Ancient Scholars About the Turks and the Turkic Nations. Volume 2: Ancient Civilizations., #2

By A Sanducci

All the proceeds from this book will be given to charity.

Primarily based on the genetic findings, backed by the archeological, historical, linguistic facts and testimonies of the ancient scholars, historians, and geographers, this work brings a fresh perspective into a stagnated view of the Turkic nations and their past. This book has 2 volumes.

The first volume reveals breaking new evidence about the biblical origins of the Turkic nations who were related to the ancient Akkadians, Sumerians. The book unshrouds the Turkic pedigree of the Germanic nations, the natives of Media, and the Scythians. The deciphered cuneiforms of the Behistun inscription in Persia, along with their detailed lexico-grammatical analysis shed light on the revolutionary facts about the Turkic origin of the Medes and their language.

A large portion of this volume is devoted to the Scythians and most of their derivative tribes, including those located in Scythia and beyond, such as the As, Turkai, Sacai, Parthians, Bactrians, Huns, Sarmats, Getai, Celtic, Iberian, Gallic, Germanic, and Thracian tribes.

The second volume casts light on the remaining Scytho-Thracian nations – the Trojans with a detailed classification of the related tribes, including the most renowned Illyrians, Spartans, Phrygians, Etruscans, Pelasgi. The in-depth lexico-grammatical analyses of the languages of two major Thracian nations – Etruscans and Phrygians ascertain their Turkic origin. The book also demystifies the history of the ancient Armenians who were a Phrygian colony, sets them apart from the modern Armenians, and gives a chronological, historical account of the modern Armenian people, also known as the Hai, under the authority of their first historian Movses Khorenatsi.

The comparative analysis of 20 ancient alphabets reveals their common Turkic root. A crucial archeological, cultural, political, linguistic, and genetic evidence points to the Turkic beginning of many Native Americans.

• Language: English
• Publisher: World Scholarly Press
• Release date: Jul 20, 2023
• ISBN: 9798223610168

A Sanducci

Имея обширный академический опыт в области тюркологии, являвшийся приглашённым профессором Калифорнийского университета в Беркли, США, автор настоящего двухтомного исследования и многих других учебных книг и статей, выступал с речами и лекциями во многих престижных университетах мира, включая Стэнфордский университет и Калифорнийский университет в Дэвисе.

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Volume 2.

§ 11. The Trojan nations.

There was a fascinating nation of antiquity that rose to stardom and, due to the legendary poet Homer, got etched in the minds and hearts of the past and present generations of humanity. It was the nation of the Trojans, the natives of the kingdom Troy – drawn from the high blood of Heaven, as Virgil called them [5.56].

Sadly, most of the modern world either does not know who these Trojans were or erroneously thinks that they were the Greeks. Only a small fraction of the academic world accepted the truth – the people of Troy were the ancestors of modern Turkic nations, in general, and Turkish, in particular. The name Troy, or as the Greeks called it Troia (Τροία), is of Turkic origin. It comprises two elements:

Tr > Tur ‘1.powerful, eternal; 2.Tur – a male name’ +

Oy, Oia > Öi ‘home’, meaning powerful home or "house of Tur" in Turkic.  

Tur, aka Tros (Τρώς),aka Turos, was a great-grandson of Zeus, after whom the land of Troy and its people Trojans acquired their names. His name means powerful leader in Turkic (Tr > Tur ‘powerful; eternal’ + Os > Us ‘chief, master’).

The legendary Homer in The Iliad announced the genealogy of Tros’s family presented directly by the offspring of this Trojan dynasty – Aeneas:

"In the beginning Dardanos was the son of Zeus, and founded Dardania, for Ilion was not yet established on the plain for men to dwell in, and her people still abode on the spurs of many-fountained Ida. Dardanus had a son, king Erichthonius, who was wealthiest of all men living…Erichthonius begat Tros, king of the Trojans, and Tros had three noble sons, Ilos,Assaracos, and Ganymede who was comeliest of mortal men; wherefore the gods carried him off to be Zeus’s cupbearer, for his beauty's sake, that he might dwell among the immortals. Ilos begat Laomedon, and Laomedon begat Tithonos, Priam, Lampos, Klytios, and Hiketaon of the stock of Ares. But Assaracos was father to Kapys, and Kapys to Anchises, who was my father, while Hektor is son to Priam." [2.20.199-339]

The biblical sources also mentioned Tur, aka Tros, aka Turos, as Tiras, the youngest son of prophet Japheth, known among the Turkic nations as Turk. [The Book of Genesis. 10.2] The Jewish intellectual Flavius Josephus identified Thiras as the progenitor of the Thracians, from which the Trojan nations, with their kinship to the Scythians and the Medes, were derived:

"Thiras also called those whom he ruled over Thirasians, but the Greeks changed the name into Thracians… [The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus the Jewish Historian." 1.6.1]

The name Tur ("1.nation of the Turs, Turks; 2.eternal; 3.powerful; 4.ascending") is a very ancient Turkic name that has been in use, primarily, as a component of the archaic male and female names by the Turkic nations of the past and the present:

❖    Turalp  eternal hero, powerful hero, "Turkic hero" (Tur + Alp ‘hero’).

❖    Turbay, Turbəy  eternal noble, powerful noble (Tur+ Bay, Bəy ‘noble’).

❖    Turel  "1.nation of the Turs, Turks; 2.eternal nation; 3.powerful nation" (Tur + El ‘nation’).

❖    Turğay, Turqay eternally great, "great Tur or Turk" (Tur+ Ğay, Qay ‘great’). Qay was the first part in the name of Gaius Julius Caesar. This is a male name.

❖    Turğayə, Turqayə eternally great, "great Tur or Turk". It is a female name.

❖    Turxan "1.ruler of the country of the Turs; 2.King Tur; 3.eternal or powerful king" (Tur + Xan ‘ruler, king, khan’). 

