The Best Javascript
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About this ebook
As JavaScript's creator, I would love to mention some phrases approximately in which JavaScript has been, in which it's far going, and the way the ee-e book you're conserving will assist you to make the maximum of the language. JavaScript changed into born out of a choice to allow HTML authors write scripts immediately in their documents. This can also additionally appear apparent now, however withinside the spring of 1995 it changed into novel and extra than a touch at odds with each the traditional wisdom (that HTML should describe static record shape only) and the Next Big Thing (Java applets, which had been hyped as the only authentic manner to liven up and enlarge Web pages). Once I were given past those contentions, JavaScript speedy fashioned up alongside the subsequent lines: ✦ "Java-lite" syntax. Although the "herbal language" syntax of HyperTalk changed into fresh in my thoughts after a pal lent me The Complete HyperCard Handbook via way of means of a few fellow named Goodman, the Next Big Thing weighed heavier, mainly in mild of another goal: scripting Java applets. If the scripting language resembled Java, then the ones programmers who made the leap from JavaScript to Java could welcome similarities in syntax. But insisting on Java's magnificence and kind declarations, or on a semicolon after every declaration whilst a line finishing could do, changed into out of the question—scripting for maximum human beings is ready writing brief snippets of code, speedy and with out fuss
Harry Sebastian
AUTHOR: HARRY SEBASTIAN
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The Best Javascript - Harry Sebastian
The Best JavaScript
By Harry Sebastian
Foreword
s JavaScript’s creator, I would like to say a few words about where JavaScript has been, where it is going, and how the book you’re holding will help you to
make the most of the language.
JavaScript was born out of a desire to let HTML authors write scripts directly in their documents. This may seem obvious now, but in the spring of 1995 it was novel and more than a little at odds with both the conventional wisdom (that HTML should describe static document structure only) and the Next Big Thing (Java applets, which were hyped as the one true way to enliven and extend Web pages). Once I got past these contentions, JavaScript quickly shaped up along the following lines:
✦ Java-lite
syntax. Although the natural language
syntax of HyperTalk was fresh in my mind after a friend lent me The Complete HyperCard Handbook by some fellow named Goodman, the Next Big Thing weighed heavier, especially in light of another goal: scripting Java applets. If the scripting language resembled Java, then those programmers who made the jump from JavaScript to Java would welcome similarities in syntax. But insisting on Java’s class and type declarations, or on a semicolon after each statement when a line ending would do, was out of the question — scripting for most people is about writing short snippets of code, quickly and without fuss.
✦ Events for HTML elements. Buttons should have onClick event handlers. Documents load and unload from windows, so windows should have onLoad and onUnload handlers. Users and scripts submit forms: thus the onSubmit handler. Although not initially as flexible as HyperCard’s messages (whose handlers inspired the onEvent naming convention), JavaScript events let HTML authors take control of user interaction from remote servers and respond quickly to user gestures and browser actions. With the adoption of the W3C DOM Level 2 event handling recommendations, JavaScript in modern browsers has fully flexible control over events.
✦ Objects without classes. The Self programming language proved the notion of prototype-based inheritance. For JavaScript, I wanted a single prototype per object (for simplicity and efficiency), based by default on the function called using the new operator (for consonance with Java). To avoid distinguishing constructors from methods from functions, all functions receive the object naming them as the property that was called, in the this parameter. Although prototypes didn’t appear until Navigator 3, they were prefigured in Version 2 by quoted text being treated as an object (the String object prototype, to which users could attach methods).
✦ Generated HTML. Embedding JavaScript in HTML gave rise to a thought: Let the script speak HTML, as if the emitted text and markup were loaded in place of the script itself. The possibilities went beyond automating current or last-modified dates, to computing whole trees of tables where all the repeated structure was rolled up in a scripted loop, while the varying contents to be tabulated came in minimal fashion from JavaScript objects forming a catalog or mini-database.
At first, I thought JavaScript would most often find use in validating input to HTML forms. But before long, I was surprised to see how many Web designers devised compelling applications by way of script-generated HTML and JavaScript objects. It became clear from user demonstration and feedback that Web designers sought to build significant applications quickly and effectively with just a few images, HTML, and JavaScript. Eventually they demanded that the browser support what is now known as Dynamic HTML
(one fun link: http://www.javascript-games.org/).
As legions of Web authors embraced the authoring power of JavaScript, they, in turn, demonstrated the crucial advantages of a scripting environment over old-school application development. Not only were the HTML and JavaScript languages comparatively easy to use, but development did not require the programming expertise needed to light all pixels and handle all events as in a big, traditional application.
