi, Petrus Bois, Hieser Hendrik, and Timotheus Richter, to the Government of South West Africa

C. Thomas Forsbrook to the Secretary for South West Africa

H. J. Stanley,1 Imperial Secretary, to the Secretary to the Governor-General of South Africa

Arthur Frederick to the Duke of Devonshire

E. C. F. Garraway to Arthur Frederick

Georges Bouet, French Charge d’Affaires, Monrovia, to Martial-Henri Merlin

Excerpt from Government Intelligence Report

INDEX

PHOTOGRAPHS

Marcus Garvey as commander in chief

of the Universal African Legion (frontispiece)

(DLC)

John Chilembwe and Rev. L. N. Cheek

(George Shepperson and Thomas Price, Independent African

[Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958])

Audience and delegates at the 1921 Pan-African Congress, Brussels

(Crisis 23, no. 4 [February 1922]: 172)

Panelists at the 1921 Pan-African Congress, Brussels

(University of Massachusetts)

W. E. B. Du Bois

(African World Annual 19 [1921-1922]: 99)

Sol Plaatje

(Brian Willan, Sol Plaatje: South African Nationalists 1876-1932

[Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984])

Madikane Qandiyane Cele

(Hampton University Archives)

French colonial troops in World War I

(African World Annual 19 [1921-1922]: 21)

Senegalese soldiers in French-occupied Rhineland, 1921

(African World [London], 17 September 1921)

Madarikan Deniyi

(CD, 14 May 1921)

M. Mokete Manoedi

(New York Public Library)

James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey

(ATOR, n.s., 5, no. 6 [December 1917]: 121)

Saad Zaghlul Pasha and other Egyptian opposition leaders

(African World Annual 19 [1921-1922]: 41)

Edwin Barclay

(Nathaniel R. Richardson, Liberians Past and Present

[London: Diplomatic Press and Publishing Co., 1959])

Enoch Mgijima

(The Bulhoek Tragedy [East London: East London Daily Dispatch, n.d., 1921?])

Simon Kimbangu

(GHA)

Paul Panda Farnana

(Crisis 23, no. 1 [November 1921]: 15)

Kobina Sekyi

(ATOR, n.s., 5, no. 1 [July 1917]: 33)

L’Union Congolaise, Brussels

(Crisis 23, no. 1 [November 1921]: n)

Members of UNIA commission to Liberia, 1921

(P&O)

Members of Liberian Plenary Commission to the U.S., 1921

(Crisis 22, no. 3 [July 1921]: 19)

Gabriel M. Johnson

(DJ-FBI)

George O. Marke

(DJ-FBI)

UNIA officials reviewing parade at opening of 1922 convention

’ (P&O)

Crowd gathered at police lines following arrest

of Harry Thuku, Nairobi, Kenya, March 1922

(DNA)

Harry Thuku

(Kenneth King and Ahmed Salim, eds., Kenya Historical Biographies

[Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1971])

Wilfrid A. Wilson and his wife

(AS)

John Henry Farmer

(AS)

Passport photograph of Francis Webber

(AS)

Josiel Lefela

(Private collection of Robert Edgar)

ILLUSTRATIONS

Bulletins announcing the Second Pan-African Congress, March 1921 8

Open letter from Liberian president C. D. B. King in the Crisis 52

Cover page of U.S. military intelligence report on Garveyism 78

Title page of UNIA Constitution and Book of Laws, July 1918 95

Article showing photograph of alleged Dr. Dumacha 118

African Redemption Fund leaflet 163

Photographs of UNIA officials 226

Flyer for Garvey meeting, Washington, D.C. 286

Windhoek UNIA application for construction permit 306

BSL brochure for the phantom SS Phyllis Wheatley 323

Front cover of the Crusader 328

NW supplement containing portraits of UNIA leaders 339

Handwritten letter in Nama by Salmon Diedrik 375

Advertisement for UNIA dance and reception 390

Letter from Garvey to the French secretary of state for colonies 444

Receipt of telegram from J. H. Farmer, Rufisque 466

Nyasaland postmaster general minute & Seditious Publications List 481

Announcement of the 1922 UNIA convention 514

Negro Times masthead and headline 530

Article in Lñ Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime 534

Garvey Must Go campaign broadside 553

Negro World masthead and headline 563

Negro World masthead and editorial headline 605

Front page of La Dépêche Coloniale et Maritime 637

Title page of anti-Garvey pamphlet by M. Mokete Manoedi 646

MAPS

Còte d’Ivoire 251

Gold Coast and Togoland 259

The Gambia 451

German East Africa 533

French Equatorial Africa 595

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

During the ten years that were spent in editing the three African Series volumes, the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers project has incurred an unusually large number of institutional, intellectual, and personal debts. The preparation of the volumes would never have been possible without the continuing support and assistance of a wide array of manuscript librarians, archivists, university libraries, scholars, funding agencies, university administrators, fellow editors, and friends.

