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EXPOSING THE HIDDEN ROOTS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY AGENDA, THE EMPERORS WHO HAD NO CLOTHES: The Emperors Who Had No Clothes
EXPOSING THE HIDDEN ROOTS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY AGENDA, THE EMPERORS WHO HAD NO CLOTHES: The Emperors Who Had No Clothes
EXPOSING THE HIDDEN ROOTS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY AGENDA, THE EMPERORS WHO HAD NO CLOTHES: The Emperors Who Had No Clothes
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EXPOSING THE HIDDEN ROOTS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY AGENDA, THE EMPERORS WHO HAD NO CLOTHES: The Emperors Who Had No Clothes

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This book documents the rise of the millions of years paradigm of earth history and evolution that grew out of that and the ensuing humanism that grew out of that and how it was all established through politics and not science. Then, the consequences of that are discussed at length.

LanguageEnglish
PublisherMilt Marcy
Release dateDec 1, 2022
ISBN9798218130275
EXPOSING THE HIDDEN ROOTS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY AGENDA, THE EMPERORS WHO HAD NO CLOTHES: The Emperors Who Had No Clothes

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    EXPOSING THE HIDDEN ROOTS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY AGENDA, THE EMPERORS WHO HAD NO CLOTHES - Milt Marcy

    Copyright ©2022 by Milt Marcy

    All rights reserved.

    No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher or author, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law.

    This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that neither the author nor the publisher is engaged in rendering legal, investment, accounting or other professional services. While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional when appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, personal, or other damages.

    Brackets contain the author's comments unless otherwise noted.

    Artwork by Matt Marcy

    Revised Edition 2022

    Printed in the USA

    All images, unless otherwise noted, are public domain.

    The Holy Bible: New King James Version. Dallas, TX: Brown Books Publishing, 2004.

    The Holy Bible: King James Version. Dallas, TX: Brown Books Publishing, 2004.

    Cover Art: Tree with roots: https://depositphotos.com/portfolio-1070914.html

    Tree Silhouette: https://depositphotos.com/portfolio-1006839.html

    Back Cover: Shells courtesy of a friend

    Fonts: Title – Calder, Adobe Fonts / Author: Lemon Milk, dafont.com,MASRSNEV

    ISBN: 979-8-218-10717-8

    ISBN: 979-8-218-13027-5 (e-book)

    I could not put this book down. I have re-read many parts of it. It shows the real reason why evolutionism was brought to the forefront of our society. The documentation is very impressive, and Milt expresses his findings in an easy-to-read style. He shows us how the letters written by these few men changed modern thinking from a Godly perspective to a very destructive one. It is one of the most valuable books in my library and will remain on my desk as a reference.

    —Stan Lutz

    Curator of Northwest Science Museum, Boise, Idaho

    Milt Marcy has investigated the personal lives and writings of evolution’s con men, and what he uncovered is dirty business, intellectual dishonesty on steroids. The apostle Paul warned that a consequence of rejecting God’s Creatorship is a ‘reprobate mind’ (i.e., a mind that cannot evaluate truth), and Marcy has documented Poster Child illustrations of that divine judgement.

    —James J.S. Johnson, JD THD

    Institute for Creation Research

    The curtain has been pulled back, and the emperors exposed. This is a tremendously powerful book and absolutely the best I have read when it comes to showing that the perpetrators of evolutionary philosophy have the destruction of the church in mind. The connections brought to light are nothing short of breathtaking. Through one historical quotation after another, the author unveils the diabolical orchestration and systematic dismantling of the structure. Most people assume that modern science has disproved the truth of the Bible but have never heard the history exposing evolution’s hidden roots in an anti-God philosophy. I have already recommended the book to others who will find it fascinating and informative on a number of levels. I pray that God will open many eyes with it.

    —Robert A. Mullin

    Associate Managing Editor of Creation Research Society Quarterly

    DEDICATION

    FOR MANY YEARS my son, Matt Marcy (1976 – 2011), told me, Dad, you need to write a book. Some of the best suggestions I ever got in life were given to me by him, so I always took his comments seriously, but I told him that I didn’t think there was anything I could write about that hadn’t already been written very well by someone else. I wanted to write about something that no one else had covered before, and on a subject that was very important for people to hear.