❖    Turqut 1.eternal happiness; 2.eternal spirit (Tur+ Qut ‘1.happiness; 2.spirit"). The Germanic nation of the Goths derived their name from the Turkic word Qut.

❖    Turay ascending Moon(Tur ‘ascending’ + Ay ‘Moon’). This is a male name.

❖    Turayə ascending Moon. This one is a female name.

❖    Bağatur "a royal Tur or Turk"(Bağa ‘high dignity’ + Tur).

❖    Batur "1.a royal Tur; 2.a hero". This is a shortened version of Bağatur.

❖    Turgeş "a Tur man, a Turkic man" (Tur ‘Turkic’ + Geş ‘man’). This was both a personal name and the name of the ancient Turkic tribe.

❖    Turğan "1.from the Turs’ blood; 2.of Turkic blood" (Tur + Ğan ‘blood’). It was both a personal name and the name of a Turkic tribe.

❖    Turan "1.the land of the Turs; 2.the Turs". This name was in use both by males and females. Turan was also the name of the Turkic country in Central Asia.

❖    Turk, Türk "1.we are the Turs; 2.we are powerful; 3.we are eternal" (Tur + -K (-Ük) ‘an affix, equivalent to the English words We Are’).

Drevneturkskiy slovar and Opit slovaria turkskikh narechiy by Radlov V.V. provided a number of ancient Turkic personal names and ethnonyms that contained the name Tur, such as Tura Tutuq, Turçı, Turçı Baqşı, Yigin Alp Turan.

This very name Tur was a core component in the name of the founder (Turrenos = Τυρρηνός,) of a Trojan nation – the Turrenoi (Τυρρηνοί), as well as a country he established in Italy – Turrenia (Τυρρηνία):

❖    Turrenos: Tur + En > -An ‘a Turkic affix, indicating plurality’ + Os > Us ‘chief’, meaning "head of the Turs" in Turkic.

❖    Turrenoi: Tur  +  En > -An  ‘a Turkic affix, indicating plurality’ + -Oi  ‘a Greek ending’, meaning "the Turs, the Turks".

Strabo gave an interesting account of the creation of the Turrenian or Tyrrhenian state and nation:

"The Tyrrheni have now received from the Romans the surname of Etrusci and Tusci. The Greeks thus named them from Tyrrhenus the son of Atys, as they say, who sent hither a colony from Lydia. Atys, who was one of the descendants of Hercules and Omphale, and had two sons, in a time of famine and scarcity determined by lot that Lydus should remain in the country, but that Tyrrhenus, with the greater part of the people, should depart. Arriving here, he named the country after himself, Tyrrhenia, and founded twelve cities, having appointed as their governor Tarcon {The name Tarcon or Tarcan is of Turkic origin, meaning governor, ruler.}, from whom the city of Tarquinia [received its name], and who, on account of the sagacity which he had displayed from childhood, was feigned to have been born with hoary hair. Placed originally under one authority, they became flourishing; but it seems that in after-times, their confederation being broken up and each city separated, they yielded to the violence of the neighbouring tribes. Otherwise they would never have abandoned a fertile country for a life of piracy on the sea, roving from one ocean to another; since, when united they were able not only to repel those who assailed them, but to act on the offensive, and undertake long campaigns. After the foundation of Rome,Demaratus arrived here, bringing with him people from Corinth.He was received at Tarquinia, where he had a son, named Lucumo, by a woman of that country.Lucumo becoming the friend of Ancus Marcius, king of the Romans, succeeded him on the throne, and assumed the name of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Both he and his father did much for the embellishment of Tyrrhenia, the one by means of the numerous artists who had followed him from their native country; the other having the resources of Rome.It is said that the triumphal costume of the consuls, as well as that of the other magistrates, was introduced from the Tarquinii, with the fasces, axes, trumpets, sacrifices, divination, and music employed by the Romans in their public ceremonies. His son, the second Tarquin, named Superbus, who was driven from his throne, was the last king [of Rome]." [5.2.2.-5.2.3]

It took hundreds of years for the Turs, or ancient Trojans and Turrenoi, to reclaim their native land, once taken from them – known nowadays as Turkey.

It was the second and last time in the history of the world when the formidable Roman Empire was brought to its knees by a nation of Turkic extraction, after the Huns andthe Goths. This time, it was the Byzantine Empire with its capital Constantinople, modern-day Istanbul, conquered by a 21-year-old young Turkish sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, or Mehmed II. He brought to an end this Eastern Roman Empire in 1453, established the Ottoman Empire, and added the title Caesar to his other titles. We do not conquer the lands. We conquer the hearts, he memorably said. He restored the Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate and established a Jewish Grand Rabbinate and Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople in the capital to prove his words. Considering himself and his Turkish people as the descendants of the Trojans, sultan Mehmed II said: After the passage of so many years, God appointed me to be the avenger of this city, of its inhabitants… Another Turkish statesman, the founder of modern Turkey – Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, was reported to say: "Now, we have taken revenge for Hector" after winning the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922.

The fact that the people of Troy were ancient Turks was attested by the 800-year-old, highly esteemed Icelandic saga "The Prose Edda." This artistic tribute to the heavenly entity Odin and his nation from Turkland affirms:

"Near the earth's centre was made that goodliest of homes and haunts that ever have been, which is called Troy, even that which we call Turkland." [Prologue. 3]

To further confirm that the people of Troy were the Turks, the Icelandic saga narrates about the Turkic order of the society, established by God Odin in Europe:

"There he established chieftains in the fashion, which had prevailed in Troy…" [Prologue. 5]

There are various scholars who claimed that the story about Troy and the Trojans, written by Homer, was nothing but just a myth. However, Strabo, invoking Herodotus, asserted that not only the Trojans did exist in history, but they also branched out into 8 or 9 main divisions:

"The poet implies that it was the Trojans chiefly who were divided into eight or even nine bodies of people, each forming a petty princedom, who had under their sway the places about Aesepus, and those about the territory of the present Cyzicene, as far as the river Caïcus…That Priam was king of all these countries the words with which Achilles addresses him clearly show: ''We have heard, old man, that your riches formerly consisted in what Lesbos, the city of Macar, contained, and Phrygia above it and the vast Hellespont.''"[13.1.7]

However, with due respect to Strabo, Homer did not imply that the Trojans were partitioned into 8 or 9 derivative groups. In book 2 of The Iliad, Homer enumerated exactly 12 principal Trojan nations, comprising a large Trojan confederation:

Dardanians, aka Dardanii

Lycians

Mysians

Cilicians

Paeonians

Paphlagonians

Halizones

Phrygians

Maeonians

Carians

Thracians, Ciconians

Pelasgi

Meanwhile, Strabo confirmed that the designation Trojan applied to all the confederates:

"Even the people, who in the Catalogue are said to be commanded by Hector, are called Trojans;

''Hector, the mighty, with the nodding crest, commanded the Trojans''…" [13.1.7]

The Icelandic saga "The Prose Edda" by Sturluson also corroborates the existence of the 12 rulers of Troy:

"There he established chieftains in the fashion which had prevailed in Troy; he set up also twelve head-men to be doomsmen over the people and to judge the laws of the land; and he ordained also all laws as there had been before in Troy, and according to the customs of the Turks." [Prologue. 5]

While taking into consideration all these 12 Trojan nations, depicted by Homer, as well as the post-Homeric development of these nations of Troy, a need emerges to enumerate their derivatives as well. With that goal in mind, we present a new classification of the Trojan nations, provided below, based on the knowledge of the ancient Greek and Latin authors, including Homer, Strabo, Euripides, Ovid, and others.

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§11-1. The Dardanii and the Illyrian tribes.

The Dardanians, called by the Latins the Dardanii and known amongst the Greeks as the Dardanoi, were the first Trojan nation mentioned by Homer when enumerating the Trojan forces against the Greeks. It is important to note that they were not just allies to the people of Troy. They were related to the Trojans by blood as well, in the opinion of Strabo:

"…then those under Æneas,

the brave son of Anchises had the command of the Dardanii,

and these were Trojans, for the poet says,

''Thou, Æneas, that counsellest Trojans''…" [13.1.7]

The beautiful goddess of love Aphrodite, or Venus – daughter of Zeus, who favored the Trojans, was the mother of Aeneas, the commander of the Dardanii, as claimed by Homer:

"The Dardanians were led by brave Aeneas, whom Venus bore to Anchises, when she, goddess though she was, had lain with him upon the mountain slopes of Ida." [2.2.800-839]

In addition to the AsianDardanii, who lived in Asia Minor, there were also the European Dardani, from whom, according to Procopius, the famous Emperor of Byzantine Justinian took his origin [On the Buildings. 4.1.17].

Pliny the Elder located the Dardanii in Moesia, while Ptolemy was more precise by placing them in Upper Moesia [3.9]:

"Joining up to Pannonia is the province called Mœsia, which runs, with the course of the Danube, as far as the Euxine. It commences at the confluence previously mentioned. In it are the Dardani, the Celegeri, the Triballi, the Timachi, the Mœsi, the Thracians, and the Scythians who border on the Euxine." [Pliny the Elder. The Natural History. 3.29(26)]

Strabo characterized the Dardanii as ferocious yet very artistic people:

"The Dardanii are entirely a savage people, so much so that they dig caves beneath dung heaps, in which they dwell; yet they are fond of music and are much occupied in playing upon pipes and on stringed instruments." [7.5.7]

Homer described the Dardanii as a war-like nation – "Dardanians, fighters in close combat" [17.184], and king Priam as a "son of Dardanus [11.165], an offspring of Dardanus" [24.171].

As it was believed, Dardanus,Zeus’s son by the Pleiad Electra, a native of ArcadianPheneus, was the ancestor of the Trojan people. Hence, the name of the Dardanii originated from their founding father, Dardanus. On the same note, a Greek historian, who lived between 60 to 30 BCE, Diodorus Siculus, aka Diodorus of Sicily, in his Library of History pointed out that Dardanus was the king of the Scythians:

"…for Phineus having married (besides his former wife) Idea the daughter of Dardanus king of Scythia, was so enslaved by an inordinate affection to her, that he humoured her in everything that she required…" [4.3]

Though the king of Scythians and the founder of the Dardanians were two different persons, the name Dardanus carried by both, pointed to their common Scythian ancestry. The name can easily be deduced from the Turkic source:

Dardanus, aka Dardanos = Δάρδανος: Dar > Dər ‘amass’ + Dan ‘glory, fame’ + Us, Os > Us ‘master’, meaning ruler who garnered glory in Turkic.

By the way, the Dardanelle strait, known among the Greeks as the Hellespont, got its name after the fabled Trojan Dardanos.

According to Diodorus Siculus, Dardanus was the first to cross in a hand-made boat from the Samothrace Island to the land in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), where he established a city, then kingdom with the people – all named after him:

"Afterwards one Saon, an islander, the son, (as some say), of Jupiter and Nympha, but (as others, of Mercury and Rhena), gathered the inhabitants (before living scattered and dispersed) into a body; and made laws for their better government, and divided them into five tribes, calling them after the names of his sons, but named himself Saon, after the name of the island. The government being thus settled, it is said, that Dardanus, Jasion, and Harmonia, the children of Jupiter and Electra, one of the daughters of Atlas, were born among them. Of these, Dardanus, (being a bold and brave spirited man) passed over in a pinnace into Asia, and first built the city Dardanus, and erected the kingdom of Troy, (so called, from Troy built afterwards), and called the people Dardanians. He reigned, they say, over many other nations besides in Asia and that the Dardanians above Thrace, were a colony settled there by him." [5.3]

On the word of St. Jerome, the city of Dardanus, or Dardania, was founded by Dardanus in 1477 BCE. The ancient Roman poet Virgil, or Publius Vergilius Maro, corrected Diodorus Siculus by stating that Dardanus initially was from the shores of Tuscany, andfrom there he moved to Phrygia, then to Thracian Samos, or Samothrace, with the final destination at the Trojan coast:

"And now my mind recals, (thou lapse of time

Obscures the tale,) th’ Aurunean Elders told

How Dardanus, in these our regions born,

To Phrygian Ida’s cities urg’d his way,

And Thracian Samos, now call’d Samothrace.