The primacy of JavaScript on the Web today vindicates our early belief in the value of a scripting language for HTML authors. By keeping the pixel-lighting
bar low, HTML with images has made Web designers out of millions of people. By keeping the event-handling
bar low, JavaScript has helped many thousands of those designers become programmers. Perhaps the ultimate example of Web develop-ment’s convergence with application development is the Mozilla browser, wherein all of the user-interface and even some custom widgets and modular components are implemented entirely using JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), custom XML-based markup languages, and images.
JavaScript is also a general language, useful apart from HTML and XML. It has been embedded in servers, authoring tools, browser plug-ins, and other kinds of browsers (for such things as 3D graphical worlds). Its international standard, ECMA-262 (ISO 16262), has advanced to a Third Edition. But compared with languages such as Perl and even Java, it is still relatively young. Work toward a Fourth Edition of the language, supporting optional types, classes, and versioning facilities, progresses within the ECMA technical committee (see the JS2
proposal to the ECMA technical committee documented at http://www.mozilla.org/js/language/js20/).
It is clear to me that JavaScript would not have survived without a creative, loyal, and patient community of developers; I owe them each a huge debt of thanks.
Those developers who took up the beta releases of Navigator 2 and disseminated vital workarounds and feature requests by e-mail and net-news are the language’s godparents. Developer support and feedback continue to make JavaScript the eclectic, rambunctious success it is.
The book in your hands compiles thousands of those developer miles
with the insight of an expert guide and teacher. Danny didn’t know at the time how much inspiration I found in his HyperCard book, but it was on my desk throughout the development of JavaScript in 1995. His energy, compassion, and clear prose helped me keep the goal of a language for all
in mind. It is enormously gratifying to write the foreword to the Gold edition of this book, which has earned so many satisfied reader miles.
I highly recommend Harry Sebastian’s JavaScript Bible to anyone who wants to learn JavaScript, and especially to those HTML authors who’ve so far written only a few scripts or programs — you’re in for a lifetime of fun on the scripting road
with a trusty guide at your side.
Preface
or nearly 20 years, I have written the books I wished had already been written to help me learn or use a new technology. Whenever possible, I like to get in at
the very beginning of a new authoring or programming environment, feel the growing pains, and share with readers the solutions to my struggles. This Gold edition of the JavaScript Bible represents knowledge and experience accumulated over five years of daily work in JavaScript and a constant monitoring of newsgroups for questions, problems, and challenges facing scripters at all levels. My goal is to help you avoid the same frustration and head scratching I and others have experienced through multiple generations of scriptable browsers.
While previous editions of this book focused on the then-predominant Netscape Navigator browser, the swing of the browser market share pendulum currently favors Microsoft Internet Explorer. At the same time, Netscape has accomplished the admirable task of reinventing its own browser in light of rapidly advancing industry standards. As a result of both of these trends, this massively revised and expanded Gold edition treats both brands of browsers as equals as far as scripters are concerned. You hear my praise and dismay at various scripting features of both browser families. But empowering you to design and write good scripts is my passion, regardless of browser. Therefore, the book contains details about proprietary and standard implementations to equip you to choose the development path that best fits your content’s audience. If you detect any bias of mine throughout this book, it is a desire, where possible, to write scripts that work on as many browsers as possible.
Organization and Features of This Edition
Because of the greatly expanded range of vocabularies that scripts may use in the latest browser versions, the biggest change to the structure of the book is in the reference portion. In this edition, you find a greater distinction between the document object model and core JavaScript language reference sections. This new division should help those readers who are primarily interested in only the JavaScript language (for use in other applications) find what they need more quickly. Here are some details about the book’s structure.
Part I
Part I of the book begins with a chapter that shows how JavaScript compares with Java and discusses its role within the rest of the World Wide Web. The Web browser and scripting world have undergone significant changes since JavaScript first
arrived on the scene. That’s why Chapter 2 is devoted to addressing challenges facing scripters who must develop applications for both single- and cross-platform browser audiences amid rapidly changing standards efforts. Chapter 3 provides the first foray into JavaScript, where you get to write your first practical script.
Part II
All of Part II is handed over to a tutorial for newcomers to JavaScript. Nine lessons provide you with a gradual path through browser internals, basic programming skills, and genuine JavaScript scripting. With only a couple of clearly labeled items, the lessons cover scripting topics that apply to all scriptable browsers. Exercises follow at the end of each lesson to help reinforce what you just learned and challenge you to use your new knowledge (you’ll find answers to the exercises in Appendix C). The goal of the tutorial is to equip you with sufficient experience to start scripting simple pages right away while making it easier for you to understand the in-depth discussions and examples in the rest of the book. By the end of the final lesson, you’ll know how to script multiple frame environments and even create the mouse-rollover image swapping effect that is popular in a lot of Web pages these days.