While the debts thus accrued over the past decade can never be adequately discharged, it is still a great pleasure to acknowledge them. They form an integral part of whatever permanent value these volumes possess. We would like here to acknowledge our deep appreciation to so many for contributing so greatly to this endeavor. In a real sense, these volumes represent the fruition of the efforts of many hands that have worked selflessly to assist in documenting the story of the African Garvey movement.

We would like to thank the many archives and manuscript collections that have contributed documents as well as assisted the project by responding with unfailing courtesy and promptness to our innumerable queries for information: Archives africaines, Place Royale, Brussels; Archives de Ministère des affaires étrangères, Paris; Archives du Senegal, Dakar; Archives nationales du Cameroun, Yaounde; Archives of the Department of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Monrovia, Liberia; Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, Texas; Archivio storico del Ministero degli affari esteri, Pavia, Italy; Arquivo de Ministério dos négocios estrangeiros, Lisbon; Arquivo histórico de Moçambique, Maputo; Bermuda Archives, Hamilton; Butler Library, Columbia University, New York; Cape Archives Depot, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Archives, Saint Michael, Barbados; Federal Archives and Records Center, East Point, Georgia; Foreign Ministry Archives, Quatre Bras, Brussels; Free State Archives Depot, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Government Archives Service, Central Archives Depot, Pretoria, South Africa; Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Northwestern University Library, Chicago, Illinois; Jamaica Archives, Spanish Town; Kenya National Archives, Nairobi; League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland; Lesotho National Archives, Maseru; Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Direction des Archives de France, Archives nationales, Section Outre-mer, Paris; National Archives, Washington, D.C.; National Archives Division, Ministry of National Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Archives of Ghana, Accra, and Regional Offices, Cape Coast and Kumasi; National Archives of Malawi, Zomba; National Archives of Namibia, Department of National Education, Windhoek; National Archives of Nigeria, Enugu and University of Ibadan; National Archives of Zambia, Lusaka; National Archives of Zimbabwe, Harare; National Historical Publications and Records Commission, Washington, D.C.; New York Times Archives, New York; Senegal National Archives, Dakar; Service des archives, Coromandel, île Maurice (Mauritius); Sierra Leone National Archives, Freetown; South African Archives, Justice Department files, Pretoria; Talladega College Historical Archives, Talladega, Alabama; Transvaal Archives Depot, Transvaal, South Africa; UCLA Department of Special Collections, Los Angeles.

A large number of libraries and their staffs have rendered extraordinarily valuable service in response to the project’s flow of requests for bibliographical data as well as for historical and biographical materials. We wish to acknowledge and thank for their assistance: Aberdeen University Library, Aberdeen, Scotland; Biblioteca nacional de Lisboa, Lisbon; Bibliothèque nationale, Service photographique, Paris; Bibliothèque royale, Brussels; Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts; the British Library, London; Center for African American Studies Library, UCLA; Edinburgh University Library, Edinburgh, Scotland; George Arents Research Library for Special Collections, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York; Ghana Library Board, Research Library on African Affairs, Accra; Guildhall Library, London; Hackney Library Services, Borough of Hackney, London; InterDocumentation Company AG, Switzerland; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Library of Parliament, Republic of South Africa, Cape Town; Lincoln’s Inn Library, London; Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, Northwestern University Library, Evanston, Illinois; New York Public Library; Pitts Theology Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Rhodes House Library, Oxford, England; Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library; School of Oriental and African Studies Library, University of London; South African Library, Cape Town; State Library, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Africana and Special Collections Department, J. W. Jagger Library; University of Ibadan, Africana Collection, Ibadan, Nigeria; University of Lagos Library, Lagos, Nigeria; University of Liberia Libraries, Monrovia; University of Massachusetts Library, Amherst; Yale University Divinity School Library, New Haven, Conneticut; Young Men’s Christian Association Library, New York.