He, from his Tuscan seat in Corythus

Hence gone, in the gold courts of starry Heav’n

Sits thron’d, and, while his altars here on earth

Arise, there swells the number of the Gods." [7.271-279]

This means that the Trojans initially hailed from the land known later as Turrenia, or Tyrrhenia, currently Tuscany in Italy. In his epic poem "The Aeneid", Ovid explained why the people of Troy, including the Dardanii, chose the country, known today as Italy, as their new place of habitation after they left Troy:

"There is a place by Greeks Hesperia call’d,

An ancient land, martial, and rich in glebe;

Th’ Oenotrians till’d the soil; but rumour tells

The region they in younger ages born

Have stil’d Italia from their leader’s name.

These are our destin’d seats; hence Dardanus,

And hence the Sire Iasius sprung, that Prince

From whom our lineage comes." [3.238-245]

Based on this assertion of the ancient man of letters, an inference emerges to the surface that the Turkic nation of Troy was the autochthonous native of the Italian land long before a younger race – the Italians arrived there.

Ovid in "Fasti" went even further and presented a detailed lineage of the founders of Rome – Romulus and Remus that proved the unexpected. They had a Trojan origin. Turkic blood reigned in the veins of the Roman founders, as well as in many famous Roman emperors, such as JuliusCaesar:

"…Dardanus' was born of Electra, the daughter of Atlas? And that Electra shared the bed of Jove? His son was Ericthonius; from him Tros sprung: he was the father of Assaracus, Assaracus of Capys. This last begot Anchises, with whom, Venus did not disdain to hold the name of parent in common. Hence was born Æneas; his piety well proved, bore the sacred relics and his father sitting on his shoulders, a second pious charge, through the flames of Troy. At length we have arrived at the blessed name of Iülus, from which point the Julian house is connected with its Trojan ancestors.

His son was Postumus, who, because he was born in the deep sylvan shades, was called Silvius, among the Latian nation. And he, Latinus, is thy sire; Alba succeeds Latinus, Epytus succeeds to thy dignity, O Alba. He gave to Capys the revived name of Troy; he, too, became thy grandsire, O Calpetus. And while, in succession to him, Tiberinus was occupying the throne of his father, he is said to have been drowned in the eddy of the Etrurian stream. And yet he had lived to see Agrippa, his son, and Remulus, his grandson. They say that against Remulus the thunderbolts were hurled. After these came Aventinus, from whom the place and the hill, too, derived its name. After him the sovereignty passed to Procas; him Numitor followed, the brother of the cruel Amulius; Ilia and Lausus were the children of Numitor. Lausus falls by his uncle's sword; Ilia is beloved by Mars, and produces thee, Quirinus, with Remus, thy twin brother." [Translated by H.T. Riley. 4.21-60]

To make this genealogy more digestible, it is better to demonstrate it as a scheme below:

The great Latin poet of 50-15 BCE, Sextus Propertius in The Elegies gave a perfect summary of this ancestry:

…Troia cades, et Troica Roma, resurges… [4.1.17]

"…Troy will fall, and Trojan Rome will rise!" {The Latin text was translated into English by the author of the present work.}

Strabo classified the Dardanii as an Illyrian nation that had kin tribes: "the Autariatæ, Ardiæi, and Dardanii, among the Illyrians"[7.5.6]. Expectedly, the names of the Dardanii and cognate tribes reveal their Turkic breed: 

➢    Dardanii, aka Dardani, aka Dardanoi, aka Dardanians: Dar > Dər ‘amass’ + Dan ‘glory, fame’, meaning nation that builds up its glory in Turkic.

➢    Illyrian, aka Illurioi = Ἰλλυριοί: Ill > İllə ‘create confederation, union’ + Uri > Uru ‘tribe’, meaning create a union of tribes in Turkic. According to Appian, the Illyrians obtained their name after their founder Illyrius, or Illurios (Ἰλλυριός: Ill > İllə ‘create a union’ + Uri > Uru ‘tribe’ + Os > Us ‘chief’, meaning "chief creator of the tribal union) – a son of the Cyclops. The author gave a rather interesting account of the origination of the tribal and country name, though not entirely sure of its authenticity:

"They say that the country received its name from Illyrius {In the original Greek text, it is Illurios = Ἰλλυριός.}, the son of Polyphemus; for the Cyclops Polyphemus and his wife, Galatea, had three sons, Celtus, Illyrius, and Galas, all of whom migrated from Sicily; and the nations called Celts, Illyrians, and Galatians took their origin from them. Among the many myths prevailing among many peoples this seems to me the most plausible. Illyrius had six sons, Encheleus, Autarieus {The original Greek text says Ἐγχέλεῖ = Enchelei,Αὐταριεῖ = Autariei.}, Dardanus, Mædus, Taulas {It should be Taulanta (Ταύλαντα in the original Greek text).}, and Perrhæbus, also daughters, Partho, Daortho, Dassaro, and others, from whom sprang the Taulantii, the Perrhæbi, the Enchelees, the Autarienses, the Dardani, the Partheni, the Dassaretii, and the Darsii. Autarieus had a son Pannonius, or Pæon, and the latter had sons, Scordiscus and Triballus, from whom nations bearing similar names were derived. But I will leave these matters to the archæologists. [Illyrian Wars." 3.1.2] 

The story sounds healthy but contradicts the account provided by Diodorus Siculus about the Celts and the Galatai, insisting that they were born from Hercules [5.24], and opposes Dardanus’s genealogy derived from Zeus, according to Ovid. However, in general, all three men of letters were right, as all the nations described by Appian, also known as the Trojan, Germanic, Galatai, Celtic, and alike peoples, were of Scythian extraction and related to each other.

