Ian Talks CSS A-Z: WebDevAtoZ, #3

By Ian Eress

Discover the essential CSS techniques and best practices behind modern web applications in this reference guide for web developers. From layout and styling to animations and responsiveness, this book offers clear explanations of the core CSS concepts used to create visually stunning and scalable web apps.

 

You will learn:

 

- Fundamental CSS concepts like selectors, specificity, inheritance, and the cascade.

- Essential layout techniques such as Flexbox, Grid, and positioning.

- Responsive web design strategies, including media queries and mobile-first design.

- Advanced styling techniques, like animations, transitions, and pseudo-elements.

- Best practices for structuring and organizing your CSS code for maximum efficiency and maintainability.

- Examples in HTML and CSS, the building blocks of the web, to demonstrate how these concepts work in practice.

 

With detailed explanations and hands-on examples, this book is your go-to guide for unlocking the power of CSS in web development. Written for beginners, it provides an invaluable resource for building visually appealing, optimized, and responsive web applications.

 

• Language: English
• Publisher: Handmade Books
• Release date: Apr 19, 2023
• ISBN: 9798223113621

Ian Eress

Born in the seventies. Average height. Black hair. Sometimes shaves. Black eyes. Nearsighted. Urban. MSc. vim > Emacs. Mac.

Book preview

Ian Talks CSS A-Z

WebDevAtoZ, Volume 3

Ian Eress

Published by Handmade Books, 2023.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

IAN TALKS CSS A-Z

First edition. April 19, 2023.

Copyright © 2023 Ian Eress.

ISBN: 979-8223113621

Written by Ian Eress.

Table of Contents

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

INDEX

For Caitlyn

A

In this chapter:

Absolute positioning: A positioning method in CSS that allows you to position an element relative to its nearest positioned ancestor or the document's initial containing block. This can be set using the position: absolute; property.

Accessibility: The practice of designing websites and web content to be usable by people with disabilities. In CSS, this includes using high-contrast colors, appropriately sized text, and other techniques to ensure a good user experience for all.

Adjacent sibling selector: A CSS selector that targets an element that is immediately preceded by another element. The syntax is element1 + element2, where element1 is the element that comes before element2 in the HTML document.

Alignment: The positioning of content within an element or the positioning of elements relative to one another. In CSS, alignment can be achieved using various properties like text-align, vertical-align, align-items, and justify-content.

Animation: A visual effect that changes the appearance or position of an element over time. In CSS, animations can be created using keyframes and the animation property.

Attribute selectors: A type of CSS selector that targets elements based on their attributes and attribute values. The syntax for attribute selectors is element[attribute], element[attribute=value], or element[attribute^=value], among others.

Auto: A CSS keyword value used for properties like width, height, margin, and others to let the browser calculate the appropriate value based on the element's context or content.

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1/7 Absolute positioning: (WHO THIS IS FOR...) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using absolute positioning in CSS? What are the different ways of implementing absolute positioning in CSS? How does absolute positioning differ from other positioning methods in CSS? Reading time is approximately nine and a half minutes.

00:30  (OVERVIEW).

Absolute positioning is a CSS property that allows you to place an element exactly where you want it on a web page, regardless of the position of other elements on the page. This is different from the default behavior of elements, which are positioned relative to their parent element or the document flow.

When you apply absolute positioning to an element, you can use the top, bottom, left, and right properties to specify the exact position of the element in relation to the nearest positioned ancestor element. If there is no positioned ancestor, the element is positioned relative to the document body.

Absolute positioning is useful when you want to precisely position an element, like a button or a menu, in a specific location on the page. But it's important to use absolute positioning sparingly and with care, as it can easily cause layout and overlapping issues if not used correctly. It's also not responsive by default, so it may require additional CSS rules to ensure that the element is positioned correctly on different screen sizes.

01:30  FACTS AND FIGURES.

☛— Absolute positioning

☛— Removes an element from the normal page flow, ignoring text and inline elements.

☛— An absolutely positioned element's position is determined by its top, right, bottom, and left properties.

☛— It is positioned relative to its parent element.

☛— If the parent element is not positioned (static positioning), the browser will position the absolutely positioned child element relative to the browser window.

☛— Allows an element to be positioned precisely on a page.

☛— Can be used to create image map-like effects, slide-out menus, tooltips, etc.

02:30  (BOOKS AND REFERENCES).

https://www.thoughtco.com/absolute-vs-relative-3466208

https://www.webucator.com/article/absolute-positioning-with-css/

https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_positioning.asp

https://css-tricks.com/absolute-relative-fixed-positioining-how-do-they-differ/

https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/css-tutorial/css-positioning

https://www.impressivewebs.com/absolute-position-css/

03:30  (SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS).

- I.) What is absolute positioning in CSS?

- II.) How is an absolutely positioned element positioned on a web page?

- III.) What is the default position property value for an absolutely positioned element?

- IV.) How can you position an absolutely positioned element relative to its nearest positioned ancestor?

- V.) Can an absolutely positioned element be positioned outside of its containing element?

04:30  (TRUE OR FALSE?).

- I.) Absolute positioning removes an element from the normal document flow. True or False?

- II.) Using absolute positioning, an element's position is relative to its nearest positioned ancestor element. True or False?

- III.) An absolutely positioned element will not affect the layout of other elements on the page. True or False?

- IV.) When using absolute positioning, an element's position can be defined using the top, right, bottom, and left properties. True or False?

- V.) Absolute positioning is sometimes used to position elements precisely on a web page. True or False?

- VI.) Elements with absolute positioning are always positioned relative to the top left corner of the viewport. True or False?

- VII.) When an element with absolute positioning is inside a container with relative positioning, its position is calculated relative to the container. True or False?

