Immediately Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery (ISBCS): Global History and Methodology

Immediately Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery (ISBCS): Global History and Methodology is a comprehensive guide for the safe and efficient performance of ISBCS. It provides an overview of the history, recommended protocols, necessary precautions, exclusion criteria, benefits and risks associated with this procedure, organizational standards, and more. Written by the most prominent ISBCS surgeons in the world, chapters recount the arguments for and against bilateral surgery that have been made throughout the ages, up to the present, and deliver achieved and proposed resolutions to all problems discussed. Topics such as ethics and medico-legal issues surrounding ISBCS are also discussed, and a chapter on the global evolution of bilateral cataract surgery provides readers with a complete overview of the development of ISBCS practices in countries from all continents.

• Provides a comprehensive history and current status of ISBCS globally
• Provides step-by-step recommendations and precautions necessary to perform ISBCS safely, including detailed discussion of surgical infection prophylaxis with antibiotics delivered into the eye at surgery
• Reviews and explains the patient benefits associated with ISBCS
• Covers development of ISBCS practices worldwide

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Nov 19, 2022
• ISBN: 9780323953108

Book preview

Immediately Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery (ISBCS)

Global History and Methodology

Edited by

Chief Editor

Steve A. Arshinoff

Senior Editors

Charles Claoué

Björn Johansson

David Pérez-Silguero

Associate Editors

Susan Ruyu Qi

Mike Y. Chen

Mélanie Hébert

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

About the Editors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

Chapter 1. The history of cataract surgery and immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery

SubChapter 1.1. 1.1 The history of cataract surgery: from ancient times to Daviel to FLACS

SubChapter 1.2. 1.2 Early history of bilateral cataract surgery: Daviel to 1995

SubChapter 1.3. 1.3 Rapid adoption of ISBCS: late 20th century to early 21st century

Chapter 2. Why did we not always do ISBCS? Obstacles overcome

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 3. The logic behind immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery

Introduction

Discussion: modern cataract surgery

Summary

Chapter 4. Immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery: an idea whose time has come. Does the patient benefit?

SubChapter 4.1. 4.1 ISBCS: an idea whose time has come

SubChapter 4.2. 4.2 Immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery: does the patient benefit?

Chapter 5. Immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery in children

Introduction

Unique considerations in pediatric cataract surgery

Scoping review of the literature on pediatric ISBCS

Current practice patterns of pediatric ISBCS

Summary

Pediatric ISBCS key points

Chapter 6. The carbon footprint of cataract surgery and ISBCS

Introduction

Discussion

Recommendations to reduce carbon footprint

Summary

Chapter 7. Bilateral endophthalmitis risk and intracameral prophylactic antibiotics

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 8. Ophthalmic viscosurgical and other devices and drugs for ISBCS

Introduction

Chapter 9. Biometry for ISBCS

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 10. IOL power selection in 2022—best practices for ISBCS and DSBCS

Introduction

Accuracy standards

Optimization of the ocular surface

Validation criteria

IOL power selection methods

Tracking outcomes

Caveats

High axial hyperopia

High axial myopia

Prior refractive surgery

Keratoconus

Summary

Chapter 11. ISBCS and presbyopia correcting intraocular lenses

Introduction

Multifocal intraocular lenses

Blended vision (mix and match)

Patient selection: ocular considerations

Patient selection: biometry

Patient selection: personality considerations

Patient selection: vocational and avocational requirements

Contact lens simulation

Perioperative and intraoperative considerations

Neuroadaptation

Dysphotopsiae

Dissatisfaction

Enhancement

Explantation

Future technologies

Summary

Highlights of ISBCS and presbyopia correcting intraocular lenses

Chapter 12. Identification of suitable patients for immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 13. Ethical considerations in immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery

Introduction

Discussion

Conclusion

Video resource

Chapter 14. Medico-legal aspects of ISBCS

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chief Editor's Addendum

Chapter 15. ISBCS & money

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 16. The uptake of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery in different parts of the world

SubChapter 16.0. 16.0 The evolution of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery—global perspective

SubChapter 16.1. 16.1 ISBCS in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway

SubChapter 16.2. 16.2 Evolution of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery in Finland

SubChapter 16.3. 16.3 ISBCS in the Netherlands

SubChapter 16.4. 16.4 ISBCS in Germany

SubChapter 16.5. 16.5 ISBCS: The Swiss way

SubChapter 16.6. 16.6 ISBCS in Austria

SubChapter 16.7. 16.7 The evolution of ISBCS in Spain—Canary Islands

SubChapter 16.8. 16.8 ISBCS in the UK

SubChapter 16.9. 16.9 ISBCS in Canada

SubChapter 16.10. 16.10 ISBCS in the United States

SubChapter 16.11. 16.11 Cataract surgery in Brazil and Spanish South America

Section 2: Immediately Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery (ISBCS) in Spanish Latin America: Advantages and Disadvantages

SubChapter 16.12. 16.12 Immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery (ISBCS) in Israel

SubChapter 16.13. 16.13 ISBCS: the Middle East and North Africa perspective

SubChapter 16.14. 16.14 ISBCS in India

ISBCS in two mature ISBCS practices in Mumbai (Section 16.14a)

Beginning ISBCS in a private practice in Mumbai in the post-COVID-19 era (Section 16.14b)

Same-day bilateral cataract surgery (SDBCS) Aravind Eye Hospital, Chennai—Intraocular Lens & Cataract Services department (Section 16.14c)

SubChapter 16.15. 16.15 Evolution of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery in South-East Asia

SubChapter 16.16. 16.16 ISBCS in South Africa

SubChapter 16.17. 16.17 Immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery: the sub-Saharan African perspective

SubChapter 16.18. 16.18 ISBCS in Australia and New Zealand

Chapter 17. Nothing is more powerful than an idea whose time has come. Why was ISBCS resisted and how was this overcome?