According to Appian, the notion ‘Illyrian’ was used as a common denominator of the inhabitants of Illyria, without proper attention to their kinship:

"These peoples, and also the Pannonians, the Rhærtians, the Noricans, the Mysians of Europe, and the other neighboring tribes who inhabited the right bank of the Danube, the Romans distinguished from one another just as the various Greek peoples are distinguished from each other, and they call each by its own name, but they consider the whole of Illyria as embraced under a common designation. Whence this idea took its start I have not been able to find out, but it continues to this day, for they farm the tax of all the nations from the source of the Danube to the Euxine Sea under one head, and call it the Illyrian tax." [3.1.6]

➢    Autariatai = Αὐταριάται: Autari > Autariei ‘name of the founder of the tribe’ (Aut > At ‘horse’ + Ari > Əri > Ər ‘warrior’ + -İ ‘an affix of possession’) + Atai ‘father, patriarch’, meaning "tribe of the patriarch Autariei" and main tribe of the warrior horsemen in Turkic. Though Appian did not indicate specifically Autariei, or Autarieus, as the eponymous father of the Autariatai by assigning him only to the tribe of the Autarieis, it is obvious that this Illyrian tribe also acquired its name after the same founder.  

The Roman writer Justin gave a short account of the Autariatai (incorrectly translated into English as Antariatae), who abandoned their country, overwhelmed by rodent infestation:

"During these transactions, Cassander, returning from Apollonia, fell in with the Antariatae, who, having abandoned their country on account of the vast number of frogs and mice that infested it, were seeking a settlement. Fearing that they might possess themselves of Macedonia, he made a compact with them, received them as allies, and assigned them lands at the extremity of the country." [15.2]

➢    Autarieis = Αὐταριεῖς: Autari > Autariei ‘name of the founder of the tribe’ (Aut > At ‘horse’ + Ari > Əri > Ər ‘warrior’ + I > -İ ‘an affix of possession’) + Eis > İs ‘trace’, meaning "remnants of Autariei" in Turkic. Judging by the name, it seems that the Autarieis and the Autariatai were leaves from the same branch. Compare:

Autariatai: Aut > At ‘horse’ + Ari > Əri ‘warrior’ + Atai ‘father, patriarch’.

Autarieis:  Aut > At ‘horse’ + Ari > Əri ‘warrior’ + Eis > İs ‘trace’.

Appian depicted the Autarieis as impious people who got punished by Apollo for that sin: 

"The Autarienses {In the original Greek text, it is Autarieis = Αὐταριεῖς.} were overtaken with destruction by the vengeance of Apollo. Having joined Molostimus and the Celtic people called Cimbri in an expedition against the temple of Delphi, the greater part of them were destroyed by storm, hurricane, and lightning just before the sacrilege was committed. Upon those who returned home there came a countless number of frogs, which filled the streams and polluted the water. The noxious vapors rising from the ground caused a plague among the Illyrians which was especially fatal to the Autarienses. At last they fled from their homes, and as the plague still clung to them (and for fear of it nobody would receive them), they came, after a journey of twenty-three days, to a marshy and uninhabited district of the Getæ, where they settled near the Bastarnæ. [Illyrian Wars." 3.1.4]

➢    Taulantii, aka Taulantioi =Ταυλάντιοι > Taulanta = Ταύλαντα: Taul > Taulı ‘fat, heavy’ + Anta > Endi ‘wide’, meaning heavy and wide-shouldered in Turkic. As claimed by Appian, this Illyrian tribe was named after Taulanta (incorrectly transcribed as Taulas) – one of six sons of Illyrius. Thucydides characterized these people as barbarians:

"Epidamnus is a city situated on the right hand to such as enter into the Ionian Gulf. Bordering upon it are the Taulantii, barbarians, a people of Illyris. [History of the Peloponnesian War."]

➢    Perrhæbi, aka Perraiboi = Περραιβοὶ > Perraibos = Περραιβός: Perra > Pərü ‘gift, present’ + Eb, Ib > Eb, İv ‘house’ + Os > Us ‘master’, meaning leader of the dynasty bestowed by the heavens in Turkic. This Illyrian tribe was also created and named after its founding father Perraibos (translated into English as Perrhæbus), son of Illyrius.

➢    Enchelees, aka Enkhelees = Ἐγχέλεες > Enkhelei = Ἐγχέλεῖ: En > Ən ‘most’ + Chel, Khel > Xal ‘power’, meaning the most powerful in Turkic. This tribal name owes its origination to the founder Enkhelei, translated into English as Encheleus, a son of Illyrius, as stated by Appian.

➢    Partheni, aka Parthenoi = Παρθηνοὶ > Partho = Παρθὼ > Pərtəv ray of light; light in Turkic. This Illyrian tribe acquired the name of its female founder – Partho, a daughter of Illyrius, and means "house of Partho" (Partheni, Parthenoi: Parth > Partho + En ‘house’) in Turkic.

➢    Dassaretii, aka Dassaretioi = Δασσαρήτιοι > Dassaró = Δασσαρὼ: Das > Tasa ‘real’ {Ashmarin N.I. [13.225]} + Saró > Sará ‘power, might; bravery’, meaning real power in Turkic. Another daughter of Illyrius – Dassaró was the founder of this Illyrian tribe, as claimed by Appian. The tribal name has the meaning be powerful (Dassaretii, Dassaretioi: Das > Tasa ‘real’ + Saró > Sará ‘power, might; bravery’ + Et ‘make, create’).