- VIII.) An element with absolute positioning will always be positioned at a fixed location on the page, regardless of how the rest of the page is styled. True or False?

- IX.) Absolute positioning is a good choice for elements that need to be positioned in relation to the window or the viewport. True or False?

- X.) It's possible to use absolute positioning to create overlapping elements on a web page. True or False?

05:30  (KEEP LEARNING).

Keep learning, coders! ★ You've got the basics of Absolute Positioning down, but there's always more to explore. Here are some next steps to help you become a master of Absolute Positioning:

Dig into more advanced Absolute Positioning concepts. Absolute Positioning can be used in complex layouts to achieve a specific design goal. Try learning about z-index and how it affects the stacking order of elements. Experiment with using absolute positioning within a relative positioned element, or combine it with other positioning techniques like float or flexbox.

Check out related tools and technologies. Absolute Positioning pairs great with CSS Grid and Flexbox. Try building a project with these technologies, or explore other tools like CSS Shapes or CSS Transforms that can be used in conjunction with Absolute Positioning.

Practice every day. The only way to really get good at Absolute Positioning is to build stuff with it. Try making a small project every day, or set aside time each week for coding practice. Experiment with different layout designs and see how Absolute Positioning can be used to achieve them.

Stay on the cutting edge. Follow your favorite CSS pros online and sign up for industry newsletters. Gotta keep up with what's new! Try attending a conference or meetup to network with other developers and learn about the latest trends in web development.

Keep playing with Absolute Positioning and having fun while you learn. And don't forget to share your own tips and resources with others who are also learning. Happy coding!  ☕

06:30  (FLASH CARD).

Front: [CSS / Web Development]

/?\ Q: What is Absolute Positioning in CSS?

Back:

A: Absolute positioning is a CSS property that allows you to position an element relative to its nearest positioned ancestor or to the initial containing block if there is no positioned ancestor.

An element with absolute positioning is completely removed from the document flow and does not take up any space in the layout.

It can be positioned using top, bottom, left, and right properties, and the values for these properties are relative to the nearest positioned ancestor.

07:30  (TWEETS).

@professor: Good afternoon! I wanted to talk to you about absolute positioning in CSS for web development. Do you have a moment?

@webdeveloper: Absolutely! I'd be happy to discuss it with you.

@professor: Great! So, as you know, absolute positioning allows us to position an element relative to its parent container. This can be useful for creating more complex layout designs.

@webdeveloper: Yes, I've used absolute positioning before, but it can sometimes be a bit tricky to get it to work exactly how you want it to.

@professor: That's true. One challenge is that absolute positioning takes an element out of the normal document flow, which can cause problems if the layout changes. It's also important to specify the exact coordinates of the element so that it appears where you want it to.

@webdeveloper: Right, and it's important to keep in mind the different viewport sizes and devices that people may be using to view the website. You don't want the layout to break on smaller screens.

@professor: Exactly. That's why it's important to use responsive design techniques, like media queries, to ensure that the layout adapts to different screen sizes.

@webdeveloper: And it's also important to consider the accessibility implications of absolute positioning. If a user is relying on assistive technology, they may have trouble navigating the page if the layout is too complex.

@professor: Yes, accessibility is always an important consideration in web development. That's why it's important to use HTML and CSS in a semantically meaningful way, and to test the website with various assistive technologies.

@webdeveloper: Agreed. It's important to use absolute positioning thoughtfully and with consideration for the overall user experience.

@professor: Absolutely! Thanks for discussing this with me. It's always great to have a dialogue between different disciplines in the tech world.

08:30  (RECAP).

In CSS, absolute positioning is a way to position an element relative to its nearest positioned ancestor. When an element is positioned absolutely, it is removed from the normal flow of the document, and it does not affect the positioning of subsequent sibling elements.

The position property in CSS can be set to absolute to position an element absolutely. The absolute value positions the element absolutely relative to its container. If an element is absolutely positioned without a positioning context, then the positioning will take place relative to the entire page.

Here's an example of using absolute positioning in CSS:

In this example, the .container element is given a position of relative to serve as the positioning context for the .box element. The .box element is then positioned absolutely with a top offset of 0 pixels and a left offset of 0 pixels relative to its nearest positioned ancestor, which is the .container element.

Absolute positioning can be useful for creating complex layouts and for positioning elements precisely on a page. But it should be used with caution, as it can make the layout more difficult to maintain and can cause issues with responsiveness on different screen sizes.

---

2/7 Accessibility: (WHO THIS IS FOR...) What are the benefits of making a web page accessible? How can accessibility be improved through CSS? What are the different techniques for making a web page more accessible using CSS? Reading time is approximately nine and a half minutes.

00:30  (OVERVIEW).

Accessibility in the context of CSS for web development refers to designing and developing web pages that can be used by people with disabilities. CSS can play an important role in creating accessible web pages by providing visual cues and improving the readability and usability of the content.

For example, CSS can be used to adjust the font size, color, and spacing of text to make it easier to read for people with visual impairments. It can also be used to create high contrast modes for people with color blindness or to provide audio descriptions or captions for videos.

CSS can also help improve the navigation and usability of a website by using clear and consistent visual cues to indicate links, buttons, and other interactive elements. This can help people with cognitive or motor impairments to more easily navigate and interact with the website.

To create accessible web pages with CSS, follow best practices and guidelines, like those provided by the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). This includes using semantic HTML, providing alternative text for images, and ensuring that color is not the only means of conveying information or distinguishing between elements. By designing with accessibility in mind, web developers can create websites that are more inclusive and usable for all users.

01:30  FACTS AND FIGURES.

☛— Accessibility ensures websites and web applications are accessible to people with disabilities.

☛— Precise CSS styling helps screen readers interpret content properly.