    In 2009 it became crystal clear that I was being directed by God to write on the subject you will read about in this book. It has been a pure joy to gather this information that everyone needs to be aware of, but that very few people seem to know about.

    This book is dedicated to Matt, my biggest fan, as I was his.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    MANY PEOPLE have been of enormous help in completing this book. I am sure I will leave someone out that I should have mentioned and, if you are one of those, I sincerely apologize. I first need to recognize my son, Matt who was a major inspiration for writing this book. Others who inspired me were Dave Pattillo, J. D. Mitchell, Don Chittick, Henry Morris III, John Morris, James Johnson, Rob Mullin, Rick and Sylvia Thompson, Phillip O’Donnell, Howard Mudder, Pete Beach, Derald Dieterich, Phil Yount, John Winquist, Rick Harrison, Don Wadkins, Dan Lumley, Heath Lourwood, Brian Hastings, Virginia Al Shummari, Dr. Jerry Bergman and Kevin Wirth, along with many others.

    Technical assistance was provided by J.D. Mitchell, Rick and Sylvia Thompson, Russell Grigg, Doris Marcy and others. I also would like to thank J.D. Mitchell, Rob Mullin, Sylvia Thompson and Professor James Johnson for their suggestions involving changes and additions to the original manuscript.

    Lastly, I want to thank our Lord and Savior, Jesus, without whom none of the rest would have made any difference.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    FOREWORD

    PREFACE

    CHAPTER ONE: THE PROBLEM

    JAMES HUTTON AND CHARLES LYELL

    THE GAP THEORY

    THE DAY-AGE THEORY

    THE FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS

    CHAPTER TWO: HOW DID WE GET HERE?

    CHAPTER THREE: THE SEARCH FOR ACCOUNTABILITY

    CHAPTER FOUR: JAMES HUTTON

    EIGHTEENTH CENTURY EDINBURGH

    HUTTON - NOT A PIOUS MAN

    HUTTON’S THOUGHTS ABOUT RELIGION

    WHAT IS A NATURAL RELIGIONIST OR DEIST?

    ON MORALS AND MANNERS

    WAS HUTTON’S GEOLOGY VALID?

    THEORY OF THE EARTH FALLS FLAT

    THEORY OF THE EARTH REVIVED BY TWO YOUNG FRIENDS

    THE DISSENTERS

    CHAPTER FIVE: CHARLES LYELL

    LYELL THE GEOLOGIST

    LYELL’S METHODS

    LYELL’S BELIEFS

    LYELL—AN EVOLUTIONIST?

    WAS LYELL AN OBJECTIVE SCIENTIST?

    WAS LYELL’S GEOLOGY VALID?

    WHAT WAS LYELL’S OBJECTIVE IN GEOLOGY?

    CHAPTER SIX: CHARLES DARWIN

    THE LIFE OF CHARLES DARWIN

    WHAT MOTIVATED CHARLES DARWIN?

    DID DARWIN DENY HIS OWN THEORY?

    LADY HOPE

    CHAPTER SEVEN: THOMAS HUXLEY

    HUXLEY’S EARLY YEARS

    ON HMS RATTLESNAKE

    AFTER THE RATTLESNAKE

    HUXLEY AND NATURAL SELECTION

    WHAT DID HUXLEY THINK ABOUT THE CHURCH AND CHRISTIANITY?

    CHAPTER EIGHT: EVOLUTION COMES TO AMERICA

    DEWEY’S TAKE ON MORALS

    CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION

    APPENDIX A

    WHAT IS HAPPENING TO THE WORLD WE LIVE IN?

    WHAT IS HAPPENING WITH MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY?

    WHAT IS HAPPENING REGARDING ABORTION??

    WHAT IS HAPPENING WITH HOW WE VIEW GAMBLING?

    WHAT IS HAPPENING WITH OUR USE OF DRUGS AND ALCOHOL?

    WHAT IS HAPPENING TO OUR VIEW OF SEX?

