Quantum physics and its revolution on classical physics.: Quantum physics

By HICHAM IHSSANE

A brief, scientific, and physical e-book that talks about quantum physics and its stages throughout the twentieth century.
The book is for scientific students, researchers, and readers in general.
The book contains 135 pages, and is based on some pictures and illustrations.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Lulu.com
• Release date: Nov 6, 2022
• ISBN: 9781470995577

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QUANTUM PHYSICS and ITS REVOLUTION on CLASSICAL PHYSICS

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HICHAM IHSSANE

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HICHAM IHSSANE

I-Pre-quantum physics

Prior to Max Planck's discovery of the photon energy equation, physics was concerned with studying the kinetic phenomena of objects and the forces that cause their motion, and relies in these studies on Newton's laws of linear motion, the law of universal gravitation, photolysis, the theories of electromagnetic radiation (Maxwell's equations) by James Clerk Maxwell and the law of regular acceleration of Galileo Galilei and the law of Conservation of matter and the law of conservation of energy and other laws contemporary to it resulted in the emergence or development of branches of classical physics, such as dynamics, fluid flow, equilibrium, optics, thermodynamics, acoustics, magnetism and electricity.

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the term classical physics; It is generally called all theories of physics that have been replaced by modern theories with a greater ability to explain various physical phenomena, which are theories before the era of relativity and quantum theory. Newton's laws of motion, Maxwell's equations to describe the electromagnetic field, the classical theory of thermodynamics, and pre-quantum models of atom formation; They are considered classical physics.

Although some classic theories are still valid to explain many everyday observations; However, it proved its inability to explain the specific scientific observations.

These views are like; The structure of the atom, the speed of light and its effect on gravity, and other topics. However, its use is still present in explaining and explaining some simple observations that do not need the complexities of quantum physics and relativity.

The beginning of classical physics was from the days of Aristotle, then Galileo, Kepler, and then Newton whose laws are still used to describe motion until now at the level of everyday events. The beginning of research into classical physics in ancient times was always the result of Greek philosophers' questions about motion.

Why do things move? Why does one object move faster than another? Why does an object fall toward the ground when left in the air? Why do luminous objects move in the sky?

Their answers to these questions were mostly superstitious answers that history does not even remember. Philosophers used to rely in their attempts to answer scientific questions on contemplation and reflection, not on experimentation. So their answer has always been wrong and imaginary.

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II .The birth of quantum physics

Quantum mechanics was developed in the early decades of the 20th century, driven by the need to explain phenomena that, in some cases, had been observed in earlier times. Scientific inquiry into the wave nature of light began in the 17th and 18th centuries, when scientists such as Robert Hooke, Christiaan Huygens and Leonhard Euler proposed a wave theory of light based on experimental observations. In 1803 English polymath Thomas Young described the famous double-slit experiment. This experiment played a major role in the general acceptance of the wave theory of light.

During the early 19th century, chemical research by John Dalton and Amedeo Avogadro lent weight to the atomic theory of matter, an idea that James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann and others built upon to establish the kinetic theory of gases. The successes of kinetic theory gave further credence to the idea that matter is composed of atoms, yet the theory also had shortcomings that would only be resolved by the development of quantum mechanics.

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While the early conception of atoms from Greek philosophy had been that they were indivisible units – the word atom deriving from the Greek for uncuttable – the 19th century saw the formulation of hypotheses about subatomic structure. One important discovery in that regard was Michael Faraday's 1838 observation of a glow caused by an electrical discharge inside a glass tube containing gas at low pressure.