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 18. The International Society of Bilateral Cataract Surgeons (iSBCS)

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 19. Anesthesia considerations for immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery

Introduction

Summary

Chapter 20. ISBCS: the patient's perspective

Introduction to patient perspectives

SubChapter 20.1. 20.1 Britta

SubChapter 20.2. 20.2 Dr. Sewa Ram Singal

SubChapter 20.3. 20.3 Bob Edwards

SubChapter 20.4. 20.4 Faye Dance

Chapter 21. Is ISBCS appropriate for MSICS?

Discussion

Chapter 22. FLACS-ISBCS

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 23. The COVID-19 pandemic and the uptake of ISBCS

Appendix

Chapter 24. ISBCS: what we have learned, and how has it advanced ophthalmology?

Discussion

Summary

Chapter 25. The future and limitations of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery (ISBCS)

Introduction

Limitations to ISBCS

Summary

Afterword

Final Afterword

Index

Copyright

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Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

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Dedication

This book is dedicated to Jerry Arshinoff, my twin brother, who trusted me to perform ISBCS on his eyes and thanked me for the (excellent) result. When I thought about dedicating the book, there is only one person with whom I have shared every single event of my life since even before birth: Jerry. Those who are not twins can only imagine, but never experience, the bond twins have. We have had skirmishes in life, but never a fight. I cannot even imagine any issue that could divide us, nor can I imagine either of us asking for help for anything and being met with any response other than what can I do?. So, naturally, this book is dedicated to Jerry.

Steve A. Arshinoff, MD FRCSC, April 15, 2022.

Contributors

Steve A. Arshinoff, MD, FRCSC

Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Uiversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Assistant Clinical Professor (Adjunct), Dept. of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Adjunct Assocate Professor, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.

Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Bjorn Alvar Johansson, MD, PhD, FEBO ,     Associate Professor, Departments of Ophthalmology and Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Charles Claoué, MA(Cantab), MD, DO, FRCS (Eng), FRCOphth, FEBO, MAE ,     Professor Emeritus, Ufs Eye Research Institute, The Harley Street Eye Centre, London, UK

David Pérez Silguero, MD ,     Head of Ophthalmology, San Jose de las Palmas de Gran Canaria Hospital, Head of Refractive Surgery, La Paloma Hospital, Gran Canaria

Susan Riyu Qi, MD, MCiM (candidate) ,     Département d'Ophtalmologie et ORL-CCF, Université Laval; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada

Mike Yuan Chen, BMSc ,     Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

Mélanie Hébert, MD ,     Département d'Ophtalmologie et ORL-CCF, Université Laval; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada

David Chang, MD ,     Clinical Professor, University of California, San Francisco

Ike Iqbal Ahmed, MD FRCSC

Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, USA

Director, Alan S. Crandall Center for Glaucoma Innovation, John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt lake City, Utah, USA

Assistant Professor, University of Toronto, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences

Director, Glaucoma & Advanced Anterior Segment Surgery (GAASS) Fellowship, University of Toronto

Research Director, Kensington Eye Institute, University of Toronto

Edna Almodin, MD ,     Hospital de Olhos Provisao, Maringá-Parana, Brazil

Jean-Marie Andre, MD ,     HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA

Haripriya Aravind, MD, MBA, FEBO ,     Head of Department - Cataract and IOL Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, Chennai

Ehud I. Assia, MD

Professor of Ophthalmology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Medical Director, Ein-Tal Eye Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Charles Bekibele, MD, FWACS, FMCOphth

HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA

Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

John Bolger, MB, BCh, BAO, DO, FRCS, FEBOS-CR ,     My iClinic, London, England, UK

Lisandro Carnielli, MD ,     Visiting Professor of Anatomy, Ophthalmology Graduate Career, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Barcelona, Spain

James A. Carolan, MD ,     Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Rafael, California, USA

Dalibor Cholevik, MD, PhD

Visiting Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Gemini Eye Clinic, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Faye Dance,     Toronto, ON, Canada

Petra Davidova, MD ,     Dept of Ophthalmology, Goethe- University, Frankfurt Am Main, Frankfurt, Germany

Erin L. Dohaney, MD ,     Department of Ophthamology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Kristen A. Eckert, Mphil ,     Independent Consultant, HelpMeSee

Bob Edwards,     Humber River Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

Jeronimo Fabiani Beng,     HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA

Ivo Ferreira Rios, MD ,     Instituto de Oftalmologia Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico

Oliver Findl, MD, MBA, FEBO ,     Professor of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna

Oliver Yañez Garcia, MD ,     Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

Ivo Guber, MD, FMH, FEBO, FICO ,     Médecin associé, Segment antérieur, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Genève, Switzerland