    THE IMPACT OF ADDICTION

    WHAT IS HAPPENING TO OUR PERSONAL HONESTY?

    APPENDIX B

    AGE OF THE EARTH

    APPENDIX C

    OTHER RESOURCES

    INDEX

    ABOUT FIGURE 1

    The relationships in Figure 1 show how the ideas of James Hutton were passed on to the people around him and then to those who came after him. Hutton himself got much of his material from different Frenchmen who were advocating for the overthrow of the church by the mid-1700’s.

    The different kinds of lines between these people reveal how they were connected. In some cases, the connection was made in more than one way. For instance, Sir. James Hall was both a friend of Hutton’s and also accompanied him on many field trips.

    As the last line in the box indicates, in some cases the only connection is that the later person read the writings of the former, or even of a contemporary.

    Each of these persons and how they are connected will be discussed in the book. Their names and the pages where you can find them discussed are noted in the index.

    RELATIONSHIPS

    Figure 1

    ABOUT FIGURE 2

    The dead tree in Figure 2 is intended to show the progression of how deism morphed into supporting the concept of millions of years and then finally into humanism and what the results of that phenomenon has produced. The tree is dead, which means the fruit is not good. All of the social ills mentioned spring from the acceptance of humanism in modern society. The book traces how the changes took place, beginning with deism and going into a worldview advocating millions of years of earth history and the resultant concept of evolution. From evolution to humanism is the final step to a godless world where the ideas of man, not constrained by even an acknowledgement of God, lead to chaos and misery.

    Figure 2

    FOREWORD

    By Jerry Bergman, Ph.D.

    Milt Marcy, in his new revised edition of The Emperors Who Had No Clothes, [now known by the former subtitle, Exposing the Hidden Roots of Evolution] shows in this ground-breaking book that the objective of those who began the evolutionary naturalism and billions of years mentality had a clear agenda. These persons were not driven by the facts but rather by one goal, specifically to delegitimize Genesis and therefore the rest of the Bible and ultimately Christianity. Marcy documents this by relying on the writings of these people who he refers to as The Emperors Who Had No Clothes.

    These men were stunningly successful in their goal of marginalizing theism, at first converting at least the educated class, then the scientific establishment as a whole. This conclusion is documented by an extensive review of the personal correspondence and the early published writings by the founders and promoters of Darwinism.

    The five emperors who form the focus of this book include Charles Darwin; Scottish geologist, physician, and naturalist James Hutton; lawyer turned geologist Charles Lyell; Darwin’s Bulldog, Thomas Henry Huxley; and American educator John Dewey. Several lesser lights were also covered, including Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin; Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, John Playfair; and the founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin‘s closest friend, Joseph Hooker.

    Marcy documents that their goal was not strictly the result of a scientific quest but included a strong religious motivation. Science for them was only a wedge to help facilitate their secular goals wherever possible. To be successful in this endeavor, there was a clear need to make their quest look like it was all about science. Science at that time was still in the early stages of gaining a great deal of credibility, and exploiting it was important for success in converting the educated classes to non-theists. The use of science to sideline theism, specifically Christianity, has continued right through the nineteenth century and up to the present day.

    This goal of marginalizing theism was applied to education by Horace Mann and later John Dewey, who both played a critical role in secularizing the formerly religious American educational system. The next step, achieved from the 1960s to today, was open hostility toward Christianity. Examples include outlawing Christian songs, prayers, celebrations and other historical trappings of the faith in the schools. Another example is indoctrination against the competition to non-theistic Darwinism, such as Intelligent Design and creationism. This hostility is most egregiously expressed in the termination of careers of educators who are suspected of teaching alternative views to Darwinism as I have documented with thousands of references in my trilogy Slaughter of the Dissidents: The Shocking Truth About Killing the Careers of Darwin Doubters; Silencing the Darwin Skeptics; Censoring the Darwin Skeptics. How Belief in Evolution is Enforced by Eliminating Dissidents, all published by Leafcutter Press between 2008-2018.

    In addition, Marcy shows how the foundation of secular humanism is rooted in evolution. He also documents how evolution and a billions-of-years worldview ushered in the humanist/secular worldview prevalent today. The result was situational ethics that became the standard of morality, echoing James Hutton from 200 years ago.

