An Upright Research on The Vietnam War

By Tranduc Han Prudence

After The Fall of South Vietnam, both the southerners and northerners differentiate between helpers and deceivers:

Americans arrived in South Vietnam to help as they had done in Japan and West Germany after WWII; the great majority of Vietnamese people appreciate 58,276 US soldiers who sacrificed their lives and other Americans who contributed valuable help in the years from 1954-1975.

Contrarily, the communists from the North, with deceitful slogans like "Let us fight Americans to recue our country" and "Nothing is precious than freedom", and so on are deceivers. Additionally, the Vietnamese felt miserable in the stringent dictatorship of the communists, so millions of them risked their lives to escape; at least 300,000 died on the East Sea or in the forests.

- - - - -

The Vietnamese refugees (escapees, former officials and officers from prisons or labor camps of the communists) appreciate all countries that welcome and help them and their families rebuild their lives; they have better lives now.

The United States of America received the majority of Vietnamese refugees. Most of them have overcome difficulties and procured successes in different fields, especially in business and public health careers.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Page Publishing, Inc.
• Release date: May 13, 2021
• ISBN: 9781662418501

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Copyright © 2022 Tranduc Han Prudence

All rights reserved

First Edition

PAGE PUBLISHING

Conneaut Lake, PA

First originally published by Page Publishing 2022

ISBN 978-1-6624-1848-8 (pbk)

ISBN 978-1-6624-1850-1 (digital)

Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents

Symbol of Uprightness

Preface

1

Hugely Catastrophic Consequences Caused by Tortuous Foreign Policies

2

Japan: Open-Door Policies Vietnam: Closed-Door Policies

3

Six Religions Impacted on Politics in Vietnam

4

Survey on the History of Vietnam and China

5

Quintessential Characteristics of the Vietnamese Language

6

Different Scripts for Vietnamese Language through Ages

7

The Golden Flag of Vietnam

8

My Niece and Some Details of Prehistory and Tết—Keep It or Abolish It

9

Two Different Sixty-Year Circles

10

Same Refugee Context

11

From Optimistic to Pessimistic Circumstances

12

Fundamental Tactics of VC

13

The Fall of the First Republic of Vietnam

14

Harmfulness Hidden in Ambiguous Meanings

15

Motives and Consequences of the Cosmetic Agreements

16

More Anguish than in Prisons

17

From FRG to the USA

18

Phone Call from Vietnam to Inquire Political Civilizations in the USA

19

Soldiers in US Armed Forces and VNAF Uniforms

20

USA Gives Me Opportunities to Write Books

21

Wronging Doers—Imputed Scapegoats

22

Capitalism, Communism, Personalism

23

Some Slices of My Life

24

Difficulties to Have Sources

25

Notes of Sources

26

Acronym and Index

People of good will admit the truth to

improve their successes and correct their mistakes.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Disasters have come to Vietnam since

its rulers and people from South to North have

not adapted or accepted the policies of the USA

like Japan or FR Germany after WWII.

Symbol of Uprightness

References and short quotes, please follow articles of Copyright Act in 1976.

Preface

Dear readers, An Upright Research on the Vietnam War tries to find the truth of some past periods. The truth consisted of both successes and mistakes. People of goodwill admit the truth to improve their successes and correct their mistakes. This book is a historical research.

I appreciate all authors of the valued books, songs, poems, and photos; they consist of precious documents that I consult for this book. Please recognize my references and shorts quotes as the efforts for this research to publicize and praise the historical truth that you artfully depicted. Your works will live along with histories of the world. I thank you for your generosity.

* * *

Historians and media of the world divide the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1975 into two parts: part 1 (1945–1954) and part 2 (1954–1975). In the first part, the consecutive US governments were involved mainly in politics and diplomatic fields; their military involvement was a minor one. In the second part, their successors were deeply involved in the war in all fields, especially that they sent many units of their Armed Forces fighting in parallel with the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF) of South VN (South Vietnam) longer than a decade. (Australia, South Korea, and Thailand also sent some of their military units helping RVNAF, but they withdrew after a couple of years.)

The Non-Triumphant War is my created title to name the part 2 of the war. After the Non-Triumphant War, South VN was under the powers of the stringent communists. Thus, the Vietnamese fled from their country in many waves. About fifty countries have opened their generous arms, receiving hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese families as refugees and helping them to rebuild their wholesome lives. With thriving efforts, many refugee individuals and families have obtained substantial successes in different fields. The United States of America have received the majority of Vietnamese refugees.