Josef Guber, MD, FMH, FEBO ,     Augenklinik, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Rishi Gupta, BSc., MD ,     University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Warren Hill, MD, FACS

Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Medical Director, East Valley Ophthalmology, Mesa, Arizona, USA

Huck A. Holz, MD

Kaiser Permanente, Santa Clara Medical Center

Associate Instructor, Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California - San Francisco, USA

Thomas Kohnen, MD, PhD, FEBO ,     Professor and Chairman, Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany

Kari Krootila, MD, PhD, FEBO ,     Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland

Johann Kruger, MBChB, M FamMed, FCS(SA)Oph, FRCSC Edin Oph

Honorary Consultant, University of Stellenbosch Health Sciences Ophthalmology

Tygervalley Eye & Laser Clinic, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa

Laurent Lalonde, MD FRCSC ,     Institut De L’oeil Des laurentides, Boisbriand, QC, Canada

Van Charles Lansingh, MD, Ph.D., EMBA, FICO (Hon), FACS, FARVO

Chief Medical Officer, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA

Research Director, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmología, Querétaro, México

Voluntary Associate Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Michael Lawless, MD, FRANZCO, FRACS, FRCOphth ,     Clinical Associate Professor, Sydney University Medical School

Mun Wai Lee, MD, MRCOPhth, FRCSEd, FRCSGlasg ,     LEC Eye Centre, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia

Y.C. Lee, MD, DPMP, FRCS, FRCOphth, FAMM ,     LEC Eye Centre, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia

Marie Eve Légaré, MD, FRCSC ,     Professor, Département d'Ophtalmologie et ORL-CCF, Université Laval; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada

Francisco Sánchez Leon, MD ,     Novavision Laser Center, Mexico City, Mexico

Christopher Liu, OBE PhD, FRCOphth, FRCSEd, FRCP, FAICO, CertLRS

Honorary Clinical Professor, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK

Sussex Eye Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom

Tongdean Eye Clinic, Hove, United Kingdom

Bita Manzouri, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCOphth. PhD, CertLRS

Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, Barts and The London School of Medicine

Queens Hospital, BHR University Hospitals, NHS Trust, UK

Samuel Masket, MD ,     Clinical Professor, Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

Keiki R. Mehta, MBBS, DOMS, MS(OPHTH), DO(LON), DO(IRE)

Prof Emeritus, Dr DY Patil Medical College, Mumbai, India

Mehta International Eye Institute, Mumbai, India

Cyres Mehta, MD, FRCS ,     Chief, Dr Cyres Mehta’s International Eye Centre

Syed Farzad Mohammadi, MD, MPH, FICO ,     Professor of Ophthalmology, Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, iran

Jukka Moilanen, MD, PhD, FEBO ,     Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland

Magdalena Nenning, MD ,     Feldkirch Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria

Rudy M.M.A. Nuits, MD, PhD ,     Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands

Tom Oetting, MS, MD ,     Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology and Visiual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA

Saif Bani Oraba, MD, FRCS

Sussex Eye Hospital, Brighton, UK

Ibra Hospital, Ibra, Sultanate of Oman

Madhavi Panchamia, M.Optom ,     Chief Clinical Optometrist, Sahu Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India

Austin Pereira, MD MEng ,     Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Miguel Angel Pérez Silguero, MD ,     Head of Ophthalmology, La Paloma Hospital, Gran Canaria

R.D. Ravindran, MS, DO

Chairman & Director of Quality, Aravind Eye Care System, Tamil Nadu, India

Professor of Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, India

Sloan Rush, MD ,     Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center

Amulya Sahu, MS, MBBS, FCPS, FICO, FAICO (retina), FRCS (Glasgow), DOMS ,     Chairman, Sahu Eye Hospitals Group, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Chinmaya Sahu, MS, MD, FRCS (Glasg), FAICO (retina), FMRF ,     Director, Sahu Eye Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Rocio Sánchez Sanoja, MD ,     Instituto de Oftalmologia Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico

Steve Schallhorn, MD ,     Professor of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco

Dr. Ahmed Shalaby Bardan, MSc, MD, PhD, FRCOphth, FRCSEd, CertLRS

Department of Ophthalmology, St James University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds University, UK

Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandria University, Egypt

Sewa Singal, MD ,     Humber River Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Kevin Smith, MD FRCPC ,     Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Health Sciences McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Lindsay S. Spekreijse, MD, FRCPC ,     University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands

Kent Stiverson, MD ,     Kaiser Permanente, Denver, Colorado, USA

Pavel Stodulka, MD, PhD, FEBOS-CR

Gemini Eye Clinics, Czech Republic and Austria

Visiting Professor, 3rd Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

Yi Ning J. Strube, MD, MS, FRCSC, DABO ,     Director of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Adult Strabismus, Associate Professor, Deptments of Ophthalmology & Pediatrics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Jörg Stürmer, MD, FMH, FEBO, FICO

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Department of Ophthalmology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Switzerland

Ronit Yagev, MD ,     Department of Ophthalmology, Ben Gurion Universirty of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel

Eunice You, MD ,     Département d'Ophtalmologie et ORL-CCF, Université Laval; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada

Mehran Zarei-Ghanavati, MD, FICO ,     Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