☛— Semantic HTML elements are used instead of presentational CSS.

☛— Aria attributes provide additional accessibility information about elements.

☛— Keyboard accessibility ensures users can navigate content and interface with keyboard commands alone.

☛— Color selections avoid reliance on color alone to convey meaning.

☛— Mobile friendliness considers accessibility for touch screen and gesture-based input methods.

☛— Alt attributes describe image content and provide context when images are not shown.

☛— Tab navigation follows a logical order allowing users to proceed sequentially through the document.

☛— Clear and consistent styling provides a simple, uncluttered interface for all users.

☛— Captcha techniques avoid visual captchas which can be inaccessible to some users.

☛— Cutting-edge features consider accessibility implications before implementation.

☛— Automated testing helps identify potential accessibility issues early in the development process.

03:30  (SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS).

- I.) What is accessibility, and why is it important in web development?

- II.) How can CSS be used to improve accessibility for users with visual impairments?

- III.) What is the purpose of the alt attribute for images, and how does CSS relate to it?

- IV.) What is the difference between text-size-adjust and font-size in CSS, and how can they affect accessibility?

- V.) How can CSS be used to improve the readability and contrast of text on a web page?

04:30  (TRUE OR FALSE?).

- I.) CSS can be used to improve the accessibility of a website by controlling the visual presentation of content. True or False?

- II.) Using semantic HTML elements, like

,

, and

, can improve the accessibility of a website. True or False?

- III.) CSS can be used to hide content from sighted users while still making it available to screen readers. True or False?

- IV.) It's important to ensure that there is enough contrast between the text color and the background color of a website to improve accessibility. True or False?

- V.) Using CSS, it's possible to create keyboard-only navigation for a website, which can improve accessibility for users who cannot use a mouse. True or False?

- VI.) CSS can be used to create responsive designs that adapt to different screen sizes, which can improve the accessibility of a website for users with different devices. True or False?

- VII.) Using ARIA attributes, like aria-label and aria-describedby, can improve the accessibility of a website for users of assistive technology. True or False?

- VIII.) It's important to use descriptive, meaningful text for links and buttons, rather than generic phrases like click here or read more, to improve the accessibility of a website. True or False?

- IX.) CSS can be used to create accessible forms, by using labels and fieldsets to associate form elements with their descriptions. True or False?

- X.) Accessibility is only important for users with disabilities, and doesn't affect the overall usability of a website. True or False?

05:30  (KEEP LEARNING).

Keep learning, coders! ★  You've got the basics of Accessibility in CSS down, but there's always more to explore. Here are some next steps to help you become a master of Accessibility in web development:

Dig into more advanced Accessibility concepts. Want to take your skills to the next level? Try learning about ARIA attributes and how they can be used to make non-standard HTML elements more accessible. Experiment with using CSS to enhance accessibility, like providing focus styles and color contrast.

Check out related tools and technologies. Accessibility in CSS pairs great with tools like screen readers and keyboard navigation. Try building a project with them, or explore other tools like accessibility testing tools like Lighthouse, Axe or Pa11y.

Practice every day. The only way to really ensure your website is accessible is to build stuff with it. Try making a small project every day, or set aside time each week for coding practice. Experiment with different accessibility techniques and see how they impact the user experience.

Stay on the cutting edge. Follow your favorite Accessibility pros online and sign up for industry newsletters. Gotta keep up with what's new! Try attending a conference or meetup to network with other developers and learn about the latest trends in web development accessibility.

Keep playing with Accessibility in CSS and having fun while you learn. And don't forget to share your own tips and resources with others who are also learning. Happy coding! ☕

06:30  (FLASH CARD).

Front: [CSS / Web Development]

/?\ Q: What is Accessibility in the context of web development?

Back:

A: Accessibility in web development refers to the design and development of websites and applications that can be used by people with disabilities. This includes visual, auditory, motor, and cognitive impairments.

CSS can play a crucial role in making websites more accessible by allowing developers to create layouts and styles that can be easily read and navigated by people with disabilities.

Examples of CSS techniques for accessibility include using high-contrast colors, providing clear and consistent navigation, and using semantic HTML to ensure that screen readers can accurately interpret the content.

07:30  (TWEETS).

@professor: Hello! I was hoping to talk to you about accessibility in CSS for web development. Are you available?

@webdeveloper: Hi! Yes, I'm available. I'm always interested in discussing accessibility in web development.

@professor: Great! As you know, accessibility is a crucial aspect of web development. And CSS plays an important role in creating accessible websites.

@webdeveloper: Yes, absolutely. CSS can be used to create visual cues that help users understand the structure of the page, and to ensure that content is easy to read.

@professor: Exactly. And there are many CSS techniques that can be used to improve accessibility, like using semantic HTML, providing text alternatives for images, and ensuring that color contrast meets accessibility standards.

@webdeveloper: And it's also important to consider using assistive technologies, like screen readers, in the design of the website. CSS can be used to provide additional information to assistive technology users, like providing descriptive text for links.

@professor: Yes, that's a great point. And it's worth noting that some CSS techniques can actually make a website less accessible, like using non-standard fonts or relying too heavily on images for content.

@webdeveloper: Right, and it's important to test the website with various assistive technologies to ensure that it is fully accessible. There are also tools available, like color contrast checkers, that can help ensure that the website meets accessibility standards.

@professor: Absolutely. It's important to take a holistic approach to accessibility in web development, considering both the design and the underlying code. Thanks for discussing this with me.

@webdeveloper: Thank you as well. It's always great to have a conversation about accessibility and how we can make the web more inclusive for everyone.

08:30  (RECAP).