You can find all of the Part II chapters on the that accompanies this book.
––––––––
Part III
Part III, the largest section of the book, provides in-depth coverage of the document object models as implemented in browsers from the earliest days to today. In all reference chapters, a compatibility chart indicates the browser version that supports each object and object feature. One chapter in particular, Chapter 15, contains reference material that is shared by most of the remaining chapters of Part III. To help you refer back to Chapter 15 from other chapters, a dark tab along the outside edge of the page shows you at a glance where the chapter is located. Additional navigation aids include guide words at the bottoms of most pages to indicate which object and object feature is covered on the page.
Part IV
Reference information for the core JavaScript language fills Part IV. As with reference chapters of Part III, the JavaScript chapters display browser compatibility charts for every JavaScript language term. Guide words at the bottoms of pages help you find a particular term quickly.
Part V
In Part V, I get down to the business of deploying JavaScript. Here are the practical aspects of JavaScript, such as Chapter 43’s coverage of client-side form data validation and Chapter 44’s coverage of blending Java applets and plug-ins into pages.
Debugging scripts is the focus of Chapter 45, with tips on understanding error messages, building your own debugging tools. Chapter 46 goes into great detail about security issues for JavaScript-enabled applications. Dynamic HTML in a cross-browser environment is the subject of Chapter 47, while Chapter 48 introduces you to Microsoft’s behaviors mechanism for Windows.
The remaining nine chapters consist of full-fledged applications of JavaScript. These applications are designed not necessarily as plug-and-play modules you can put into your pages right away. Instead, their goal is to demonstrate many of the concepts described earlier in the book by way of real-world examples. New for this edition are some examples based on XML data islands in Internet Explorer for Windows.
Part VI
Finally, several appendixes at the end of the book provide helpful reference information. These resources include a JavaScript and Browser Objects Quick Reference in Appendix A, a list of JavaScript reserved words in Appendix B, answers to Part II’s tutorial exercises in Appendix C, and Internet resources in Appendix D. In Appendix E, you also find information on using the that comes with this book.
––––––––
The accompanying contains over 300 ready-to-run HTML documents that serve as examples of most of the document object model and JavaScript vocabulary words in Parts III and IV. You can run these examples with your JavaScript-enabled browser, but be sure to use the index.html page in the listings folder as a gateway to running the listings. This page shows you the browsers that are compatible with each example listing. I could have provided you with humorous little sample code fragments out of context, but I think that seeing full-fledged HTML documents (simple though they may be) for employing these concepts is important. I intentionally omitted the script listings from the tutorial part (Part II) of this book to encourage you to type the scripts. I believe you learn a lot, even by aping listings from the book, as you get used to the rhythms of typing scripts in documents. You also find listings from Parts I and V on the .
The holds another valuable resource: dozens and dozens of Example sections for Parts III and IV, which are compiled in Appendix F. Many of these sections reveal detailed descriptions of HTML listings that illustrate a particular object model or language feature. Even more Example sections invite you to try out an object model or language feature with the help of an interactive workbench, called The Evaluator — a JavaScript Bible exclusive! You see instant results and quickly learn how the feature works.
The Quick Reference from Appendix A is in .pdf format on the for you to print out and assemble as a handy reference, if desired. Adobe Acrobat Reader is also included on the so that you can read this .pdf file. Finally, the text of the book is in a .pdf file format on the for easy searching.
Prerequisites to Learning JavaScript
Although this book doesn’t demand that you have a great deal of programming experience behind you, the more Web pages you’ve created with HTML, the easier you will find it to understand how JavaScript interacts with the familiar elements you normally place in your pages. Occasionally, you will need to modify HTML tags to take advantage of scripting. If you are familiar with those tags already, the JavaScript enhancements will be simple to digest.
Forms and their elements (text fields, buttons, and selection lists) play an especially important role in much of typical JavaScript work. You should be familiar with these elements and their HTML attributes. Fortunately, you won’t need to know about server scripting or passing information from a form to a server. The focus here is on client-side scripting, which operates independently of the server after the JavaScript-enhanced HTML page is fully loaded into the browser.
The basic vocabulary of the current HTML standard should be part of your working knowledge. When we get to using frames, for instance, the focus is on how to script these elements, not on designing pages with them. Microsoft, Netscape, and other online sources provide more detailed explanations of frames.