About the Editors

Steve A. Arshinoff

Dr. Steve A. Arshinoff graduated from Baylor College of Medicine, in Houston, Texas, and completed his ophthalmic training at The University of Toronto, Canada, where he is Professor at the Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences. His areas of research interest include ophthalmic viscosurgical devices and related surgical techniques, phacoemulsification machine design, immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery, endophthalmitis prophylaxis, and medical outreach programs. He is on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery and has authored more than 300 peer-reviewed publications and 38 medical textbook chapters. Dr. Arshinoff is the designer of the OMA-CNIB (Ontario Medical Association—Canadian National Institute for the Blind) Mobile Medical Eye Care Unit (MMECU) and is the medical director of this program to the North of Ontario, Canada. He is the Founding President of the Toronto Ophthalmological Society, the Eye Foundation of Canada, and the International Society of Bilateral Cataract Surgeons (iSBCS) and is a Past President of the International Intra-ocular Implant Club, the parent society of the American, European, and all other Societies of Cataract and Refractive Surgery globally.

Charles Claoué

Dr. Charles Claoué was Senior Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon at Queen's Hospital, BHR University Hospitals NHS Trust London, and is currently in independent private practice in London. He worked in the NHS from 1981 and specializes in advanced cataract surgery, intraocular lens design, corneal transplantation, corneal (Femto-LASIK) and lens refractive surgery (including PRELEX). In 2017 he founded EYE-LAW CHAMBERS to improve standards in medicolegal ophthalmology. He is the only ophthalmologist in the United Kingdom who has been a Clinical Lead for Organ Donation. Professor Claoué trained at the University of Cambridge, St. Thomas' Hospital and Moorfield's Eye Hospital and holds academic links to the Universities of London, Pretoria, Ulster and the Russian Academy of Sciences. He has been Secretary to both UKISCRS and the British Society for Refractive Surgery. He is Liveryman Guardant of the Society of Apothecaries Guild, and Freeman of The City of London. He has published over 120 peer-reviewed articles as well as book chapters and edited an early textbook on refractive surgery. He is a council member of The Academy of Experts and a member of the International Intraocular Implant Club. He was the first surgeon to describe PRELEX (PREsbyopic Lens EXchange), an early proponent of ISBCS, and a founding member of the International Society of Bilateral Cataract Surgeons (iSBCS). Outside of medicine, his interests include classic cars, history, and farming.

Björn Johansson

Björn Johansson, M.D. Ph.D. FEBO, graduated medical school in 1983 after attending the universities of Uppsala and Linköping, Sweden, and now serves as Associate professor and senior staff member at the Department of Ophthalmology of Linköping University Hospital. In 2006 he defended his PhD thesis on Visual Evoked Potentials and binocular function. His clinical and scientific work lies mainly within the field of cataract surgery. His scientific publications and lectures focus on patient outcomes in relation to IOL design, surgical methods and medical treatment, and on Immediate Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery (ISBCS). For 10 years, he regularly worked together with colleagues at university hospitals of Sarajevo and Banja Luka, in a project financed by the Swedish government supporting the reconstruction of ophthalmic health care in post-war Bosnia and Hercegovina. He has co-authored a national curriculum issued by the Swedish Ophthalmological Society for education and training of new cataract surgeons. He is member of the International Intra-Ocular Implant Club, president of the Scandinavian Society for Cataract & Refractive Surgery, and a founding member and former co-president of the International Society for Bilateral Cataract Surgeons (iSBCS). His free time is spent with family and on hobbies as a keen sailor, certified church organ player, and decent choral tenor singer.

David Pérez-Silguero

Dr. David Pérez-Silguero obtained his medical degree from the University of Salamanca and the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. He received his doctor of medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid, and obtained his fellowship in ophthalmic plastic surgery and cornea at the Hospital for Blindness in Mexico. He is an ex-former tutor of residents at the Maternal and Child Hospital of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and is currently Head of the Ophthalmology Service at the San José Foundation Hospital in Gran Canaria, coordinator of the anterior segment department at La Paloma Hospital in Gran Canaria, and CEO of the Pérez Silguero Ophthalmology Clinic. David was a founding member of the International Society of Bilateral Cataract Surgeons. David was pivotal in performing the Canary Islands ISBCS study that resulted in approval of ISBCS as equally safe and effective as DSBCS by the government of Spain.

Susan Ruyu Qi

Dr. Susan Ruyu Qi holds a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree from Université de Montréal and is finishing her final years of residency training in ophthalmology at Université Laval, Quebec, Canada. Having grown up in both China and Montreal, she is fully fluent in English, French and Mandarin Chinese, and occasionally works as a medical translator. In residency, her research interest focused on Immediately Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery (ISBCS), Topography-guided LASIK outcomes, and the clinical trial of a novel retinal oximetry device. Passionate about innovation in medicine, artificial intelligence, and entrepreneurship, she obtained Master in Business Administration (MBA) at the Quantic School of Business and Technology, as well as a Master of Science in Clinical Informatics Management (MCiM) at Stanford University.