Members of my families are among these refugees. With heartfelt sincerity, all of us appreciate the United States of America for giving us citizenship to have all the rights and duties like other Americans as well as opportunities to thrive in our futures.

In my personal case, the United States of America gives me opportunities and freedom to write books. After two books on literature and history of Vietnam in my mother tongue, four books in English tongue are published by an American publisher, and these are as follows:

The Clan Divided (novel): It reminds and warns utopian or gullible persons about cunning and clever sophistries of greedy hypocrites or impostors who camouflage as admirable persons to deceive people.

Women Victims of Wars (novella): They focus on how women are viewed for their physical charm and how a part of them is abused. They bring to new heights social awareness and respect for women.

Solving the Adversities (short stories): The stories in this book cite many helpful ways of solving several adversities and sufferings of victims during and after the Non-Triumphant War (the Unpopular War).

An Upright Research on the Vietnam War: A historical research on the Vietnam War.

Dear readers, please open the Internet and type Tranduc Han Prudence to have these books.

* * *

Dear readers, even though I deeply appreciate the United States as I sincerely express above, I am impelled to write the truth on the history of Vietnam, and the Vietnam War is the central issue of this book. Each chapter was a separate research essay and written in different occasion for some magazines or periodicals. Therefore, after the collection of those writings in this book, some details in one chapter appear again in another. Please sympathize with the necessity to fulfill the complete meanings of every chapter.

* * *

In the history of the United States, it fought against the troops from England to have independence; there was only one single war, and the independence exists forever. In the history of Vietnam, it had to repel troops from China in many wars to regain its independence since China had invaded Vietnam many times again and again within four millennia; now preparations for another invasion was much more sophisticated and dangerous. (There is one chapter: A Survey on the History of China in this book to make the issue easier to understand.)

China completely annexed Manchuria as one of its province in 1920. China invaded Tibet in 1959, and then it has implemented a similar plan in this occupied country.

On the fate of Vietnam, China had already carried out some steps to annex Vietnam in the near future as its province. Experienced with its past unsuccessful invasions, for this time, China had prepared and implemented very sophisticated cunnings in all fields: militaries, politics, scripts, history, language, culture, literature, bribing top leaders of Vietnamese governments, immigration, infiltrating into Vietnamese governments, and so forth; they schemed to make Vietnamese people lose their identities. (The history of Vietnam was not taught in all schools!)

In the past histories, the United States fought against England for independence. Now the two countries have amity. I crave for China and Vietnam having a similar amity and respecting each other's independence.

Because of the help of the United States to Viet Minh in 1945 since its leader and his disciples perfectly concealed their communist identities and promised to fight the Japanese militarists in Vietnam, but Viet Minh did not fight the Japanese as it had promised. American help made it become the strongest force among several other ones. It kept its strength to fight other ones which were challenging powers to rule Vietnam at this time.

The aim of the help to Viet Minh was to make it strong so it could fight the militarists. Unfortunately, contrary occurrences happened. After Emperor Hirohito's surrender in August 1945, the Japanese troops in Vietnam had handed a part of their surplus weapons and ammunitions to Viet Minh before Allied troops came to disarm them. The Viet Minh eliminated other forces before it fought the French in the Vietnam War part 1. Then the leader became the president of North VN (North Vietnam) until his death in 1969. He has arrayed and commanded the invasion of South VN in the Vietnam War part 2. All means in North VN had to extol him as a great living saint with ideal virtues. One of his deceiving slogans, Nothing is more precious than Independence and Freedom is well known, and it was praised by many guys, including several intellectuals in the world; they advocated the invasion. So many gullible Vietnamese believed him and his disciples; the deceived fought in the Vietnam War part 1 and part 2 like mayflies. (Impacted by the extolling acts, after this man's death, some places have his statues or pictures to adore him as a bodhisattva.)

Dear readers, in the Vietnam War (part 1 and part 2), numerous Vietnamese nationalists trusted and risked their lives for international communist deceivers; so many families had siblings in both sides—some in RVNAF or government organizations of South VN and others in the Vietnamese communist Army or secret cadres and spies for North VN. Several families had even high officers or high officials in both sides.

* * *

To Americans, the Vietnam War part 2 is the Non-Triumphant War; but to the patriotic Vietnamese, this is the Lost Everything War. Americans feel annoyed and fretful while patriotic Vietnamese feel anguish and pain. Therefore, they criticize or reproach one another.