➢    Darsii, aka Darsioi = Δάρσιοι > Daortho = Δαορθὼ: Da > Dəü ‘great’ + Ortho > Ört ‘fire’, meaning great fire in Turkic. As asserted by Appian, this tribe also owes its appellation to its founding mother – Daortho, a daughter of Illyrus. However, the name of the tribe has a modified meaning – "tribe of Daortho" (Darsii, Darsioi: Dar > Daortho + Sii, Sioi > Soi ‘tribe’) in Turkic.

➢    Ardiaioi = Ἀρδιαῖοι, aka Ardiæi: Ardi > Arda ‘ruin, destroy’ + Ai, Aei > Ai ‘order’, meaning tribe that brings disorder in Turkic. Appian mentioned this Illyrian tribe along with another kin tribe – the Palarioi in his work "The Illyrian Wars": 

"The Ardei and the Palarii, two other Illyrian tribes, made a raid on RomanIllyria, and the Romans, being otherwise occupied, sent ambassadors to scare them." [3.2.10]

➢    Palarioi = Παλάριοι, aka Palarii: Pal > Pəl ‘hill’ + Ari > Əri ‘man, warrior’ (Ər ‘warrior’ + -İ ‘an affix of possession’), meaning warrior tribe of mountaineers in Turkic. Another Turkic word – Pal wildfowl, could also be used to provide the meaning of the tribal name. However, the first variant seems more suitable when considering a Turkic tribe with a similar name construction – Suvari.  Compare:

Palarii: Pal ‘hill’ + Arii ‘man, warrior’, meaning mountain man.

Suvari: Suv ‘river’ + Ari ‘warrior, man’, meaning river man.

➢    Scordiscoi, aka Skordiskoi = Σκορδίσκοι, aka Scordisci, aka Skordistes = Σκορδίστες:

Scordiscoi, Skordiskoi, Scordisci: Sc, Sk > Sık ‘packed, overcrowded’ + Ordi > Ordu ‘army’ + Isco > İskə ‘tear apart’, meaning tribe that tears apart a large army in Turkic.

Scordistes: Sc > Sık ‘packed, overcrowded’ + Ordi > Ordu ‘army’ + Istes > Eş Tuş ‘comrades’(Is > Eş ‘brother-in-arms’ + Tes > Tuş = Taş ‘fellow’), meaning fellow soldiers of a large army or "Skordiskos’s brothers in arms" in Turkic.

As reported by Appian, the Scordiscoi (and other variants of the name) were named after their founding father – Skordiskos (Σκορδίσκος), who was a great-great-grandson of the CyclopsPolyphemus. His name consists of the following Turkic words:

Skordiskos: Sk > Sık ‘packed, overcrowded’ + Ordi > Ordu ‘army’ + Isk > İskə ‘tear apart’ + Os > Us ‘master’, meaning the masterful one who tears apart large armies in Turkic.

Earlier, it was determined that the Skordiskoi, known also the Scordisci,Scordistes, were a Kelto-Scythian nation. The etymological analysis of the derivative names also proved their Turkic root. Their classification as an Illyrian tribe by Appian is a testament to the kinship of Scythian, Celtic, Illyrian, and Trojan nations.

➢    Triballi, aka Triballoi = Τριβαλλοί: Tri > Tiri ‘agile’ + Balli, Balloi > Bəlli ‘powerful; distinguished’, meaning agile and powerful tribe or "people of Triballos" in Turkic. Despite Strabo, who presented the Triballi as a Thracian tribe [7.5.6; 7.3.13], Appian considered them as an Illyrian tribe that obtained its name after Triballos (Τριβαλλος) – a son of Pannonios, or Pannonius, or Pæon, who was a son of Autariei, who wasa son of Illyrius and a grandson of the CyclopsPolyphemus [3.1.2]. The founding father’s name originated from Turkic roots:

Triballos: Tri > Tiri ‘agile’ + Ball > Bəlli ‘famous’ + Os > Us ‘master’, meaning the masterful one, famous for his agility in Turkic.

➢    Mædi, aka Maidoi = Μαῖδοι, aka Medoi = Μῆδοι, aka Arioi = Ἄριοι, aka Arians:

Mædi, Maidoi, Medoi > Matı wonderful in Turkic.

Arioi, Arians > Ar warrior, man, hero in Turkic.

This was a colony of the Medes, introduced later as a Thracian nation by Strabo [7.5.7], closely related to the Scythians, and classified as the Illyrian people by Appian:

"Such was the punishment which the god visited upon the Illyrians and the Celts for their impiety. But they did not desist from temple robbing, for again, in conjunction with the Celts, certain Illyrian tribes, especially the Scordisci, the Mædi, and the Dardani again invaded Macedonia and Greece together, and plundered many temples, including that of Delphi, but losing many men this time also." [3.1.5]

➢    Atintanoi = Ἀτιντανοί, aka Atintani: Atin > Atın ‘his/her name’ (At ‘name, glory’ + -In ‘an affix, denoting possession’) + Tan ‘reject’, meaning tribe careless about its glory in Turkic. Appian presented this tribe as an Illyrian people:

"While the Romans were engaged in a three years' war with the Gauls on the river Po, Demetrius, thinking that they had their hands full, set forth on a piratical expedition, brought the Istrians, another Illyrian tribe, into the enterprise, and detached the Atintani from Rome." [3.2.8] 

➢    Istroi = Ἴστροι, aka Istrians > Ister:Is > İs ‘trace’ + Ter > Törə ‘create’, meaning pathmaker in Turkic. The Istroi, or the Istrians, obtained their name from the river Ister pathmaker – a Thracian appellation of the river Danube.