Mike Yuan Chen

Mike Yuan Chen immigrated to Canada from China as a middle school student and worked hard academically as he has always been highly motivated to become a physician. As a first-generation college student, he graduated with an honors bachelor's degree in medical sciences (BMSc) from Western University in Ontario, Canada. He next met Dr. Arshinoff (senior chief author/editor) at his office in 2018, where he subsequently worked as an ophthalmic assistant/technician for close to 3years to save and prepare himself for medical school. He contributed to several projects related to bilateral simultaneous postoperative endophthalmitis, which led to three peer-reviewed publications. He now studies at Georgetown University School of Medicine in Washington DC, with a particular interest in ophthalmology as a future career. He is currently serving as the co-president of the Georgetown Eye Health Initiative (GEHI), where he and other like-minded student leaders work together to advocate ophthalmology and promote free vision screening clinic to serve uninsured patients in southeast DC.

Mélanie Hébert

Dr. Mélanie Hébert M.D. M.Sc. is an ophthalmology resident at Université Laval, Québec, Canada. She obtained her medical degree and master's degree in biomedical sciences concurrently at the Université de Montréal. She was awarded the FRQS Master's Training for Medical Students Scholarship, the CIHR Canada Graduate Scholarship, and the Fighting Blindness Canada Clinician Scientist Emerging Leader Award for her research. She has wide-ranging research interests in ophthalmology, including immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery (ISBCS) and surgical outcomes. She publishes many peer-reviewed articles, conducts peer reviews for numerous journals, and presents in local to international conferences. Dr. Hébert is also an avid classical pianist and chamber musician who competed internationally and performs in fundraising concerts.

Foreword

David F. Chang, MD

Approximately 20 years ago, I was invited to write an editorial for the British Journal of Ophthalmology on immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery (ISBCS) which I entitled, An idea whose time has come? [1] At that time, proponents of ISBCS faced tremendous resistance. Just 2 years earlier, the 2001 revision of the American Academy of Ophthalmology's (AAO) Cataract Preferred Practice Pattern stated: "Surgery should not be routinely performed in both eyes at the same time because of the potential for bilateral visual impairment and loss of the ability to adjust surgical plans for the second eye that are based on results from first eye surgery." [2]

Nearly 2 decades later, an identically titled editorial in Ophthalmology reflects the fact that ISBCS has become much more common and accepted [3]. Our primary concern – the risk of bilateral sight-threatening complications – has been reassuringly addressed in 2 recent registry studies with more than 200,000 combined ISBCS patients. A 2022 Swedish national cataract registry study found that the postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) rate was lower with ISBCS surgeries (0.015% of 92,238 eyes) than with unilateral surgery (0.030% of 1,364,934 eyes) [4]. This was likely due to differences in case selection. Notably, of the more than 46,000 ISBCS patients, only one patient developed bilateral POE (93-year old with poor bilateral visual outcomes). No significant difference in POE rates was found in a 2022 study of the AAO's IRIS registry database comparing ISBCS (0.059%) to unilateral or delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgery (0.056%) [5]. This study included 165,609 ISBCS patients and no bilateral POE.

For those contemplating, starting, or already performing ISBCS, Immediately Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery: Global History and Methodology provides a timely and definitive reference. No one in ophthalmology has been more passionate about and dedicated to, advancing ISBCS than chief editor Steve Arshinoff MD. Steve is one of our most analytical and innovative peers, and this textbook is the culmination of his drive to pioneer, critically evaluate, publish, and teach others about ISBCS. He is joined by an accomplished team of associate editors and faculty who have written 2 dozen chapters to update us on the global state-of-the-art of ISBCS. Beyond the scientific evidence, this textbook offers thoughtful commentary about finances, carbon footprint, ethics, and liability. The full gamut of ISBCS's applications—from femtosecond laser-assisted to manual small incision cataract surgery—is explored. Finally, one unique chapter reviews and compares the practice of ISBCS in 18 different regions of the world. Although this subject remains controversial and intimidating for so many ophthalmologists this textbook will open minds and guide those willing to explore offering ISBCS for select patients.

What do I personally think? In 2003, I wrote that ISBCS was safe if performed by excellent surgeons on consenting patients that were properly selected and informed [1]. I acknowledged the unfairness of a 50% reimbursement reduction for the second eye, as though this was comparing unilateral to bilateral ptosis repair. But I felt that the ability to adjust the refractive target in the second eye may be the single most valuable advantage of staged, sequential surgery. A future technology that may allow for precise, postoperative adjustment of the IOL power, such as Calhoun Vision's light-adjustable IOL, could eliminate these concerns altogether [1].

Despite having far better biometry and IOL formulae than 2 decades ago, there remains a benefit for many patients to assess the refractive outcome of their first eye, before deciding on the second eye strategy [6]. Some achieving emmetropia with a monofocal or EDOF IOL may want some myopia or a different IOL in their second eye. Those with a diffractive IOL may want to avoid nighttime halos in their second eye. Although a recent Kaiser study found that the ability to modify the plan for the second eye was not important to most of their ISBCSC patients, the attitudes and refractive goals of patients in managed care may differ from those seen in private practice [7]. However, once I began implanting the light adjustable lens (LAL) in 2019, I've offered ISBCS to all these patients. More than 95% of my cataract patients and 100% of my refractive lens exchange patients choosing LALs have elected ISBCS, and the advantages of ISBCS to these patients have been undeniable.

Now that the safety of ISBCS under proper circumstances is less debatable, I believe that the more relevant question is to whom and to how many of our patients should we offer it? We owe a debt of gratitude to the iconoclasts who swam against the tide for decades to advance ISBCS, and to the authors of this textbook for educating us about why, when, and how to implement it.