Several governmental agencies contributed time and resources to the project by assisting with the collection and reproduction of documents. The project wishes to thank these agencies and their staffs for their cooperation: American Cultural Center, Johannesburg, South Africa; American Cultural Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Belgian Embassy, Washington, D.C.; Centre culturel américain, Dakar, Senegal; Consuls General of Belgium, Chicago (Jacques Meisens) and Atlanta (Robert L. Van Overberghe); Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; Gambia Public Records Office, Banjul; Harriet C. McGuire, Cultural Affairs Officer, United States Information Service, Lusaka, Zambia; Library and Records Department, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London; Ministère de relations extérieures, Archives et documentation, France; Ministère des affaires étrangères, Martial de la Fournière, Paris; Ministère des affaires étrangères, Archives africaines, de commerce extérieur et de la cooperation au développement, Brussels; Ministère de l’alphabétisation et de la culture populaire, Benin; New York Supreme Court, Hall of Records, New York; Norfolk Record Office, Norwich, England; Public Record Office, London; Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, London; Service des archives du Ministère des affaires étrangères, Brussels; South African Consulate, Beverly Hills, California; B. van dér Wulp, Adjunct Municipal Archivist, Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Delft (Municipal Archives), Netherlands; U.S. Embassy, Banjul, the Gambia; United States Information Service, Accra, Ghana; Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland.

Other public and private institutions and individuals have assisted the project. They include the Baptist Missionary Society, London; Church Missionary Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Creighton University Archives, Omaha, Nebraska; De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd., Kimberley, South Africa; Edinburgh House, London; Edinburgh University Special Collections, Edinburgh, Scotland; Evangelical Lutheran Mission Archives, Hermannsburg, Germany; Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown; Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia; Institute for Race Relations, Johannesburg, South Africa; Instituto nacional des estudos e pesquisa, Guinea-Bissau; Midland Lutheran College Archives, Fremont, Nebraska; Alumni Office, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln; Oficina histórica, Centro de estudos africanos, University de Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique; Italian Documents Collection, St. Antony’s College, Oxford, England; University of California at Berkeley Archives; Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon; Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Documentation Centre for African Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria; Vereinigte Evangelische Mission, Germany; W. E. B. Du Bois Film Project, Philadelphia.