In truth, there are many complicated causes from both sides. Thus, several details in this book could hurt feelings of some my compatriots while others could hurt feelings of some Americans. Although nothing stinks like the truth, it should be written for future generations.

1

Hugely Catastrophic Consequences Caused by Tortuous Foreign Policies

Prologue

In the modern history of the United States, there are two series of tortuous foreign policies which cause hugely catastrophic consequences for the United States and many related countries.

The series began in 1979

In July 1979, Leonid Brezhnev, chairman of the Communist Party of Soviet Union, proclaimed that the Najibullah government of Afghanistan had asked Soviet Union for help, so he sent eighty thousand troops to pacify the revolts of Islamic fundamentalist organization.

Nonetheless, President Jimmy Carter of the United States judged that the actions of the Soviet Union were motivated by the will to expand communism to the world; therefore, his American administration armed, trained, and supplied the groups of Islamist jihad resistance named Mujahedeen, which consisted of native Afghans and foreigner volunteers from several Islamic countries to fight against the Soviets.

The help provided by the Americans to Mujahedeen were variable and plentiful. For examples, (a) Mujahedeen fighters were armed with antiaircraft-rocket launcher Stingers, which helped them shot down Russian helicopters, (b) some nucleus fighters like Ali Mohamed were trained in the United States, (c) and so forth. Among the groups in Mujahedeen, Al-Qaeda volunteers led by Osama bin Laden and Afghan Taliban led by Mullah Mohammed Omar were the strongest ones.

The Soviets had to withdraw their troops in 1989 because of heavy casualties and bogeys. The Najibullah government, which the Soviets supported in a decade, collapsed in 1992. Taliban took powers, and Mullah Omar executed President Najibullah. Al-Qaeda built its bases in Afghanistan.

Admittedly, many members of Al-Qaeda and Taliban have been Islamic fundamentalists. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1989, Al-Qaeda declared war on the United States, Israel, and any nations allied with these two nations. It recruited more Islamic extremists from different countries to make many suicidal attacks on citizens and properties all over the world of the nations mentioned above. Ali Mohamed became one of the important Al-Qaeda trainers. Typically, their aversively suicidal attacks happened on World Trade Center towers in New York City and Pentagon near Washington, DC, on the eleventh of September 2001 (well known as 9\11 attacks). The United States had to fight the worldwide war against terrorists.

Concretely, in 2001, the Bush's administration sent US troops into Afghanistan to overthrow the government of Taliban and destroy the bases of Al-Qaeda. In 2002, the administration also sent US troops into Iraq to overthrow the government of Saddam Hussein. (Saddam Hussein's powers were the balance between Iraq and Iran. Without him, the hostile influence in Iran against the United States and its allied has been free to become stronger.)

The sight to end the worldwide war against terrorists has not appeared yet.

Nonetheless, the above series is the repeat of the following series which has the beginning in 1941.

The series began in 1941

This series began with the help to a loyal Komintern man in 1941 (Komintern = Comintern = Third International Communists established by Lenin, Stalin, and other communist dictators loyal to Komintern). But he concealed his communist plans clever than Mao Zedong and got the help from the United States to grab powers.

To understand this complicated series and its huge catastrophic consequences, the first step is to know several clever concealments of the man who took the names Nguyễn Ái Quốc then Hồ Chi Minh to get help from the United States.

The man was born in Vietnam in 1890 under the colonial government of France (1858–1955). His father named him Nguyễn Sinh Cung. In 1901, his father changed his name to Nguyễn Tất Thành. He finished seventh grade in a middle school. Then he taught as an aide teacher in a school.

In 1911, Mr. Thành worked as waiter in the French cargo ship Amiral Latouche Treville; its main harbor was Marseille of France. In Marseille, Mr. Thành applied for studying at Ecole Coloniale (it trained natives of French colonies then sent them back to their countries to help in governances), but he was rejected because of not having high school diploma. (There were several common errors of grammar and spelling in Mr. Thành's application.) Thus, he continued his work on the ship until 1914. Although the main harbor of the ship was Marseille of France, it had businesses at several different harbors. Thus, Mr. Thành had opportunities to visit several other harbors in the world, including New York.

Thereafter, Mr. Thành worked as the gardener for a rich family in Marseille. Then Mr. Thành left France to England and worked at a bakery in London.