References

1. Chang D.F. Simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery - an idea whose time has come?  Br J Ophthalmol.  2003;87:253–254.

2. Cataract in the Adult Eye. Preferred Practice Pattern . American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2001.

3. Ahmed I.I.K, Hill W.E, Arshinoff S.A. Bilateral same-day cataract surgery: an idea whose time has come #COVID-19.  Ophthalmology . 2021;128:13–14.

4. Friling E, Johansson B, Lundström M, Montan P. Postoperative endophthalmitis in immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery: a nationwide registry study.  Ophthalmology . 2022;129:26–34.

5. Lacy M, Kung T.H, Owen J.P, Yanagihara R.T, Blazes M, Pershing S, Hyman L.G, Van Gelder R.N, Lee A.Y, Lee C.S, IRIS® Registry Analytic Center Consortium. Endophthalmitis rate in immediately sequential versus delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgery within the Intelligent Research in Sight (IRIS®) registry data.  Ophthalmology . 2022;129:129–138.

6. Turnbull A.M.J, Barrett G.D. Using the first-eye prediction error in cataract surgery to refine the refractive outcome of the second eye.  J Cataract Refract Surg.  2019;45:1239–1245.

7. Carolan J.A, Amsden L.B, Lin A, Shorstein N, Herrinton L.J, Liu L, Carnahan M.Patient experience and satisfaction with immediate sequential and delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgery.  Am J Ophthalmol.  2022;235:241–248.

Preface

Steve A. Arshinoff

Edited by Björn Johansson and Charles Claoué 2022-04-05

I, SAA, began to perform routine immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery (ISBCS) in 1996 when a young female racing car driver told me that she just finished the NASCAR circuit and had to be in Northern Ontario soon to test Toyotas in very cold weather for the winter. Time was of the essence, and she reasoned that cataract surgery was much safer than her regular profession. Her result was excellent and the other patients who were operated upon the same day asked why she received the benefit of 1-day surgery, and they had to come back again for their second eyes. I had no good reason and so began to offer my patients completely elective ISBCS. In short order, my practice was 80% ISBCS.

Over the next 10 years, I slowly discovered that scattered around the world were other ophthalmologists who had also begun to adopt ISBCS; less frequently than me, but still in gradually increasing numbers. We had a few things in common. We had all worked to perfect our surgeries over the preceding 2 decades to make sure we had very low complication rates. We were using intracameral antibiotics. We were all facing aggressive opposition from our colleagues. So, in 2008, we banded together to form the International Society of Bilateral Cataract Surgeons (iSBCS) to cooperatively address the issues facing ISBCS, and to help each other face the attacks coming from our colleagues. We were unaware that ISBCS had been common before the 1920s when it was suppressed as the Germ Theory of Disease became accepted. For 100 years ISBCS was aggressively suppressed. The surprising thing to us all is that we were achieving excellent results and could find no reason for the attacks, as we were completely unaware of this aspect of cataract history. We helped each other, and we helped many from all over the world who faced similar problems with their colleagues. Our society expanded, eventually to 200 ophthalmologists, but the core group who were dedicated to the cause remained small, but cohesive, always willing to help each other and new members.

Then came the COVID-19 pandemic. Ophthalmic surgeons were faced with public health rules forcing them to reduce surgical volumes to less than one case per hour and wait for the air to exchange in the operating room before bringing in the next patient. This was unless they were doing both eyes of the same patient, in which case they could do both eyes before only a single waiting period, reducing the waiting by 50%, and thereby increasing their surgical volumes by 100%. Suddenly the world came calling and asked us to guide everybody in the performance of ISBCS safely.

It now appears that most of the world has come to recognize the benefits of ISBCS, and all of the claimed drawbacks have been unable to gain objective support when studied. We needed to write THE BOOK. As President of iSBCS, I was the most conversant with the issues and knew the iSBCS participants globally best. I had given the most ISBCS lectures, written the most papers, and engaged in the most debates at international meetings, so I became the Chief Editor. I recruited Charles Claoué, Björn Johansson, and David Perez Silguero, who had been involved from the outset as Senior editors. We needed some young, hardworking junior editors for this project, so I turned to trainees who hopefully wanted recognition, and were extremely bright, hard workers; Susan Ruyu Qi, Mike Chen, and Mélanie Hébert. Each of the editors did an outstanding job. The project took over a year to complete. I repeatedly asked each editor for favors, and none ever refused, not even a single time. So, I next put together a proposed table of contents, asked the editors for suggested modifications, and began searching for authors. Again, I asked everybody that I knew to be involved in ISBCS to contribute to the book, and some that other editors knew: none ever refused. We finished with over 70 contributing authors, and everyone sent in a very insightful chapter, or more than one.

The authors searched for information. As they came from all over the world, they searched for and found historical information in their own countries and in their own languages. Some articles that I received or found myself needed translation from German, Middle French, and many other languages. The team offered to translate.

In writing this book, I received an incredible education about ophthalmology and about cataract surgery. Perhaps the biggest lesson I learned is how ophthalmologists are a cohesive global group, all adhering to their Hippocratic Oaths, trying to do what is best for their patients in vastly different environments. I was amazed to receive well-written excellent chapters from doctors whose first language is not English. One doctor spent a year learning English so that he could communicate to our group. Another struggles to write in English, yet delivered to me a most articulate document about ISBCS in her country. I could not ask for more from my colleagues.