Along the way a large number of individuals in many countries have aided the various research efforts of the project. Despite their own busy schedules, they responded to the project’s numerous requests for advice and assistance. We would like to thank Ade Adeffiye, Nigerian High Commissioner to Jamaica; Nana Oware Agyekum II, Omanhene Akim Busume, and Akim Swedru, Ghana; Mario de Andrade, Lisbon; James C. Armstrong, Field Director, Library of Congress, Nairobi, Kenya; S. K. B. Asante, University of Florida, Gainesville; Kofi Baku, Department of History, University of Ghana, Accra; Robert Baldock, University of Bristol, England; Albert Ball, Cultural Affairs Officer, United States Information Service; Arlindo Barbeitos, Luanda, Angola; Kalidu Bayu, Department of Youth and Sports, Banjul, the Gambia; William Beinart, University of Bristol; Ruby Bell-Gam, African Studies bibliographer, University Research Library, UCLA; Gerald J. Bender, Director, School of International Relations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Richard Blackett, Department of History, Indiana University, Bloomington; Philip Bonner, Department of History, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Alan R. Booth, Department of History, Ohio University, Athens; Gianni Bozzi, Rome; Belina Bozzoli, Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; John D. Brewer, Department of Social Studies, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland; Richard F. Celeste, former Governor of Ohio; Tonya Chrislu, Director, International Student Services, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks; Gervase ClarenceSmith, Department of History, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; Frank Coleman, Lincoln University Alumni Department, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania; James S. Coleman, UCLA; Hélène d’Almeida-Topor, Paris; Timothy Connelley, Research Archivist, National Historical Publication and Records Commission; R. Hunt Davis, Jr., Department of History, University of Florida, Gainesville; Alvaro Ferrand de Almeida Fernandes, Director of Archives, Ministerio dos negocios estrangeiros, Lisbon; Brian Digre, Department of History, University of Southern Mississippi; Bill Elkins, London; Lothar Engel, Hamburg, Germany; Linda J. Evans, Associate Curator of Archives and Manuscripts, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois; Magbaily Fyle, University of Sierra Leone; David Gardinier, History Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Immanuel Geiss; Carlo Giglio, Director, Istituto di storia ed istituzioni dei paesi afroasiatici, Pavia, Italy; Jeffrey P. Green, West Sussex, England; Albert Grundlingh, Department of History, University of South Africa, Pretoria; G. M. Haliburton, Rivers State College of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Catherine Higgs, History Department, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida; Baruch Hirson, London; A. Baron Holmes III, Holmes, Thompson, Logan and Centrell, Attorneys at Law, Charleston, South Carolina; Allen M. Howard, Department of History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Edward D. A. Hulmes, Director, Farmington Institute for Christian Studies, University of Durham, England; Mrs. Cecilia Irvine, Edinburgh, Scotland; Lynette A. Jackson, Columbia University, New York; Annie Jeanmonod, assistant to the editor, Genève- Afrique, Geneva, Switzerland; Ray G. Jenkins, Birmingham, England; Reverend Carey Harold Jones, Archbishop of West Africa, African Orthodox Church, Kankang, Ghana; Samwiri R. Karugire, Head of Department of History, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mubanga E. Kashoki, Principal, University of Zambia at Ndola, Kitwe, Zambia; Tim Keegan, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kenneth J. King, Director, Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; Mazisi Kunene, University of Durban, Natal, South Africa; Paul La Hausse, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Monique Lakroum, Paris; Joseph J. Lauer, former African Studies bibliographer, University Research Library, UCLA, currently at Michigan State University; Ian Linden; Tom Lodge, Department of Political Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; J. Lorette, Musee royal de l'Armée, Brussels; Chipasha Luchembe, Department of History, University of Zambia, Lusaka; Maryinez Lyons, University of London; Roderick Macdonald, Syracuse University; Patrick Manning, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Machi Mapuranga, University of Zimbabwe, Harare; Vida Marke, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Shula Marks, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London; E. Ann McDougall, History Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Sister Georgia McGarry, Benedictive College, Atchison, Kansas; Kate Modiakgotla, Ramotswa, Botswana; Felix Monteiro, Cape Verde; Helen Mugambi, California State University, Fullerton; Esther Hall Mumford, Seattle, Washington; Jocelyn Murray, Scotland; Colleen and Bernard Dutch Newfield, Bensalem, Pennsylvania; Debra Newman-Ham, Library of Congress; Robin Palmer, Herts, England; Rene Pélissier, France; Jeanne Penvenne, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Bai Ahi Phall, School of Public Health, Banjul, the Gambia; Kings M. G. Phiri, University of Malawi; Gerald Pigeon, University of California, Santa Barbara; Edward Price, Assistant Superintendent, Board of Education, Tuckahoe Union Free School District, Eastchester, New York; Andrew Reed, Port Alfred, South Africa; Mrs. James D. Reed, Little Rock, Arkansas; J. K. Rennie, Le Vaud, Switzerland; Paul Rich, Research Unit on Ethnic Relations, University of Aston in Birmingham, England; Peter Rob-Jones, Sugar Laboratory, Akuse, Ghana; Robert Ross, Centre for the History of European Expansion, Leiden, the Netherlands; Bernard Salvaing, Centre de recherches africaines, Université de Paris I, Paris; Bonny Sands, Linguistics Department, UCLA; Eduardo dos Santos, Director, Centro de estudos históricos ultramarinos, Lisbon; Christopher Saunders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; S. M. Serudu, Department of African Languages, University of South Africa, Pretoria; fTom Wing Shick, Department of Afro-American Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Randrianja Solofo, Université de Tamatave, Madagascar; Aloha P. South, Judicial, Fiscal and Social Branch, Civil Archives Division, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Dean John Spencer, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont; John Spiegler, Chicago, Illinois; Bengt Sunkler, Uppsala, Sweden; Anne Thurston, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Peter Kazenga Tibenderana, Ahmadu Belb University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mrs. Christine Tuboko-Metzger, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Michael Twaddle, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London; Andrew F. Walls, Department of Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; Charles W. Weber, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois; Wolfgang Werner, Cape Town, South Africa; Reverend P. A. Wetherell, Southampton, England; Daniel T. Williams, Archivist, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama; Gavin Williams, Fellow and Tutor in Politics and Sociology, St. Peter’s College, Oxford, England; R. A. Yeowart, Company Secretary, John Holt and Co., Liverpool, England; Theodore R. Young, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, UCLA; Moquay Yves-Alain, Société des gens de lettres, Paris.

Over the years various individuals have assisted the project with translation of foreign-language documents and phrases. We would like to thank for their services Thamsanga Fíatela and Bessie Motau, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; George Gowaseb, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks; Michael E. Hoenisch and Susan Shepherd, John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany; Jacqueline Magro; Patrick Manning, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Ncediwe Mdunyelwa; Tiitsetso Mphenyeke, Johannesburg, South Africa; Bento Sitoe, Head of Linguistics, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique; and Nhlanhla Thwala, Linguistics Department, UCLA.

The planning of the African Series as a collaborative editorial edition presented the project with numerous organizational problems. We had the benefit of advice from a panel of seasoned editors who readily agreed to share their expertise in setting up and supervising comparable large-scale projects. For their wise counsel, we should like to thank W. Speed Hill, general editor, The Works of Richard Hooker, Department of English, Lehman College, City University of New York; Richard Layman, editorial codirector, Dictionary of Literary Biography, BC Research, a division of Bruccoli Clark Publishers, Columbia, South Carolina; David A. Richardson, managing editor, The Spenser Encyclopedia, Department of English, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio; Elizabeth Hall Witherell, editor in chief, The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau, Department of English, University of California, Santa Barbara; and David Woodward, editor in chief, History of Cartography, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. The basic project design summarizing the recommendations of the advisory panel was prepared by Charles F. Bahmueller, former associate editor of the Marcus Garvey Papers and UNIA Papers project, in February 1985; it was entitled The Organization of a System of External Contributions to an Editing Project: A Summary of Research Findings.