Accessibility in the context of CSS for web development refers to designing and developing websites that are accessible to people with disabilities. CSS can play an important role in making websites more accessible by allowing developers to control the visual presentation of content on a page. For example, CSS can be used to adjust font sizes, colors, and contrast to make text more readable for people with visual impairments.

CSS can also be used to create layouts that are more accessible. For example, using relative positioning instead of absolute positioning can help ensure that content flows in a logical order and is easier to navigate with assistive technologies like screen readers.

Other CSS techniques that can improve accessibility include using semantic HTML to provide meaningful structure to a page, using ARIA attributes to provide additional information to assistive technologies, and using responsive design to ensure that websites are usable on a variety of devices and screen sizes.

/!\ Overall, accessibility is an important consideration in web development, and CSS can be a powerful tool for creating websites that are accessible to everyone.

---

3/7 Adjacent sibling selector: (WHO THIS IS FOR...) What is an adjacent sibling selector and how is it used in CSS? What are some examples of using adjacent sibling selectors in CSS? How does an adjacent sibling selector differ from other selectors in CSS? Reading time is approximately nine and a half minutes.

00:30  (OVERVIEW).

The Adjacent Sibling Selector is a CSS selector that allows you to target an element that immediately follows another element with the same parent. It uses the + symbol to select the next sibling element.

For example, if you have a list of items and you want to add a special style to the first item that follows another specific element, you can use the adjacent sibling selector. Here's an example:

If you want to add a special style to the first list item that follows the paragraph element, you can use the adjacent sibling selector like this:

In this example, the selector p + ul li:first-child targets the first li element that is a child of the ul element and immediately follows a p element. The style rule sets the color of the text to red. This is the result:

The Adjacent Sibling Selector can be a useful tool for targeting specific elements in your HTML structure and applying styles to them selectively.

01:30  FACTS AND FIGURES.

☛— The adjacent sibling selector targets elements that are the next siblings of a selected element.

☛— It uses the + character to separate two selectors.

☛— Selects the first element only.

☛— For example, div + p would select the first

element after a

element.

☛— Works for elements on the same level in the document tree.

☛— Can select ID, class, element names, attribute selectors, pseudo-classes, etc.

☛— Useful for targeting styles to the very next element that follows a selected element.

☛— Prevents over-styling sibling elements further down in the document.

☛— Is a more specific selector than the general sibling selector (~) which targets all following siblings.

☛— Ensures targeted styles only impact the intended adjacent elements.

☛— Examples:

02:30  (BOOKS AND REFERENCES).

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1817792/is-there-a-previous-sibling-selector

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Adjacent_sibling_combinator

03:30  (SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS).

- I.) What is the adjacent sibling selector in CSS, and how is it used?

- II.) How does the adjacent sibling selector differ from the general sibling selector?

- III.) Can the adjacent sibling selector be used to select elements that come before the reference element?

- IV.) Can the adjacent sibling selector be used to select elements based on their attributes or classes?

- V.) How can the adjacent sibling selector be combined with other CSS selectors to target specific elements on a web page?

04:30  (TRUE OR FALSE?).

- I.) The adjacent sibling selector in CSS is denoted by the plus sign (+). True or False?

- II.) The adjacent sibling selector selects only the first element that immediately follows the specified element. True or False?

- III.) The adjacent sibling selector can be used to style a specific element that immediately follows another specific element. True or False?

- IV.) The adjacent sibling selector can be used to select multiple elements that immediately follow the specified element. True or False?

- V.) The adjacent sibling selector can be used to select an element that comes before the specified element, as long as it is a direct sibling. True or False?

- VI.) The adjacent sibling selector can be used to select an element that is not a direct sibling, as long as it immediately follows the specified element. True or False?

- VII.) The adjacent sibling selector can be used to select all elements that follow the specified element, regardless of whether they are direct siblings or not. True or False?

- VIII.) The adjacent sibling selector can be used to select all elements that precede the specified element, as long as they are direct siblings. True or False?

- IX.) The adjacent sibling selector can be used in combination with other selectors, like class selectors and ID selectors. True or False?

- X.) The adjacent sibling selector is not supported in all web browsers, and should be used with caution. True or False?

05:30  (KEEP LEARNING).

Keep learning, coders! ★You've got the basics of Adjacent Sibling Selector in CSS down, but there's always more to explore. Here are some next steps to help you become a master of Adjacent Sibling Selector in web development:

Dig into more advanced Adjacent Sibling Selector concepts. Want to take your skills to the next level? Try learning about combining Adjacent Sibling Selectors with other selectors like the general sibling selector, class selector, or attribute selector. You can also experiment with using Adjacent Sibling Selector in combination with pseudo-classes like :hover or :active.

Check out related tools and technologies. Adjacent Sibling Selector in CSS pairs great with frameworks and libraries like Bootstrap and jQuery. Try building a project with them, or explore other tools like CodePen, JSFiddle, or CSS Tricks.

Practice every day. The only way to really get good at Adjacent Sibling Selector is to build stuff with it. Try making a small project every day, or set aside time each week for coding practice. Experiment with different selector combinations and see how they impact the layout and style of your webpage.

Stay on the cutting edge. Follow your favorite Adjacent Sibling Selector pros online and sign up for industry newsletters. Gotta keep up with what's new! Try attending a conference or meetup to network with other developers and learn about the latest trends in CSS and web development.

Keep playing with Adjacent Sibling Selector in CSS and having fun while you learn. And don't forget to share your own tips and resources with others who are also learning. Happy coding! ☕

06:30  (FLASH CARD).

Front: [CSS / Web Development]

/?\ Q: What is the Adjacent Sibling Selector in CSS?

Back:

A: The Adjacent Sibling Selector is a selector in CSS that targets an element that immediately follows another element and shares the same parent element.