So, as I approach completing this book, I can only encourage every ophthalmologist to read it. You will be entertained by stories and will learn a lot about how we got to where we are and where we are likely headed. The extremely brief summary is: Our future looks bright. Legions of ophthalmologists have contributed their hard work, thinking, and efforts to making cataract surgery better. To Sushruta, Daviel, Ridley, Kelman, Gills, Gimbel, and many, many more we owe our gratitude. And more yet have contributed to making ISBCS safe and effective. Most of those are authors in this book. I am honored to be chief editor. Feedback is welcome. Learning never stops.

Steve A. Arshinoff MD FRCSC

April 5, 2022

Acknowledgments

Steve A. Arshinoff

As chief editor and author of this book, I would like to sincerely thank those who contributed to its production.

Firstly, I must acknowledge the senior editors: Charles Claoué, Björn Johansson, and David Perez Silguero. We come from four different countries and different cultural backgrounds, and yet, individually, in the early 2000s, we each decided that immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery (ISBCS) was better. We all began ISBCS, despite opposition from our colleagues, the origin of which was unclear to us at the time. Each of us had to fight to be able to perform ISBCS. Our single unifying theme was that our patients wanted ISBCS and thanked us for doing their surgeries. We were the four strongest global proponents of ISBCS who got together, fought numerous battles, engaged in arguments all over the world, and never gave up. And we stayed united, working hard together to establish the International Society of Bilateral Cataract Surgeons (iSBCS), growing it and soldiering on together. We have become fantastic friends and colleagues. Who would even imagine that David could get the government of Spain to pass a bill in the national parliament certifying that ISBCS is as safe and effective as DSBCS (delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgery)? How did we convince Charles to doggedly submit courses to every major cataract and refractive meeting, despite endless rejections? Who would ever imagine that perhaps our best English editor would turn out to be Björn, a Swedish ophthalmologist who had to learn many languages besides his native Swedish to survive in Europe and the world? He repeatedly corrected Charles (very British) and me (first-generation English Canadian, of English ancestry) whenever we made a mistake. How did we ever get David to read our ideas and search the Spanish literature for supporting documents, which he repeatedly shared with a smile? I can never thank them enough.

For junior editors, I chose three brilliant students, who are at different levels in their pursuit of ophthalmic training. I met Susan Ruyu Qi when she was a medical student applying for an ophthalmology residency. She is simply amazing, never turned down a request for help, and always did it with a smile. Mike Yuan Chen applied to work in our office before moving on to medical school in Georgetown, because he, as a new immigrant to Canada, needed to earn some money. I am convinced that Mike spent more time (unpaid) studying ophthalmology and developing great ideas leading to publications while he was with us than he spent being paid to do his job. He is an incredibly motivated and talented young man. I met Mélanie Hébert most recently of the three. She offered to write a chapter for this book, and I was editing it thinking that, because of her French name, it might need some English editing. However, her work was brilliant, so I asked her to review a few other chapters that had come in from different authors, and she proved to be an excellent editor. I discovered that she is more than fluently bilingual; she is amazing. She is a superstar in her ophthalmology residency at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada, and has helped the book move forward tremendously. She never complained when given more work, but just thanked me for the chance to take part. Receiving the help of my wonderful editors was like manna from heaven. I could hardly have survived the ordeal of writing without them. Thank you all.

This book has over 70 authors! When I started to plan it, I wanted to involve everybody who had contributed to the global development of ISBCS. I knew many of them, as I had been President and co-President of iSBCS for 12 years. One source referred me to another, and ultimately, we ended up with contributors from over 20 countries. I found authors who voluntarily translated articles from Spanish, middle French, Czech, German, and other languages, so we could get a more complete picture of ISBCS over 2000 years. Two of the authors happened to be suffering from a serious illness when I unknowingly asked them to write, but they used the writing as a diversion from their treatments and wrote magnificently. As a group, they have really been a dream team, and I extend a huge thank you to all of them.

This is my first book. I have been on the editorial board of the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery for threedecades, and during most of that period, the publisher of JCRS was Elsevier. I became fascinated with the history of Elsevier and always wished that if I ever wrote a scientific book, it might be published by the same publisher who published Galileo's Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (Fig. 1) which had been smuggled out of Italy, when Galileo was under house arrest by the pope and finally printed in Holland by Louis Elsevier, only after news was received of Galileo's death. Elsevier was taking quite a risk, since he had sought advice from the Inquisition and had specifically been told that all of Galileo's writings were banned from publication, both in Italy and elsewhere, which is why Louis Elsevier waited until Galileo's death to publish the work in 1638. Therefore, after cursory discussions with various publishers, I applied to Elsevier for acceptance to publish this book. They rapidly accepted the proposal and assigned the book to their subsidiary, Academic Press, but their editors, etc. remained Elsevier staff. Everyone that we have dealt with throughout the publication process has been simply wonderful and accommodating. I do not even dream that the collected brilliance of the authors and editors in our book can compete with Galileo, but we are honored to be published by his publisher, one of the leading scientific publishers in the world for 400 years. I could not have asked for more. The logo on Galileo's book remains Elsevier's logo to this day.