Because of the revised editorial design of the African volumes, the project had the job of identifying and commissioning a panel of scholarly contributors to assist in annotating the large number of African references contained in the documents. For their willingness to serve and the time that it took away from their own projects, we should like acknowledge and thank the following contributors: Ralph A. Austen, University of Chicago; Teresa Barnes, University of Cape Town; Nicole Bernard-Duquenet, University of Paris; A. Adu Boahen, University of Ghana; Joye L. Bowman, University of Massachusetts at Amherst; Helen Bradford, University of Cape Town; Tim Couzens, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; Adelaide M. Cromwell, Boston University; LaRay Denzer, University of Ibadan; Philippe Dewitte, Paris; Jill R. Dias, University of Lisbon; Robert Edgar, Howard University; Tony Emmett, Institute for Sociological and Demographic Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Christopher Fyfe, professor emeritus, University of Edinburgh; *Rita Headrick; Ian Henderson, Coventry (Lancaster) Polytechnic, England; Arnold Hughes, University of Birmingham; Allen Isaacman, University of Minnesota; Abiola Ade Lipede, University of York; Wyatt MacGaffey, Haver ford College; François Manchuelle, Georgia Southern University; Patrick Manning, Northeastern University; Harold G. Marcus, Michigan State University; Richard Newman, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University; Rina L. Okonkwo, University of Nigeria, Enugu; Melvin E. Page, East Tennessee State University; Sean Redding, Amherst College; R. S. Roberts, University of Zimbabwe; Alberto Sbacchi, Atlantic Union College; George A. Shepperson, University of Edinburgh; Leon P. Spencer, Talladega College; Ibrahim Sundiata, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; Jean-Luc Vellut, Catholic University of Louvain; Michael O. West, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; and Donald R. Wright, State University College at Cortland, State University of New York.

It was also necessary to identify and appoint a team of scholars to review and evaluate the content of contributors’ annotations. Of necessity, the identity of the panel of peer reviewers must remain anonymous, both collectively and individually. Their diligence and critical eye for historical detail supplied important quality control and greatly improved the African Series volumes. We wish to express the project’s gratitude to all of the reviewers.

In keeping with the revised plan of the series, the project appointed a special editorial advisory board made up of distinguished Africanist scholars. Their service to the project took several forms, viz., helping to identify contributing scholars and peer reviewers, finding fugitive archival documents, identifying local researchers, and, most importantly, advising on the editorial organization of the volumes. The enthusiastic support given to the project as well as their sound advice have served the project well over the past decade. We should like to acknowledge the valuable service rendered to the project by E. U. Essien-Udom, University of Ibadan; Christopher Fyfe, formerly University of Edinburgh; Thomas L. Hodgkin; J. Ayodele Langley; John Lonsdale, Trinity College, Cambridge University; Hollis R. Lynch, Columbia University; Terence O. Ranger, University of Manchester; Andrew D. Roberts, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; Robert I. Rotberg, Lafayette College; George A. Shepperson, University of Edinburgh; Charles van Onselen, University of the Witwatersrand.

In the years that the project has been functioning, undergraduate and graduate students have assisted with the work of research. Their special blend of resourcefulness, enthusiasm, and diligence have greatly aided the project in accomplishing its objectives. It is a pleasure to acknowledge and thank the following individuals: Natalie Baszile, Reginald Daniels, Diane Dober- neck, Joshua Friedland, Patricia Karimi-Taleghani, Kairn Kleiman, Ronald Kunene, Jacqueline Magro, Abner Mariri, Gregory Pirio, Katherine Sadler, Allison Shutt, Peter Szanton, and Victoria Zimmerman. In addition, Christine Nguyen contributed valuable computer skills and a keen understanding of editorial methodology during the revision stage of the manuscript. The project would also like to acknowledge the editorial contribution of Kathleen Sheldon.

The final stages of production depended upon the expertise of several individuals. The numerous design features and interlocking parts, to say nothing of the complex editorial methodology and huge amount of historical data supporting and explicating the texts, presented a formidable copyediting challenge. Nicholas Goodhue demonstrated rare skill as copyeditor of the final manuscript. Sylvia Tidwell, the project’s former copyeditor, contributed to the final revision of the biographical annotations as well as with the contributors’ historical essays. Linda Robertson managed to translate suggestions from the project staff into a design that is not only efficient but also aesthetically appealing. The maps for each of the volumes were expertly prepared by Guy Baker, cartographer with the Cartography Unit, Department of Geography, University College, University of London. We wish to express the project’s appreciation to each of them for their valuable contributions. The widely variant spellings of the names of individuals and places referred to in the documents posed a serious challenge. Robin Haller carried out the difficult task of indexing the volumes with her customary diligence and acute eye for discrepancies, and in the process provided the project with a valuable additional quality-control check.