    Marcy included copious documentation, often from primary sources, and an excellent index to enable readers to look up specific topics. It is the only book in print that effectively exposes the hidden roots of the evolutionary agenda. This book is a must read for all of those interested in how and why evolution was established as science via politics, not facts. Marcy has carefully reviewed the literature, which is well-documented but not always well-known, even among creationists. Let us hope Marcy’s book is widely read to help remedy this problem.

    The case against evolution is overwhelming, and it will be helpful before reading Milt’s book to briefly review the case against evolution to help put his research into perspective. Evolution is often called Darwinism after the man, Charles Darwin, who was central in converting the scientific world to this theory. Darwinism is here defined as the progression from non-living molecules to cells, then to bacteria-like life forms, to fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, primates, and, lastly, to humans purely by natural selection acting on the accumulation of mutations which is alleged to produce original genetic variety.

    In short, Darwinism teaches that we are the product of billions of damage events to the genome called genetic mutations, in which natural selection preserves the most fit and allows the less fit to perish. These damage events are caused by toxins, including dangerous radiation such as X-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays, and mutagenic chemicals plus biological internal mutations such as copying errors.

    Each new generation of humans contains many thousands of new mutations. The problem is that close to 99 percent of all mutations are near neutral, extremely harmful, or lethal. Near neutral means they only cause slight damage, but the slight damage adds up in time, eventually causing genetic catastrophe, i.e., death. Each child has about 100 new mutations compared to his or her parents, and this child’s future children have an additional 100 new mutations. Thus, the mutation number in humans is accumulating, eventually leading to mutational meltdown and extinction. The same events in humans causes individual aging as well as aging entire species of all life-forms. Aging of species of any organism, whether dog or human or any other life form, eventually causes extinction of the species. A good review in a major scientific journal concluded:

    Preexisting and new deleterious mutations are a constant burden in all living organisms. With the accumulation of new deleterious mutations, mutational load increases, and fitness is reduced. In small, endangered populations or species, these deleterious mutations can drift to high frequencies, become homozygous, and cause mutational meltdown that can lead to population extinctions.¹

    The materialistic view favored by nearly all leading scientists today is that mutations are our creator, not God. This worldview supports the idea that humans, and all life, are the result of billions of genetic damages by poisons and genetic accidents, not an intelligent creator. This view is not only irresponsible, but contrary to well-established fact, and is believed not because it has been documented, but partly because the courts have ruled that evolution, if it is taught, must be taught in all public schools as fact. Furthermore, information contrary to this materialistic worldview, and favoring purposeful design by a creator, must not be taught because the courts have ruled that doing so represents the establishment of religion, and is therefore unconstitutional.

    This ignores the fact that courts have ruled that nontheistic worldviews (such as materialism/atheism) are also religious. Thus, teaching unguided naturalistic evolution exclusively is logically a violation of the First Amendment principle of religious neutrality by government. The Supreme Court has ruled that certain nontheistic viewpoints (e.g., atheism and humanism) are religions,² but the lower Courts still support the exclusive teaching of materialistic evolution.

    This is true in spite of the fact that the Supreme Court has ruled in the Louisiana case that, "requiring schools to teach creation science with evolution does not advance academic freedom. The Act does not grant teachers a flexibility that they did not already possess to supplant the present science curriculum with the presentation of theories, besides evolution, about the origin of life."³ The Court of Appeals found that no law prohibited Louisiana public school teachers from teaching any scientific theory.⁴ As the president of the Louisiana Science Teachers Association testified, any scientific concept that’s based on established fact can be included in our curriculum already, and no legislation allowing this is necessary.’⁵ The Act provides Louisiana schoolteachers with no new authority.

    Both opposition to and the acceptance of Darwinism are taught in various churches. Evolution’s acceptance in liberal churches is perplexing, because it has been well-documented that evolution is the doorway to atheism.⁶ For this reason, most people in the western world accept evolution as fact. This is true even for many people who call themselves Christians, although polls consistently show that most Americans are still skeptical of evolution. They often attempt to meld the two worldviews together into a position called theistic evolution, which is actually a very thin coat of theism pasted onto a solid body of Darwinism.