Simultaneously, in Paris, in 1912, lawyer Phan Văn Trường and master of literature in ideograph Phan Chu Trinh formed the group La Fraternites des Compatriotes. In 1917, bachelor of law Nguyễn An Ninh and engineer in chemical Nguyễn Thế Truyền joined the group. They changed its name to Le Group des Patriots Annamites (Vietnamese were called Annamites during the period under the French colonizers). Lawyer Phan Văn Trường wrote several political essays for Humanité Journal with the pen name Nguyen Le Patriot and Nguyễn Ái Quốc. In 1918, Mr. Thành left London to Paris and joined the group.

After World War I, in 1918, at the front park of the building where the Versailles Conference was holding, the group distributed its declaration Revendications du Peuple Annamites in French and in ideograph. (True historians stated that lawyer Trường wrote it in French and Master Trinh wrote it in ideograph. Mr. Thành was a distributor.)

In 1917, the Communist Revolution of Lenin succeeded in Russia. In March 1919, Lenin established International Komintern with two main stringent instructions: using of revolutionary violence to grab authorities and implementing dictatorship of proletariats to rule peoples. In December 1919, Thành joined French Communist Party (FCP), read the instructions, and became a loyal disciple of Lenin and Stalin.

The five members of Le Group des Patriots Annamites had different political plans. Lawyer Trường had his plan based on US President Wilson's Fourteen Points which the president propagated in the Versailles Conference. Master Trinh appealed to modernized Vietnam before asking independence. Bachelor Ninh followed principles of Fourth International Communists of Trotsky, who advocated that communist parties had plans and activities like other political parties in their countries; if they were elected, they formed governments. Mr. Thành and Mr. Truyền were Third International Communists.

Third International Communists are dictators and bloodthirsty guys. Look at China, North Korea, and Vietnam today. In each of these countries, all positions in all branches (legislative, executive, and judiciary) are in the hands of Third International Communist party members. Any other party is quite illegal. Any person who has different opinions is enforced to admit a crime and to be killed. Third International Communists decided to kill all other politicians, including Fourth International Communists, since all others politicians did not follow their dogmas using violence to grip authorities and using dictatorship of proletariats to rule people. (Thus, Stalin murdered Trotsky, and Mr. Thành killed Bachelor Ninh of the Fourth International Communists, as well as other politicians and numerous celebrities.)

The members of Le Group des Patriots Annamites wrangled fiercely about their different ideals in three years. Consequently, in 1921, the group dissolved itself. Mr. Thành took the name Nguyen Le Patriot (Nguyễn Ái Quốc) and automatically had all the previous writings with the two pen names. However, with the help of engineer Truyền, in 1922, he began to write with the name Nguyễn Ái Quốc. Together with several Africans in French Communist Party (FCP), they published the monthly paper Le Paria. Then Messrs. Truyền and Quốc wrote the book Les Opprimés.

In 1923, FCP sent Mr. Quốc to Moscow as a representative of colonies to attend Communist Conference organized by Stalin. After the conference, Mr. Quốc stayed in Moscow for two years to study politics and propagandas at Marx-Lenin Institution.

* * *

A short summary on political circumstances in China of the period is necessary to understand the complexity. Even though the revolution of Sun Yetsen in 1911, which overthrew the Qing dynasty, was influenced by democratic principles from Western countries. Its two main fractions led by Chang Kaishek and Mao Zedong had sharply different plans on how China would be. Chang maintained original intentions of Sun Yetsen, but Mao became a Komintern. After the death of Sun Yetsen in 1925, Mr. Chang established Chinese Kuomintang (CK), and Mr. Mao established Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Each side formed a rival army and fought ferociously against each other. From 1925 to 1948, CCP dominated northern China bordering with Soviet Union of Stalin, and CK occupied southern China bordering with Vietnam.

* * *

Vietnamese in exile in China lived in southern China. They consisted of ex-students of the Studying in Developed Countries Movement of Phan Bội Châu (they were expelled from Japan after the French-Japanese Treaty on July 10, 1907, where they recognized each other's colonies, and one among them was Mr. Hồ Học Lãm, pen name Hồ Chí Minh, who was lieutenant colonel in CK army in 1934); ex-members of Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ = Vietnamese Kuomintang) who fled to China after their thirteen comrades, including its leader Mr. Nguyễn Thái Học, had been beheaded by French colonizers in 1930; and other Vietnamese Comintern who were hunted by French colonizers.