The University of California Press and its staff have once again proved what an important part academic publishing plays in the larger scholarly enterprise. The project’s sponsoring editor and assistant director of the UC Press, Stanley Holwitz, facilitated an otherwise arduous process by assisting with the various arrangements at every step of the production and publication process. The press’s design and production director, Anthony Crouch, provided valuable advice to the project on a variety of technical topics. Rebecca Frazier, Diana Feinberg, Mina Freehill, and Susan Guttman also assisted the project by smoothing the path of the manuscript toward final publication. We wish to express the project’s appreciation to each of them for their professional support.

Supervision of a large historical documentary editing project brings with it many responsibilities that place administrative demands on the academic institution and department with which it is affiliated. Over the past decade the Garvey project has been singularly fortunate in receiving a level of administrative support that has become all too rare in an era of academic belt-tightening. For their continuing support the project acknowledges the significant contribution made by UCLA’s James S. Coleman African Studies Center and International Studies and Overseas Programs. Without their unstinting support and understanding of the demands of the research and editorial processes, final publication of African Series volumes would have been impossible. We should like to express the project’s deep appreciation to them for their invaluable support.

Finally, the project wishes to acknowledge the institutional sponsors of the edition as well as the generous assistance received from private foundations in support of the project’s work. We should like to thank the National Endowment for the Humanities, National Historical Publications and Records Commission, and the Ford, Rockefeller, Ahmanson, and UCLA Foundations.

INTRODUCTION

The present volume, the second of three devoted to documenting the development and activities of Marcus Garvey’s Africa for the Africans movement in Africa, covers the period from 23 June 1921 through December 1922. These eighteen months witnessed the continued expansion of support for the movement throughout sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the crucial phase in the attempts by colonial regimes and their metropolitan sponsors to repress the movement’s influence, which was perceived as a threat to the maintenance of colonial rule. This period also saw the rise of increased African opposition to Garvey and the program of his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) as well as an intensification of the debate concerning the role of African Americans in the emancipation of Africa.

The volume opens with an announcement by W. E. B. Du Bois of the forthcoming Second Pan-African Congress. In addition to informing Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes of the meetings scheduled to take place in London, Brussels, and Paris in August and September 1921, Du Bois made a point of assuring Hughes that the Pan-African Congress has nothing to do with the so called Garvey movement and contemplates neither force nor revolution in its program. Du Bois’s attempt to differentiate the Congress from Garvey’s UNIA would be only partially successful. Official colonial correspondence and numerous published reports in the metropolitan and colonial press chronicle European apprehensions regarding the upcoming Second Pan-African Congress; both Europeans and Africans thought that Garvey was involved in organizing the event, which occurred at the same time as the UNIA’s second international convention in New York.

The Du Bois-Garvey conflict and its effect on African opinion represent one of the principal themes of the present volume, which shifts the focus from the historiographical preoccupation with the domestic differences between these two men to the international ramifications of their rivalry in Africa and Europe. In addition to the intensification of ideological competition between the two leaders for the allegiance of Africans, the convening of the Second Pan-African Congress also stimulated dissenting conservative voices, most notably those of the European-based Archibald Johnson and Bishop Charles S. Smith of the AME.

Reports in the African press as well as in Garvey’s Negro World also reflect the broad range of opinions and reactions to Du Bois and the Pan-African Congress. Garvey condemned the congress for allegedly collaborating with colonial officials in attempting to blunt the appeal of his own message of African redemption. In his August 1921 convention speech, Garvey denounced Du Bois’s congress for harboring the goal of social equality (a euphemism for miscegenation) and claimed that his enemies will have to come better than a pan-African congress to defeat the objects of the UNIA. At the same convention, Garvey proposed the formation of an international political movement to be called the African Party.

The rivalry between Garvey and Du Bois would also implicate Blaise Diagne, the Senegalese deputy and president of the Pan-African Congress, who had strongly opposed Du Bois’s stand condemning European colonialism in Africa. Diagne’s denunciation of Garvey also intensified anti-Diagne sentiment among younger French African nationalists, who were opposed to the idea of French tutelage and were thus attracted to Garvey’s militant brand of nationalism. And, in a larger sense, the Garvey-Du Bois-Diagne conflict exemplifies the major theme of the African Series, namely, the complex relation of Garveyism to the emergence and articulation of African nationalism not only in sub-Saharan Africa but also in America and the European colonial metropoles.