➢    Dalmatai = Δαλμάται, aka Dalmates = Δαλμάτης, aka Delmateis = Δελματεῖς, aka Dalmatians: Dalm, Delm > Dəlim ‘many, much’ + At ‘glory’, meaning ‘tribe vast in its glory" in Turkic. According to Appian, the Dalmates acquired their name first as the Delmateis (incorrectly transcribed as Delmatenses)from the city Delminion (Δελμίνιον, translated into English as Delminium), aka Dalminion (Δαλμίνιον):

"The Dalmatians, another Illyrian tribe, made an attack on the Illyrian subjects of Rome, and when ambassadors were sent to them to remonstrate, they were not received...Nevertheless, he drove them into the city of Delminium, from which place they first got the name of Delmatenses, which was afterward changed to Dalmatians." [3.2.11] 

The name of the city of Delminion (Δελμίνιον)translates as many houses in Turkic (Delm > Dəlim ‘many, much’ + In > İn ‘house’ + Ion > -Ən ‘an affix of plurality’). Obviously, the city was famous for having many buildings in it.

➢     Liburnoi = Λιβυρνοί: Lib > Lap ‘suddenly and a lot’ + Burn > Buran ‘emasculating’ (Bur ‘emasculate’ +    -An ‘an affix, denoting constant action’), meaning tribe that emasculates many foes in Turkic. Appian mentioned this Illyrian tribe in his work "Illyrian Wars":

"At the time when Cæsar held the command in Gaul these same Dalmatians and other Illyrians, who were then in a very prosperous condition, took the city of Promona from the Liburni, another Illyrian tribe." [3.3.12]

§ 11-2. The Teucri, or the Teucrians, and their derivatives.

One of the founders of the Trojan people – the Teucrians, was Teucer of Crete. From him sprung Aeneid, the ancestor of the Romans. Ovid surfaced this circumstance in Metamorphoses:

"Then, recollecting how the Trojans had

derived their origin from Teucer's race,

they sailed to Crete…" [13.705-707]

Virgil stated that Teucer was the first to inhabit the Trojan land:

"My father, long revolving in his mind

The race and lineage of the Trojan kind,

Thus answer’d their demands: ''Ye princes, hear

Your pleasing fortune, and dispel your fear.

The fruitful isle of Crete, well known to fame,

Sacred of old to Jove’s imperial name,

In the mid ocean lies, with large command,

And on its plains a hundred cities stand.

Another Ida rises there, and we

From thence derive our Trojan ancestry.

From thence, as ’t is divulg’d by certain fame,

To the Rhœtean shores old Teucrus came;

There fix’d, and there the seat of empire chose,

Ere Ilium and the Trojan towers arose.

In humble vales they built their soft abodes''… [The Aeneid." John Dryden’s translation. 3]

However, Virgil did not forget to mention the first founding father of the Trojan people, described earlier – Dardanus, whoestablished the kingdom of Troy: 

"Old Dardanus, th’ Original and Sire

Of Troy, whom Atlas’ child Electra bare…" [8.181-182]

The name Teucer has an obvious Turkic origin. In Greek orthography, it is Τεῦκρος, in Latin - Teucrus:

Teukros, Teukrus, Teucer: Teuk, Teuc > Tek ‘one; alone’ + R, Er > Er ‘warrior, man’ + Os, Us > Us ‘master, chief’, meaning one-of-a-kind noble warrior in Turkic. The name Teucer is still in use, mainly in the USA as Tucker.

Initially from Crete, the Teucri sought refuge on the shores of Sicily, as testified by Ovid in his work Metamorphoses:

"…they sailed to Crete but there could not endure

ills sent by Jove, and, having left behind

the hundred cities, they desired to reach

the western harbors of the Ausonian land…

They set their sails then for the neighboring land

of the Phaeacians, rich with luscious fruit:

then for Epirus and to Buthrotos,

and came then to a mimic town of Troy,

ruled by the Phrygian seer. With prophecies

which Helenus, the son of Priam, gave,

they came to Sicily, whose three high capes

jut outward in the sea." [13.707-733]

Ancient authors would use the words Trojani, or Trojans, and Teucri as complementary synonyms. The language of the Trojans was not Indo-European. Virgil confirmed that the language of the Trojans utterly differed from the language of the Latins. In her plea to "the king of almighty Olympus" Jupiter, his wife Juno asked him to destroy the identity and the language of the Trojans, aka the Teucrians:

"This let me beg (and this no fates withstand)

Both for myself and for your father’s land,

That, when the nuptial bed shall bind the peace,

(Which I, since you ordain, consent to bless,)

The laws of either nation be the same;

But let the Latins still retain their name,

Speak the same language which they spoke before,

Wear the same habits which their grandsires wore.

Call them not Trojans: perish the renown

And name of Troy, with that detested town. [The Aeneid." John Dryden’s translation. 12]

The wish was granted, as the gods deemed worthy to demolish Asia’s dominant power and Priam’s white-handed nation, and the Trojans’ names disappeared from the maps and histories; however, their deeds surpassed all expectations. As it is from their race came the founder of Rome – Romulus and the renowned leader of ancient Rome from the Julian dynasty – Julius Caesar:

"This is his time prefix’d. Ascanius then,

Now call’d Iulus, shall begin his reign

He thirty rolling years the crown shall wear,

Then from Lavinium shall the seat transfer,

And, with hard labor, Alba Longa build.

The throne with his succession shall be fill’d

Three hundred circuits more: then shall be seen

Ilia the fair, a priestess and a queen,

Who, full of Mars, in time, with kindly throes,

Shall at a birth two goodly boys disclose.

The royal babes a tawny wolf shall drain:

Then Romulus his grandsire’s throne shall gain,

Of martial towers the founder shall become,

The people Romans call, the city Rome.

To them no bounds of empire I assign,

Nor term of years to their immortal line

Ev’n haughty Juno, who, with endless broils,

Earth, seas, and heav’n, and Jove himself turmoils;

At length aton’d, her friendly power shall join,

To cherish and advance the Trojan line

The subject world shall Rome’s dominion own,

And, prostrate, shall adore the nation of the gown.