In 1925, Stalin sent Mr. Quốc with the name Lý Thụy to China to propagate Marxist-Leninist ideology. However, in his communications and contacts with Vietnamese, he used the name Nguyễn Ái Quốc—full of prestige and charisma. Mr. Quốc established Việt Nam Cách-Mạng Đồng-Chí Hội (Association of Revolutionary Vietnamese Comrades) with instructions of comintern. (Some members became well-known figures such as Phạm Văn Đồng, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and so on.)

In 1927, CK hunted for communists, so Thụy (Quốc) fled back to Moscow. Other members of the association fled back to Vietnam and secretly formed three separate parties: Đảng CS Đông Dương (ĐCSĐD) = Communist Party of Indochina in Tonkin (North VN), An Nam Cộng Sản Đảng = Communist Party of Annam in Annam (Middle Vietnam), and Tân Việt Đảng = Party of New Vietnamese in Cochinchine (South VN).

In 1930, Mr. Quốc sneaked to southern China and sent words to his disciples of the three communist parties in Vietnam to send representatives to southern China to meet him to unify to one single party. To avoid being arrested, they bought tickets for a soccer game and sat at a far corner for their meeting. They unified with the intended name Vietnam Communist Party (VCP). Then Mr. Quốc brought their decision to Moscow for ratification; however, Stalin did not agree with the name VCP since it did not have international characteristics. Stalin changed the name to Communist Party of Indochina and signed. Then Mr. Quốc came back to southern China.

In 1931, Mr. Quốc was arrested and jailed twenty months in Hong Kong by British police. The leftist daily newspaper Daily Workers published the news that Mr. Quốc died in a jail.

However, some weeks later, one man appeared in Moscow and declared himself as Mr. Nguyễn Ái Quốc. He studied at Marx-Engels-Lenin Institution and stayed there until 1941.

Today, several writings mention a Chinese book telling that the man is identified as a major of Chinese Communist Army. His name is Hu Zhimming; his alias is Hu Kwan (Hồ Quang). Of course, he could speak Vietnamese and knew culture and history of Vietnam. In Ho Chi Minh: A Documentary Study, author Vy Thanh also analyzes this phenomenon (the author writes this detail with caution).

Thus, during fifteen years (1954–1969), the man was living in Hanoi as the chairman of Vietnamese Communist Party and president of North VN. He did not come to the village or district where Nguyễn Sinh Cung was born, and he did not meet his mother and his siblings. On the issue of his fulfilled sexuality, some history books mentioned these young and beautiful women: Tang Tuyet Minh, Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai, Đỗ Thị Lạc, and Nông Thị Xuân. There are lots of miscellaneous writings mentioning on other young females, but there are no clear proofs about this item.

* * *

Việt Minh (Việt Nam Độc-Lập Đồng-Minh Hội = Vietnam Independence League) was founded by whom and when? According to Hoàng Văn Đào in VNQDĐ (Vietnamese Kuomintang) page 267, Lieutenant Colonel Hồ Học Lãm of Chinese Kuomintang Army said several times in 1935 to the members of VNQDĐ—Nguyễn Hải Thần, Vũ Hồng Khanh, and Nghiêm Kế Tổ—that it was better to form a single party which unified all different political opinion Vietnamese in order to ask help from Chang Kaishek.

On the same issue, a contemporary comrade of Mr. Quốc, Mr. Hoàng Văn Hoan, after fleeing to China in 1969 to escape from the purge of Lê Duẩn, wrote clearly in Giọt Nước Trong Biển Cả (Waterdrops in the Immense Sea) in 1986 that Lt. Col. Hồ Học Lãm in the army of Chinese Kuomintang often helped communist comrade compatriots when they had knotty problems and that Hồ Học Lãm said to them several times in 1935 that it was necessary to form a single party which unified all different political opinion Vietnamese to get help from Chinese Kuomintang. As a result, they formed a league named Việt Nam Độc-Lập Đồng-Minh Hội (Việt Minh for abbreviation) in 1936. The chairman was Hồ Học Lãm and was ratified by Chang Kaishek.

In that decade (1932–1941), Mr. Quốc was in Moscow but sent words to his comrades and disciples to affiliate themselves to Việt Minh. In Viet Minh, ex-students of Studying in Developed Countries Movement were decrepit, and ex-members of Vietnamese Kuomintang were lazy, but ex-members of Communist Party were