The documents presented in the current volume also provide an extremely detailed firsthand account of the evolution and disintegration of the UNIA's 1921 Liberian development project. At the time of the highly critical 24 June 1921 report to Garvey by the organization’s resident secretary in Liberia, Cyril Crichlow, Garvey had still not been allowed to return to the U.S. from his tour of the Caribbean and Central America, a trip he had undertaken in February 1921 to push the sale of Liberia Construction Loan bonds. He was finally able to return to the U.S. in early July. Crichlow’s report indicates the author’s gradual disenchantment with Garvey as well as with the UNIA’s capacity to sustain its Liberian development project. His disillusion resulted not only from the failure of the UNIA to live up to its commitments but also, in large measure, from the hostility that he encountered on the part of Gabriel Johnson, the UNIA’s potentate and mayor of Monrovia. The stormy relationship between Crichlow, on the one hand, and Johnson and George O. Marke, the UNIA’s deputy supreme potentate, on the other, undercut all attempts to continue courting the Liberian government. Upon his return to the U.S., Crichlow would publish an extensive expose denouncing the UNIA and its entire Liberian program in the December 1921 issue of the Crusader, official organ of the African Blood Brotherhood.

The documents record the souring of the UNIA’s official relationship with the Liberian regime as well. This was publicly confirmed in a statement prepared for visiting president C. D. B. King of Liberia by Du Bois and published in the June 1921 Crisis. Disavowing the aggressive aims of the UNIA, King attempted to distance his government from any taint of involvement with Garvey at a time when he and the Liberian plenary commission were in America seeking to renegotiate the U.S.-Liberian loan. The U.S. Congress eventually disapproved the loan, despite the recommendation of President Warren G. Harding.

In contrast with the troubles that engulfed the UNIA in Liberia, the present volume chronicles its establishment in Accra, Gold Coast, and its activities in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Lagos, Nigeria. Most significantly, the volume also documents the extraordinary growth in the UNIA’s following in South West Africa, after Fitz Herbert Headly, president of the UNIA division in Lüderitz, traveled to Windhoek to further the cause in the interior. As word of its presence spread among the Herero and Ovambo peoples, the UNIA was appropriated by Africans as a means of presenting their many grievances against their former German colonizers and the exploitative South African regime that replaced it following World War I. In a January 1922 letter, Headly thanked a Herero headman for his hospitality, asserting that only through the UNIA can we regain our national manhood. In January 1922 the Windhoek UNIA division was strong enough to petition the town council for permission to erect its own meeting hall, though permission was denied; later that year, the Lüderitz UNIA division actually reported having 871 dues-paying members. The present volume thereby shows the importance in South West Africa of the Garvey movement, which supplied the ideological framework for the emergence of subsequent Namibian nationalism.

Garvey’s Africa for the Africans message in South Africa continued to spread during this period; it continued despite the fracturing of relations between Garvey’s followers and ICU leaders Clements Kadalie and S. M. B. Ncwana, editor of the Cape Town Black Man, In America, M. Mokete Manoedi (a Native of Basutoland) lent his name to a political broadside (Garvey and Africa) that sought to discredit the UNIA leader in the eyes of Africans and probably was actually written by Garvey’s nemesis, Cyril V. Briggs, a Communist party theoretician and head of the African Blood Brotherhood. A copy was made available by the putative author in September 1922 to British secretary of state for the colonies Winston Churchill.

Meanwhile, South Africa’s large urban concentrations of literate Africans and vibrant working class afforded fertile ground for Garvey’s propaganda as well as material support for several local UNIA divisions. The establishment in New York, in September 1921, of the African Orthodox Church (AOC) by UNIA chaplain general Rev. George Alexander McGuire would expand Garvey’s identification with the Africa for the Africans movement by providing a linkage to African churches spawned by the AOC in South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and East Africa.

A major component of the present volume is the record of French suppression of the Garveyite presence in Senegal, primarily but not exclusively among English-speaking Africans from neighboring Sierra Leone. Following the accidental discovery of a registered-letter receipt with the address of the UNIA’s headquarters in New York, colonial officials launched wide-scale police searches and investigations that resulted in the detention of several UNIA supporters in Dakar and Rufisque and their eventual expulsion from Senegal. The French, however, were never able to apprehend the UNIA’s elusive traveling commissioner, John Kamara, whose presence in Dakar and other parts of West Africa was confirmed by documents seized in the raids. Remaining UNIA activists in Senegal were thereafter kept under close police surveillance. French customs officials also reported discovering a bundle of Negro World issues addressed to Armand Angrand, a municipal councillor in Goree, Senegal, whom the government believed to have been in correspondence with Garvey.