It is represented by the plus sign (+) and is used to apply styles to the second element based on the presence of the first element.

For example, the selector h2 + p targets the first p element that immediately follows an h2 element, allowing you to apply specific styles to that particular p element.

The Adjacent Sibling Selector is useful for creating more specific and targeted styles in your CSS.

07:30  (TWEETS).

@professor: Hi there! I wanted to talk to you about the adjacent sibling selector in CSS for web development. Are you familiar with it?

@webdeveloper: Hi! Yes, I'm familiar with the adjacent sibling selector. It's a useful tool for styling elements that come immediately after a specific element.

@professor: Exactly! The adjacent sibling selector is denoted by the plus sign (+) and is used to select the element that immediately follows another element of the same parent. It can be useful for creating specific styles for elements that appear in a particular order.

@webdeveloper: Yes, I've used it before to create specific styles for form elements, like labeling the input field that comes directly after a label element.

@professor: That's a great example! The adjacent sibling selector can also be used to create more complex layout designs, like styling a navigation menu so that each link has a different style than the one before it.

@webdeveloper: Right, it can be a powerful tool for creating more dynamic and visually interesting designs.

@professor: And it's important to keep in mind that the adjacent sibling selector only selects the immediately following element. If you want to select multiple elements, you'll need to use a different selector.

@webdeveloper: Yes, that's a good point. And it's also important to ensure that the style changes made with the adjacent sibling selector don't negatively impact the usability or accessibility of the website.

@professor: Absolutely. As with any CSS technique, it's important to use the adjacent sibling selector thoughtfully and with consideration for the overall user experience. Thanks for discussing this with me.

@webdeveloper: Thank you as well. It's always great to have a conversation about different CSS techniques and how they can be used to create better web designs.

08:30  (RECAP).

In CSS, the adjacent sibling selector is used to select an element that is directly after another specific element. The adjacent sibling selector is denoted by the plus sign (+) and is used to separate two selectors. It matches the second element only if it immediately follows the first element, and they share the same parent element.

Here's an example of using the adjacent sibling selector in CSS:

In this example, the adjacent sibling selector is used to select the p element that immediately follows an h element. The color property is then set to red for the selected p element.

The adjacent sibling selector can be useful for styling elements that are in a specific order on a page. For example, it can be used to style the first paragraph after a heading, or to style a list item differently if it is the first item in a list.

The adjacent sibling selector only selects the element immediately following the first element. If you want to select all sibling elements that come after the first element, you can use the general sibling selector (~) instead.

---

4/7 Alignment: (WHO THIS IS FOR...) What are the different ways of aligning elements using CSS? How can margins and padding be used to control alignment in CSS? What are the different techniques for aligning text using CSS? Reading time is approximately nine and a half minutes.

00:30  (OVERVIEW).

Alignment in the context of CSS for web development refers to the positioning and arrangement of elements on a web page. CSS provides several properties that can be used to control the alignment of elements. This includes text, images, and containers.

Some of the most commonly used alignment properties in CSS include:

text-align: This property is used to horizontally align text within a block-level element. It can be set to left, center, right, or justify.

vertical-align: This property is used to vertically align inline-level elements, like images, within a line of text. It can be set to top, middle, bottom, or baseline.

display and float: These properties are used to control the positioning of block-level elements on a page. The display property can be set to inline, block, or inline-block, while the float property can be set to left, right, or none.

align-items and justify-content: These properties are used to control the alignment of flexbox items within a flex container. align-items controls vertical alignment, while justify-content controls horizontal alignment.

Proper alignment can help improve the readability and usability of a web page, and create a more visually appealing layout. It's important to use alignment properties in a consistent and intentional way to ensure that the page looks and functions as intended across different devices and screen sizes.

01:30  FACTS AND FIGURES.

☛— Alignment of content can be achieved through floated elements, flexbox, grids, and positioning.

☛— Floating an element allows it to float to the left or right of its container, allowing content to wrap around it.

☛— Flexbox provides alignment features like justify-content, align-items, and align-self.

☛— Grid layout uses grid lines, areas, rows, and columns to position content precisely.

☛— Positioning uses values like static, relative, absolute, fixed, and sticky to align elements.

☛— Text alignment uses the text-align property to align text content horizontally within an element.

☛— Line height uses the line-height property to align content vertically by adjusting the spacing between lines of text.

☛— Padding adds space around content, allowing indirect alignment by adjusting the padding on multiple sides of an element.

☛— Margin adds space around content, allowing indirect alignment by adjusting the margin on multiple sides of an element.

☛— Centering uses techniques like margin, padding, flexbox, grids, or absolute/fixed positioning to horizontally center content within its parent element.

☛— Responsive alignment uses flexible boxes, percent units, viewport units, and media queries to ensure alignment works well across device breakpoints.

☛— Considerations include content type (block, inline, inline-block), layout types (flow vs non-flow), float circumvention, and semantic structure.

☛— Examples: vertical-align, justify-content, align-items, text-align, line-height, margin, padding, position, etc.

03:30  (SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS).

- I.) What is alignment in CSS, and why is it important for web development?

- II.) How can the text-align property be used to align text within an element?

- III.) What is the difference between vertical-align and line-height in CSS, and how are they used for alignment?

- IV.) How can the display property be used in conjunction with alignment properties to achieve specific layouts?

- V.) How can Flexbox and Grid be used for alignment in CSS, and what are the differences between these two layout models?

04:30  (TRUE OR FALSE?).

- I.) CSS can be used to align elements both horizontally and vertically on a web page. True or False?

- II.) The text-align property in CSS is used to align text within an element. True or False?

- III.) The vertical-align property in CSS is used to align an inline or table-cell element with respect to its parent element. True or False?

- IV.) The margin property in CSS can be used to center an element horizontally within its parent element. True or False?