An age is ripening in revolving fate

When Troy shall overturn the Grecian state,

And sweet revenge her conqu’ring sons shall call,

To crush the people that conspir’d her fall

Then Cæsar from the Julian stock shall rise… [The Aeneid." John Dryden’s translation. 1]

All three components of the name – Gaius Julius Caesar were derived from the Turkic source:

Gaius > Gəi, Gəy ‘great’ + Us ‘chief’

Julius > Iulus, Iuluş rescue

Caesar:Cae > Ki ‘earth, place’ + Sar > Şər ‘ruler, monarch’

Very surprisingly, Homer in The Iliad did not even hint at the existence of the Teucrians and their founder Teucer, and moreover, Homer named Teucer a war chief, fighting against the Trojans. However, Homer alluded to the derivatives of the Teucrians – the Paeonians:

"Pyraechmes led the Paeonian archers from distant Amydon, by the broad waters of the river Axius, the fairest that flow upon the earth. [The Iliad." Translated by Samuel Butler. 2]

The names of the Trojan tribes in this second group also prove to be of Turkic origin:

➢    Teucri, aka Teucrians> Teucer:Teuc > Tek ‘one; alone’ + Er ‘warrior, man, hero’, meaning tribe of the exceptional warriors, "people of Teucer" in Turkic.

➢    Gergithes =Γέργιθες: Gergith > Qorqıt ‘frighten’ + Thes > Taş ‘fellow’, meaning frightening tribe, "people of Gorguthion" in Turkic. This Teucrian tribe obtained its name after the Trojan prince, son of Priam Gorguthion (Γοργυθίων)that proceeds from the Turkic word Qorqıtan the one who instills fear (Qorqıt ‘frighten’ + -An ‘an affix, denoting constant action’).

Without directly naming the Gergithes, Homer forthbrought the name of their founder – Gorgythion:

"As he spoke, he aimed another arrow straight at Hector, for he was bent on hitting him; nevertheless he missed him, and the arrow hit Priam's brave son Gorgythion in the breast. [The Iliad." Translated by Samuel Butler. 8] 

Unlike Homer, Herodotus pointed out that "the Gergithes were the only remaining people of the ancient Teucrians…" [5.122]

As a reminiscence of this nation, Strabo recounted their old places of habitation:

"In Lampsacene is a place well planted with vines, called Gergithium, and there was a city Gergitha, founded by the Gergithi in the Cymæan territory, where formerly was a city called Gergitheis, (used in the plural number, and of the feminine gender,) the birthplace of Cephalon the Gergithian, and even now there exists a place in the Cymæan territory called Gergithium, near Larissa." [13.1.19]

➢    Pæonians, aka Paiones = Παίονες, aka Pæones, aka Pannonioi = Παννόνιοι, aka Pannonians, aka Paioplai = Παιόπλαι, aka Pæoplians, not Paeoplas, aka Siriopaiones = Σιριοπαίονές, not Seiropæonians:

Pæonians, Pæones,Paiones > Paion = Παίον > Paiana benevolent spirit in Turkic. In addition to listing this Turkic word with the indicated meaning, RadlovV.V. also determined the integral parts of the word Paiana as Pai ‘lord’ + Ənə ‘lady’ [4.2.1139]. According to Appian, the Paeonians were named after their founder Paion (translated into English as Pæon), aka Pannonios (Παννόνιος, translated into English as Pannonius), who was a son of Autarieus, a grandson of Illyrius, and a brother to two other founding fathers – Skordiskos and Triballos [3.1.2].

Pannonioi, Pannonians > Pannonios: Panno > Paiana ‘benevolent spirit’ + Ni > -Nın ‘an affix of possession’ + Os > Us ‘master’, meaning master of the benevolent spirits in Turkic.

Pæoplians, Paioplai: Pae, Pai > Pai ‘lord’ + Opli, Oplai > Öplə ‘make wealthy’ (Öp ‘wealth’ + -La, -Lə ‘an affix, converting a noun into a verb’), meaning noble tribe that creates wealth in Turkic. Herodotus presented them as a derivative tribe of the Paiones:

"Xerxes then marched through the country of the Paeonian tribes — the Doberes and the Paioplai — which lay to the north of Pangaeum, and, advancing westward, reached the river Strymon and the city Eion..." [7.113]

Siriopaiones: Sirio > Siri ‘source, origin’ + Paiones > Paiana ‘benevolent spirit’, meaning "the original Paiones" in Turkic.

According to Appian, the Paeonians were known as the Pæones by the Greeks and were recognized as the Pannonioi (translated into English incorrectly as Pannonians) by the Romans:

"The Pæones are a great nation on the Danube, extending from the Iapydes to the Dardani. They are called Pæones {In the original Greek text, it is Paiones = Παίονες.} by the Greeks, but Pannonians {It should be Pannonioi = Παννόνιοι.} by the Romans. They are counted by the Romans as a part of Illyria, as I have previously said, for which reason it seems proper that I should include them in my Illyrian history. They have been renowned from the Macedonian period through the Agrianes, who rendered very important aid to Philip and Alexander and are Pæones of Lower Pannonia bordering on Illyria. When the expedition of Cornelius against the Pannonians resulted disastrously, so great a fear of those people came over all the Italians that for a long time afterwards none of the consuls ventured to march against them." [3.3.14]

Herodotus offered an extensive account of this Teucrian nation:

"About the same time, by means of a certain accident, Darius took a resolution to command Megabyzus to transplant the Pæonians out of Europe into Asia. For Pigres and Mastyes, two Pæonians, being desirous to become masters of Pœonia, came to Sardis after the return of Darius, accompanied by their sister, who was a tall and beautiful person. And observing Darius one day sitting in the suburbs of the Lydians, they dress’d their sister in the best manner they could, and sent her down to the river, carrying a pitcher on her head, leading a horse by a bridle hanging upon her arm, and at the same time spinning a thread from her distaff. Darius looking upon the maid with attention as she pass’d by, because her manner was altogether different from the customs, not only of the Persian and Lydian women, but of any other in Asia, order’d some of his guards to observe what she would do with the horse. The guards follow’d her,