    ¹ R. C. Woodruff. 2013. An extreme test of mutational meltdown shows mutational firm up instead. Genetica 141:185–188.

    ² See United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. James J. KAUFMAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Gary R. McCAUGHTRY, et al., Defendants. Appellee No. 04-1914. Decided: August 19, 2005.

    ³ Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987).

    ⁴ 765 F. 2d, at 1257 (1985)

    ⁵ Edwards v. Aguillard 482 U.S. 578 (1987)

    ⁶ Bergman, Jerry. 2021. Evolution is the Doorway to Atheism. Spokane, WA: Leafcutter Press.

    REFERENCES

    Garcia-Dorado, A., Lopez-Fanjul, C., and Caballero, A. 2004. Rates and effects of deleterious mutations and their evolutionary consequences. In: Moya A, Font E (eds) Evolution: from molecules to ecosystems. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. , pp 20–32.

    Lande, R. 1994 Risk of population extinction from new deleterious mutations. Evolution 48:1460–1469.

    Lande, R. 1995. Mutation and conservation. Conservation Biology 9:782–791.

    Lande, R. 1998. Risk of population extinction from fixation of deleterious and reverse mutations. Genetica 102(103):21–27.

    Lynch, M., Gabriel, W. 1990. Mutation load and the survival of small populations. Evolution 44:1725–1737.

    Lynch, M., Burger, R., Butcher, D., and Gabriel, W. 1993. The mutational meltdown in asexual populations. Heredity 84:239–344.

    Lynch, M., Conery, J., and Bürger, R. 1995. Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations. American Naturalist 146:489–518.

    Lynch, M., Conery, J., and Bürger, R. 1995b. Mutational meltdown in sexual populations. Evolution 49:1067–1080.

    Lynch, M., Blanchard, J., Houle, D., Kibota, T., Schultz, S., Vassilieva, L., and Willis, J. 1999. Perspective: spontaneous deleterious mutation. Evolution 53:645–663.

    PREFACE

    Since the early 1960’s there has been ever-increasing evidence compiled supporting a creationist view of origins. This stockpile of evidence continues to grow more impressive every year.

    In the field of astronomy, the big bang continues to grow less tenable even to mainstream astronomers. When astronomers look at the deepest objects in space, they do not see new stars or galaxies being formed, nor do they see any stars or solar systems in any stage of development. They all look fully developed and look like they were all created at the same time.

    The geology of millions of years is increasingly difficult to explain when the main indicator of those long ages has always been the fossils. It has been shown that fossils cannot be created via the millions of years paradigm. Creatures must be buried quickly in a catastrophic process in order to be fossilized. Mt. St. Helens taught us that sedimentary layers can be deposited very quickly and all such layers had to be formed catastrophically. Since that eruption the Genesis Flood seems like a much likelier source for the sedimentary layers than it did before the eruption. Added to this is the discovery of soft tissues in many dinosaur fossils that provide a serious challenge to evolutionary timeframes since such tissues could not possibly have survived for millions of years.

    In the realm of biology, the doctrine of evolution continues to run up against more difficulties all the time. Its main propositions all violate the major laws of science relating to thermodynamics and cause and effect. Life originating from inorganic matter, one life form turning into another with no evidence it has ever happened and the extreme complexity that has been discovered in living matter in recent years has provided plenty of ammunition for scientists to use in proposing the rejection of evolution as an answer to where life came from.

    There is equally impressive evidence that has been presented in other fields of endeavor as well, such as radiometric dating, anthropology, genetics, paleontology, and nuclear physics. I am thankful for all the Creation and Intelligent Design scientists who have put their efforts into studying these disciplines.