- V.) The display property in CSS can be used to center an element horizontally and vertically within its parent element. True or False?

- VI.) The justify-content property in CSS is used to align multiple items within a container along the main axis. True or False?

- VII.) The align-items property in CSS is used to align multiple items within a container along the cross axis. True or False?

- VIII.) The align-self property in CSS is used to align a single item within a container along the cross axis. True or False?

- IX.) Flexbox can be used to create complex layouts with multiple items that are aligned in different ways. True or False?

- X.) CSS grid can be used to create a grid of items that are aligned both horizontally and vertically. True or False?

05:30  (KEEP LEARNING).

Keep learning, coders! ★ You've got the basics of alignment in CSS down, but there's always more to explore. Here are some next steps to help you become a master of alignment:

Dig into more advanced alignment concepts. Want to take your skills to the next level? Try learning about flexbox and grid layout, which offer powerful ways to align elements in web pages. You can also explore more advanced properties like justify-content, align-items, and align-self to fine-tune your alignment.

Check out related tools and technologies. Alignment in CSS pairs great with front-end frameworks like Bootstrap and Foundation, which offer pre-built alignment classes and styles. You can also explore tools like Sass or Less, which extend CSS with more advanced features and syntax for easier alignment.

Practice every day. The only way to really get good at alignment is to use it in your projects. Try building a small project every day that focuses on alignment, or set aside time each week for coding practice. Experiment with different alignment techniques and see how they affect the look and feel of your website.

Stay on the cutting edge. Follow your favorite CSS experts online and sign up for industry newsletters. Gotta keep up with what's new! Try attending a conference or meetup to network with other developers and learn about the latest trends.

Keep playing with alignment and having fun while you learn. And don't forget to share your own tips and resources with others who are also learning. Happy coding! ☕

06:30  (FLASH CARD).

Front: [CSS / Web Development]

/?\ Q: What is Alignment in the context of CSS?

Back:

A: Alignment in CSS refers to the positioning and arrangement of elements on a web page or application.

CSS provides several properties for controlling the alignment of elements. This includes vertical-align, text-align, and justify-content.

The text-align property is used to align text within an element, while vertical-align is used to align inline elements with respect to their container.

The justify-content property is used to align and distribute flex items along the main axis of a flex container.

Proper alignment can improve the readability and user experience of a web page or application.

07:30  (TWEETS).

@professor: Hi there! I wanted to talk to you about alignment in CSS for web development. Are you available?

@webdeveloper: Hi! Yes, I'm available. Alignment is definitely an important aspect of web design, and CSS provides a lot of tools for achieving it.

@professor: That's right. CSS provides a variety of options for aligning elements, like using the text-align property to center text, or using flexbox or grid layout to align elements within a container.

@webdeveloper: Yes, and it's important to consider the different types of content on the page when deciding on an alignment strategy. For example, centering text can be a good choice for headings, but it may not be the best choice for body text.

@professor: Exactly. And it's also important to consider the overall design of the website and how alignment fits into that design. For example, if the website has a grid-based layout, aligning elements within that grid can help create a more cohesive design.

@webdeveloper: And it's worth noting that alignment can also have an impact on the accessibility of the website. For example, using left-aligned text can be easier for users with dyslexia to read, while right-aligned text can be more difficult.

@professor: That's a great point. And it's also important to ensure that the alignment strategy you choose doesn't negatively impact the usability of the website. For example, centering text on a mobile device can make it more difficult for users to read.

@webdeveloper: Right, it's important to consider the different devices and screen sizes that users may be viewing the website on. Responsive design techniques, like media queries, can help ensure that the alignment works well on all devices.

@professor: Absolutely. Thanks for discussing this with me. It's always great to have a dialogue between different disciplines in the tech world.

@webdeveloper: Thank you as well. It's always great to learn from experts in other fields and see how we can work together to create better web designs.

08:30  (RECAP).

In CSS, alignment refers to the positioning of elements on a web page. CSS provides several alignment properties that can be used to control the horizontal and vertical positioning of elements.

The text-align property is used to horizontally align block-level elements and table cells. The vertical-align property is used to vertically align inline-level elements and table cells. The position property is used to position elements relative to their containing element or the viewport. The justify-content and align-items properties are used to align elements in a flex container.

CSS Grid also provides alignment properties that can be used to position elements within a grid container. The justify-items and align-items properties are used to align grid items within their grid cells.

/!\ Overall, CSS provides a variety of alignment properties that can be used to position elements on a web page. By using these properties effectively, developers can create layouts that are visually appealing and easy to navigate.

---

5/7 Animation: (WHO THIS IS FOR...) What are the different ways of animating elements using CSS? How can transitions and transforms be used to create animations in CSS? What are the different techniques for creating complex animations using CSS? Reading time is approximately nine and a half minutes.

00:30  (OVERVIEW).

In the context of CSS for web development, animation refers to the ability to create dynamic and interactive visual effects on a web page. CSS provides several properties and keyframe animations that can be used to create animations, like transitions and transforms.

For example, you can use the transition property to specify how an element should transition from one state to another, like changing its color or size when hovered over with a mouse. The transform property can be used to apply 2D or 3D transformations to an element, like rotating, scaling, or skewing it.

CSS also provides the @keyframes rule, which allows you to define a set of keyframes that specify how an element should change over time. By combining @keyframes with other CSS properties, you can create complex animations that respond to user interaction or other events.

Animations can be used to enhance the user experience of a web page, by adding visual interest and interactivity. But it's important to use them judiciously and with consideration for accessibility and performance. Animations can be distracting or even cause motion sickness for some users, and they can also impact the performance of the page if not optimized properly.

01:30  FACTS AND FIGURES.