Colonial police surveillance of Garveyism was a constant component of the movement’s history. The Negro World was banned in French West Africa in January, in Nyasaland in March, in Nigeria in June, in the Gambia in September, and in the Gold Coast in December 1922. In the Belgian Congo, an official ordinance gave the colonial government the power to refuse entry to foreigners. South African and South West African police conducted extensive surveillance of Garveyite activities. In Kenya, colonial officials and police investigators sought to establish the existence of a connection between the UNIA and Joswa Kamulegeya of the Young Baganda Association. Police in Freetown interrogated a UNIA deportee from Senegal to ascertain the nature of the material confiscated in Dakar.

In addition, colonial regimes often identified African opposition to colonial rule with supposed Garveyite influence. Political repression was swift and oftentimes violent. In October 1921 the prophet Simon Kimbangu was condemned to death in the Belgian Congo, the sentence being later commuted to life imprisonment. In February 1922 the Portuguese violently suppressed the Catete revolt in Luanda, Angola, also banning the Liga Angolana and all publications expressing African grievances. In Kenya, two days after East African Association leader Harry Thuku’s arrest in March 1922, police reacted to his calls for civil disobedience by shooting and killing at least twenty-one demonstrators in Nairobi. Garvey responded to the killings by calling a public meeting at Liberty Hall in Harlem and sending a cable to British prime minister David Lloyd George protesting the harsh treatment of Africans in Kenya. In May 1921, at an encampment at Bulhoek near Queenstown in the eastern Cape, over two hundred followers of the prophet leader Enoch Mgijima were massacred by the South African military. Mgijima was well informed and strongly supportive of Garvey’s vision of Africa for the Africans. One year later, South African forces brutally crushed the uprising of the Bondelswarts, a Nama-speaking people in South West Africa, described by colonial officials as a very warlike and independent race with little respect for the European, employing air power for the first time in history to strafe civilian villages.

Whereas some colonial governments exaggerated the importance of Garveyism, others dismissed and diminished it; nonetheless, they all reacted in very similar ways, by banning the Negro World newspaper, deporting and expelling suspected UNIA adherents, arresting and imprisoning Africans associated in one way or another with the movement, and crushing any hint of insurrection in order to preserve respect for the sanctity of colonial rule. In documenting the colonialist response, the present volume underscores the unity of colonial interests in the suppression of African political movements.

Colonialists tended to see the Garvey phenomenon as linked with every incident of African resistance, forming some kind of vast conspiracy. In some instances, Garveyism clearly played a role, as with Harry Thuku and the East African Association. In others, while it may have been involved, European apprehensions were clearly exaggerated. The Belgian colonial press, for example, was filled with reports of armed American blacks fomenting rebellion in the Belgian Congo. Officials, missionaries, and settlers believed that Garveyites as well as English Protestant missionaries were behind the Kim- bangu movement (ngunzism). The volume ends with a December 1922 French intelligence report recounting how, largely in response to pan-negro agitation supposedly instigated by Garveyites, freedom of the press had been suppressed in the Belgian Congo, and stating the overall necessity to keep watch on Garveyism in Africa.

The present volume also documents the effect on African opinion of Garvey’s indictment on mail-fraud charges in February 1922, in connection with the sale of stock in the Black Star Line. This allowed colonial officials to justify their claim that Garvey had used the UNIA to obtain money fraudulently from Africans. Garvey’s arrest in the U.S. thus became an African event, resulting in the resignation of the Lagos UNIA division secretary Ernest Ikoli. Back in the U.S., a severely weakened Garvey was also forced to beat a strategic retreat. Following the dissolution of the Black Star Line Corporation in April 1922, Garvey modified the UNIA’s previous militant stand by seeking external sources of support to buttress the organization’s faltering resources, thereby diluting its appeal as the symbol of racial autonomy.

By early 1922, the question of Africa began to be subordinated to Garvey’s search for white allies. The first intimation of this political shift came on 13 February 1922—two days before Garvey’s indictment in New York—when Garvey publicly praised Mississippi state senator T. S. McCallum’s resolution urging the U.S. Congress to acquire land in Africa for the founding of a national home for the American Negro as the solution to America’s race problem. (The McCallum resolution was passed by the Mississippi state senate on 20 February 1922.) Garvey’s African redemption program was thus realigned to coincide with the philosophy of the white American Colonization Society; this ideological shift was underscored by Garvey’s 25 June meeting with Ku Klux Klan leader Edward Young Clarke in Atlanta, Georgia, a gesture reminiscent of the Southernizing strategy that conservative black politicians advocated after the collapse of Reconstruction in the late 1870s.