Figure 1  Galileo's Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, published by Louis Elsevier in Holland in 1638. Note the logo of a tree entwined with a vine and the words Non Solus (Latin not alone) representing the symbolic relationship between the publisher and scholar.

The specific representatives of Elsevier who helped us, whom I must thank for their patient and thoughtful assistance, were the following:

Acquisitions Editor, Ana Claudia A. Garcia, my first contact, was the one who first advised me that Elsevier had accepted the project. She was extremely friendly and tolerant when I was initially fearful about what we were getting into. She guided me in how we should prepare all appropriate submissions to get going.

Editorial Project Manager, Howi M. De Ramos then took over, and put up with numerous authors and a sometimes-confused chief author and editor (me) until we got every chapter right.

Production Project Manager, Sreejith Viswanathan was next. He never complained as we went through numerous reedits to improve the clarity of all parts of the book. He made sure we found errors and corrected them, assuring that every part of the book was better.

Cover Designer, Matthew Limbert was amazing. He asked us, relatively early in the process, to submit ideas for the cover, and as expected, we, the editors, didn't really have any good ideas. So, he gave us suggestions, which the editors talked over, changed, and commented upon numerous times until we arrived at the current wonderful design, illustrating a futuristic galactic image of an eye containing a cataract, with a second similar but larger eye behind it, coming forward, ultimately yielding a unique futuristic image of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery that all the editors love. We feel that the image is prophetic of the future of cataract surgery. During the process of writing the book, the popularity of ISBCS has exploded, similar to the exploding galactic image on the book cover, and the process of doing two eyes at the same sitting is rapidly coming together as depicted. So, the cover image truly represents what is currently happening with ISBCS and cataract surgery.

I sincerely thank my family, who have put up with me being preoccupied and writing incessantly, being late for dinner, and numerous events over the two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, which I dedicated to writing this book and some related articles. It is said that without a strong family behind you, nothing ever gets done. I concur. My wife, Barbara Nardo, has been the leader of the pack that has allowed me to succeed with the book (Fig. 2).

Figure 2  The Arshinoff family at cottage August 2021. Barbara is third from the left. City of Barrie, Ontario, Canada in the background, across Kempenfelt bay.

I believed, in 1996, when I began to perform elective ISBCS, that I would remain the only ISBCS surgeon globally for a long time. I wondered if ISBCS would ever become common during my lifetime. My patients loved it, but my colleagues in Toronto thought I was crazy. One hospital made my life miserable and threatened me repeatedly, so I simply completely parted company with them - an excellent move. I slowly found supportive colleagues in Toronto, with whom I now work. Colleagues from around the world joined me, but I think I remained the aggressive driving force of the ISBCS movement. ISBCS has now moved to the mainstream, and the authors and editors of this book have explained why, in great detail. As the driving force, I admit that if any errors remain in the book, they are almost certainly mine. I accept full responsibility and welcome the opportunity to correct any unintentional mistakes. Until then, enjoy the pioneering work of brilliant and innovative authors from all over the world, who have invested countless hours in their struggles to validate ISBCS in their own countries and have shared their pearls of wisdom herein. Thank you all for contributing. And thank you to the readers for thoughtfully reviewing our work.

List of Abbreviations

AAO    American Academy of Ophthalmology

AAO-PPP    preferred practice pattern of the American Academy of Ophthalmology

ACD    anterior chamber depth

ACGME    American Council on Graduate Medical Education

AIOIS    American Intraocular Implant Society

AL    axial length

APIIA    Asia Pacific Intraocular Implant Society

ASC    ambulatory surgery center

ASCRS    American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

ASCs    ambulatory surgery centers

ATB    antibiotic

BCVA    best corrected visual acuity

BDOC    Bundesverband Deutscher Ophthalmo-Chirurgen e.V

BE    both eyes

BPOE    bilateral postoperative endophthalmitis

BSPOE    bilateral simultaneous postoperative endophthalmitis

bss    balanced salt solution

BSTASS    bilateral simultaneous toxic anterior segment syndrome

CC    cortical cataract

CCI    clear corneal incisions

CCT    central corneal thickness

CF    counting fingers

CHU    Center Hospitalier Universitaire

CM    Cyres Mehta

CME    cystoid macular edema

CMS    Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

CSR    cataract surgical rate

CTRs    capsular tension rings

DRG    diagnosis-related group

DSBCS    delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgeries

ECCE    extracapsular cataract extraction

ECG    electrocardiogram

EIIC    European Intraocular Implant Club

ELP    effective lens position

EMR    electronic medical record

ESCRS    European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons

EU    European Union

FDA    Food and Drug Administration

FLACS    femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery

FMC    Federal Medical Council

GA    general anesthetic

GHG    greenhouse gas

GVP    guarded visual prognosis

HFCs    hydrofluorocarbons

HOA    higher order aberrations

HOPD    hospital outpatient department

HTAI    health technology assessment international

IAPB    International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness

IATS    Infant Aphakia Treatment Study

IC    intracameral

IC ABs    intracameral antibiotics

ICCE    intracapsular cataract extraction

ICIMRK    international cataract implant microsurgery refractive keratoplasty

IFIS SSB    IFIS soft shell bridge technique

IIITC