☛— Animations are created using CSS animations or transitions.

☛— A CSS animation animates the styles of an element over time using keyframes.

☛— A transition animates an element's properties when a change is triggered by user interaction or programmatic code.

☛— Animations provide visual interest and enhance the user experience.

☛— Ease smooths out transitions and animations, accelerating and decelerating the animation over time.

☛— Timing controls how long an animation will run using properties like animation-duration, transition-duration, etc.

☛— Iteration loops animations continuously using the animation-iteration-count property.

☛— Animation fill mode applies styling before and after the animation runs using animation-fill-mode.

☛— Delay pauses an animation before it starts using animation-delay or transition-delay.

☛— Direction controls the direction of the animation using animation-direction. Can be normal, reverse, alternate, alternate-reverse.

☛— Easing functions provide smoother acceleration/deceleration of animations.

☛— Animation chaining links multiple animations together to queue them up sequentially.

☛— Responsive animations use media queries and viewport units to change animation details based on viewport width.

☛— Animation combinations layer animations, transitions, transforms and keyframe animations together for complex effects.

☛— Property animation animates CSS properties directly rather than element styles.

☛— Cubic-bezier timing function allows custom easing curve creation for very fine-tuned control over acceleration and deceleration.

☛— Animation iteration count specifies how many times an animation should repeat using animation-iteration-count.

☛— Examples: animation, transition, ease-in-out, animation-duration, animation-delay, animation-iteration-count, etc.

02:30  (BOOKS AND REFERENCES).

https://www.w3schools.com/css/css3_animations.asp

https://css-tricks.com/almanac/properties/a/animation/

https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/css-tutorial/css-animation

https://blog.hubspot.com/website/css-animation

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Animations/Using_CSS_animations

03:30  (SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS).

- I.) What is animation in CSS, and how is it used?

- II.) What are the basic CSS properties used to create animations?

- III.) How can keyframes be used to define custom animations in CSS?

- IV.) How can the animation shorthand property be used to simplify the creation of animations in CSS?

- V.) How can CSS animations be triggered and controlled using JavaScript?

04:30  (TRUE OR FALSE?).

- I.) CSS animations allow for the creation of animated effects on web pages without requiring JavaScript. True or False?

- II.) The animation property in CSS is used to define the keyframes that make up an animation. True or False?

- III.) The keyframes in a CSS animation define the different stages of the animation and the CSS styles to be applied at each stage. True or False?

- IV.) CSS animations can be used to animate any CSS property. This includes color, opacity, and position. True or False?

- V.) The animation-direction property in CSS is used to specify whether an animation should play forwards, backwards, or alternate between forwards and backwards. True or False?

- VI.) The animation-duration property in CSS is used to specify the length of time that an animation should take to complete. True or False?

- VII.) The animation-timing-function property in CSS is used to specify the speed curve of an animation, like ease-in, ease-out, or linear. True or False?

- VIII.) The animation-fill-mode property in CSS is used to specify what happens to an element before and after an animation is played, like whether it should retain its final state or return to its initial state. True or False?

- IX.) CSS animations can be triggered by user actions, like clicking a button or hovering over an element. True or False?

- X.) CSS animations are not supported in all web browsers, and fallback options should be provided for users who cannot view the animations. True or False?

05:30  (KEEP LEARNING).

Keep learning, coders! ★ You've got the basics of animation in CSS down, but there's always more to explore. Here are some next steps to help you become a master of CSS animation:

Dig into more advanced CSS animation concepts. Want to take your skills to the next level? Try learning about advanced animation techniques like 3D transformations, keyframe animations, or SVG animations.

Check out related tools and technologies. CSS animation pairs great with JavaScript libraries like jQuery or GreenSock Animation Platform. Try building a project with them, or explore other tools like Adobe Animate or After Effects to create complex animations.

Practice every day. The only way to really get good at CSS animation is to build stuff with it. Try creating small animations every day, or set aside time each week for coding practice.

Stay on the cutting edge. Follow your favorite CSS animation pros online and sign up for industry newsletters. Gotta keep up with what's new! Try attending a conference or meetup to network with other developers and learn about the latest trends.

Keep playing with CSS animation and have fun while you learn. And don't forget to share your own tips and resources with others who are also learning. Happy coding!  ☕

06:30  (FLASH CARD).

Front: [CSS / Web Development]

/?\ Q: What is Animation in the context of CSS?

Back:

A: Animation in CSS refers to the ability to create visual effects and motion on a web page or application using CSS properties and keyframes.

CSS animations can be used to add interest and interactivity to a web page, and can be created using the animation property and the @keyframes rule.

The animation property allows you to specify the duration, timing function, delay, and iteration count of an animation, and the name of the @keyframes rule that defines the animation's behavior.

The @keyframes rule defines the animation's behavior by specifying the style changes that occur at different points during the animation's duration.

CSS animations can be applied to any CSS property, allowing for a wide variety of effects and behaviors to be created.

07:30  (TWEETS).

@professor: Hi there! I wanted to talk to you about animation in CSS for web development. Are you familiar with it?

@webdeveloper: Hi! Yes, I'm familiar with CSS animations. They can be a great way to add some visual interest and interactivity to a website.

@professor: That's right. CSS animations can be used to create a variety of effects, like transitions, transforms, and keyframe animations. They can be used to create anything from subtle hover effects to complex interactive experiences.

@webdeveloper: Yes, and it's important to keep in mind that animations should be used thoughtfully and with consideration for the user experience. Too many animations or overly complex animations can be overwhelming and distracting.

@professor: Absolutely. It's important to consider the purpose of the animation and how it fits into the overall design of the website. And it's also important to ensure that the animation doesn't negatively impact the accessibility of the website.