    However, sometimes it seems the creationists are tilting at windmills. I have been studying this controversy for over 40 years and as time has gone on, I have felt more and more that it really isn’t an argument about science at all. Creationists have bludgeoned their opponents with solid argument after solid argument and yet their critics don’t budge from their insistence that there is no other valid position but their own. I began to realize it was never about science and I was astounded to see that a fellow Christian and a geologist at that, from over 200 years ago, arrived at the same conviction regarding those who were proposing so-called scientific hypotheses that called into question the validity of the Bible. He stated quite bluntly that their whole purpose was to dress up their anti-God philosophy in the garb of science in order to sway public opinion away from their time-honored trust in the holy scriptures. Their promotion of the concept of evolution and long geological ages as scientific facts upended the scriptural account of a Creator by suggesting life came about via natural processes with no need of any supernatural intervention. Many of these men publicly avoided deliberate harpooning of the Biblical account, which allowed them to promote their ideas as strictly scientific, allowing the chips to fall where they may and they definitely expected them to fall against the word of God! We shall examine the motives and actions of key individuals who had the most profound effect on promoting an ancient earth and the theory of evolution.

    Have you ever contemplated the significance of all the precise references to time in the Old Testament? We are given the age to the year of the patriarchs when each son was born. This continued all the way down to Jacob. Then, we are given other indicators that we can use to mark the passage of time until we get to the time of the Persians. The writers seem to be acutely aware that they are writing a historical record. From the time of the Persians onward we have reliable secular records to guide us down to the present day. It seems obvious that God wanted us to know when all these things took place. That biblical record was thought to be accurate clear up into the 1700s. There was some variation, depending upon which calendar was being used, but only by a few hundred years.

    People who didn’t especially like the fact that the Bible was the guiding force in the western world knew that if they could use some kind of authoritative-looking argument to debunk the Bible’s chronology it would provide the underpinning to destroy the Bible’s authority in other areas as well. After all, if the Bible’s history is not accurate it would make it hard to believe the rest of it. The resurrection, the virgin birth, the miracles of Christ, including bringing people back from the dead require resolute faith in the authority of the Bible and who could have that kind of faith if the foundational chapters are nothing but fairy tales? James Hutton, and later Charles Lyell, were two of the primary individuals responsible for using this strategy to undermine the Bible in the late 1700s and throughout the next century. What they started was carried on by others right up to the present day.

    It is almost always overlooked that there were never any really scientific arguments made to establish the long ages proposed. Geology is a science that relies upon the imagination more than any other field. Truly scientific experiments cannot be done to establish what has gone on in the Earth in the past. After all, what has happened under the surface of the earth isn’t observable or repeatable, so the mind must try to put together a scenario that could result in what is observed at the present. The problem with that is the presuppositions one has are the determining factor in what the suggested causes will be and those presuppositions could be widely varied. Both Hutton and Lyell had the presupposition that the Bible’s account in Genesis 1 – 11 was fictional, so they were unwilling to consider a global flood as a possible cause for the current condition of the crust of the earth. Not only that, but they were determined to see to it that everyone else adopted that same view.

    Science is similar to other fields of endeavor in the respect that the model which gets accepted is often not necessarily the one that has the most evidence but instead is the one that the most influential people believe in. The millions of years and the evolution theory that followed are great examples of that. In the following chapters you will see that their dogma was established, not through science, but through politics.

    Their influence continues on to the present day because people are always looking for an excuse to support their unbelief. It is easier on the conscience if one can huddle under the umbrella of science than if one is faced directly with the accusation that they have rejected their Creator’s offer of salvation through the sacrifice of the Son of God.

    During the years that Hutton and later Lyell lived, it was still risky to directly attack the Bible, so instead they just presented supposed details, which they ascribed to objective research, which were in extreme contradiction to the Bible’s chronology. I believe Lyell learned this tactic from Hutton, since he vigorously studied Hutton’s writings and saw that Hutton was able to get away with it without suffering personally or professionally.

    John Playfair, a close friend and confidant of Hutton’s and later his post-death champion and biographer, shared Hutton’s disregard for the Church and kept Hutton’s ideas alive until Lyell took the baton and directed the battle for the next half century.

    Since that time Thomas Huxley, John Dewey and many others have defended that philosophy which provides a secular alternative to belief in the living God of the Bible. Because it appears to have scientific support it continues to garner believers, especially from those who do not want to yield to the Bible’s account.

    Because Hutton’s ideas were kept alive by his friend, John Playfair and then

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