@webdeveloper: Right, for example, animations that are triggered by mouse hover can be difficult for users with mobility impairments to interact with. It's important to provide alternative ways to trigger the animation, like keyboard navigation.

@professor: Yes, that's a great point. And you should consider the performance implications of animations. Complex animations can be resource-intensive and slow down the website, on mobile devices.

@webdeveloper: That's true. You should use animation sparingly and optimize it for performance. Techniques like using CSS transforms instead of animating properties like width and height can help improve performance.

@professor: Absolutely. Thanks for discussing this with me. It's always great to have a dialogue between different disciplines in the tech world.

@webdeveloper: Thank you as well. It's always great to learn from experts in other fields and see how we can work together to create better web designs.

08:30  (RECAP).

In CSS, animation refers to the ability to create visual animation effects using CSS properties. CSS animations are made up of two parts: keyframes and animation properties. Keyframes define the styles that an element should have at specific times during the animation, while animation properties specify how the animation should be played.

The animation property in CSS is used to animate many other CSS properties like color, background-color, height, or width. To create a CSS animation sequence, you style the element you want to animate with the animation property or its sub-properties.

Here's an example of using the animation property in CSS:

In this example, the @keyframes rule is used to define the styles that the div element should have at the beginning and end of the animation. The animation-name property is then used to specify the name of the animation, and the animation-duration property is used to specify how long the animation should take.

CSS animations can be used to create a wide variety of effects, from simple transitions between styles to complex animations that involve multiple elements. By using CSS animations effectively, developers can create engaging and interactive web experiences for their users.

---

6/7 Attribute selectors: (WHO THIS IS FOR...) What are attribute selectors and how are they used in CSS? What are some examples of using attribute selectors in CSS? How does an attribute selector differ from other selectors in CSS? Reading time is approximately nine and a half minutes.

00:30  (OVERVIEW).

Attribute selectors are a type of CSS selector that allows you to target HTML elements based on their attributes or attribute values. This can be useful for styling specific elements or groups of elements that share a common attribute.

There are several types of attribute selectors in CSS. This includes:

[attribute]: This selector targets elements that have the specified attribute, regardless of its value.

[attribute=value]: This selector targets elements that have the specified attribute with a value that exactly matches the specified value.

[attribute^=value]: This selector targets elements that have the specified attribute with a value that begins with the specified value.

[attribute$=value]: This selector targets elements that have the specified attribute with a value that ends with the specified value.

[attribute*=value]: This selector targets elements that have the specified attribute with a value that contains the specified value anywhere within it.

For example, if you have a list of links and you want to style only the links that open in a new tab, you can use an attribute selector like this:

In this example, the selector a[target=_blank] targets all a elements that have a target attribute with a value of _blank. The style rule sets the color of the text to red.

Attribute selectors can be a powerful tool for targeting specific elements in your HTML structure and applying styles to them selectively. They can also be used for more advanced functionality, like creating custom data attributes to store and manipulate data in your web page.

01:30  FACTS AND FIGURES.

☛— Attribute selectors target elements based on their attributes and attribute values.

☛— They are written within bracket [] notation.

☛— Can select by attribute name alone or attribute name and value.

☛— Useful for targeting elements with specific data attributes, classes, IDs or other attributes.

☛— Examples:

☛— [class] - Selects elements with any class attribute

☛— [class=box] - Selects elements with class=box

☛— [id=main] - Selects the element with id=main

☛— [data-type=info] - Selects elements with data-type=info

☛— Can use = (equal), != (not equal), ^= (starts with), $= (ends with), *= (contains) to select attribute values.

☛— Ex:

☛— Can select multiple attributes:

[class=box red-box] { /* Has class=box red-box */ }

☛— Useful for targeting elements with custom data attributes:

☛— Helps keep CSS decoupled from HTML markup changes. The styles will remain even if the markup syntax changes.

☛— Examples:

☛— Can use attribute selectors in combination with other selectors like class selectors, ID selectors, element selectors, etc.

02:30  (BOOKS AND REFERENCES).

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Attribute_selectors

03:30  (SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS).

- I.) What are attribute selectors in CSS, and how are they used?

- II.) What are the different types of attribute selectors available in CSS, and how do they differ?

- III.) How can attribute selectors be used to select elements based on the presence or value of specific attributes?

- IV.) Can attribute selectors be combined with other CSS selectors to create more specific rules?

- V.) How can the data- attribute be used in conjunction with attribute selectors to store and manipulate data on a web page?

04:30  (TRUE OR FALSE?).

- I.) Attribute selectors in CSS are used to select elements based on the presence or value of an attribute. True or False?

- II.) The [attribute] selector in CSS selects all elements that have the specified attribute, regardless of its value. True or False?

- III.) The [attribute=value] selector in CSS selects all elements that have the specified attribute with a value that exactly matches the specified value. True or False?

- IV.) The [attribute~=value] selector in CSS selects all elements that have the specified attribute with a value that contains the specified value as one of its space-separated values. True or False?

- V.) The [attribute|=value] selector in CSS selects all elements that have the specified attribute with a value that exactly matches the specified value or starts with the specified value followed by a hyphen. True or False?

- VI.) The [attribute^=value] selector in CSS selects all elements that have the specified attribute with a value that starts with the specified value. True or False?

- VII.) The [attribute$=value] selector in CSS selects all elements that have the specified attribute with a value that ends with the specified value. True or False?

- VIII.) The [attribute*=value] selector in CSS selects all elements that have the specified attribute with a value that contains the specified value anywhere within it. True or False?

- IX.) Attribute selectors in CSS can be used in combination with other selectors, like class selectors and ID selectors. True or False?

- X.) Attribute selectors in CSS are not supported in all web browsers, and fallback options should be provided for users who cannot