If you’ve never programmed before
To someone who learned HTML from a slim guidebook a few years ago, the size of this book must be daunting. JavaScript may not be the easiest language in the world to learn, but believe me, it’s a far cry from having to learn a full programming language, such as Java or C. Unlike developing a full-fledged monolithic application (such as the productivity programs you buy in the stores), JavaScript lets you experiment by writing small snippets of program code to accomplish big things.
The JavaScript interpreter built into every scriptable browser does a great deal of the technical work for you.
Programming, at its most basic level, consists of nothing more than writing a series of instructions for the computer to follow. We humans follow instructions all the time, even if we don’t realize it. Traveling to a friend’s house is a sequence of small instructions: Go three blocks that way; turn left here; turn right there. Amid these instructions are some decisions that we have to make: If the stoplight is red, then stop; if the light is green, then go; if the light is yellow, then floor it. Occasionally, we must repeat some operations several times (kind of like having to go around the block until a parking space opens up). A computer program not only contains the main sequence of steps, but it also anticipates what decisions or repetitions may be needed to accomplish the program’s goal (such as how to handle the various states of a stoplight or what to do if someone just stole the parking spot you were aiming for).
The initial hurdle of learning to program is becoming comfortable with the way a programming language wants its words and numbers organized in these instructions. Such rules are called syntax, the same as in a living language. Because computers generally are dumb electronic hulks, they aren’t very forgiving if you don’t
communicate with them in the specific language they understand. When speaking to another human, you can flub a sentence’s syntax and still have a good chance of the other person’s understanding you fully. Not so with computer programming languages. If the syntax isn’t perfect (or at least within the language’s range of knowledge that it can correct), the computer has the brazenness to tell you that you have made a syntax error.
The best thing you can do is to just chalk up the syntax errors you receive as learning experiences. Even experienced programmers get them. Every syntax error you get — and every resolution of that error made by rewriting the wayward
statement — adds to your knowledge of the language.
If you’ve done a little programming before
Programming experience in a procedural language, such as BASIC or Pascal, may almost be a hindrance rather than a help to learning JavaScript. Although you may have an appreciation for precision in syntax, the overall concept of how a program fits into the world is probably radically different from how JavaScript works. Part of this has to do with the typical tasks a script performs (carrying out a very specific task in response to user action within a Web page), but a large part also has to do with the nature of object-oriented programming.
In a typical procedural program, the programmer is responsible for everything that appears on the screen and everything that happens under the hood. When the program first runs, a great deal of code is dedicated to setting up the visual environment. Perhaps the screen contains several text entry fields or clickable buttons. To determine which button a user clicks, the program examines the coordinates of the click and compares those coordinates against a list of all button coordinates on the screen. Program execution then branches out to perform the instructions reserved for clicking in that space.
Object-oriented programming is almost the inverse of that process. A button is considered an object — something tangible. An object has properties, such as its label, size, alignment, and so on. An object may also contain a script. At the same time, the system software and browser, working together, can send a message to an object — depending on what the user does — to trigger the script. For example, if a user clicks in a text entry field, the system/browser tells the field that somebody has clicked there (that is, has set the focus to that field), giving the field the task of deciding what to do about it. That’s where the script comes in. The script is connected to the field, and it contains the instructions that the field carries out after the user activates it. Another set of instructions may control what happens when the user types an entry and tabs or clicks out of the field, thereby changing the content of the field.
Some of the scripts you write may seem to be procedural in construction: They contain a simple list of instructions that are carried out in order. But when dealing with data from form elements, these instructions work with the object-based nature of JavaScript. The form is an object; each radio button or text field is an object as well. The script then acts on the properties of those objects to get some work done.
Making the transition from procedural to object-oriented programming may be the most difficult challenge for you. When I was first introduced to object-oriented programming a number of years ago, I didn’t get it at first. But when the concept clicked — a long, pensive walk helped — so many light bulbs went on inside my head that I thought I might glow in the dark. From then on, object orientation seemed to be the only sensible way to program.
If you’ve programmed in C before
By borrowing syntax from Java (which, in turn, is derived from C and C++), JavaScript shares many syntactical characteristics with C. Programmers familiar with C will feel right at home. Operator symbols, conditional structures, and repeat loops follow very much in the C tradition. You will be less concerned about data types in JavaScript than you are in C. In JavaScript, a variable is not restricted to any particular data type.
With so much of JavaScript’s syntax familiar to you, you will be able to concentrate on document object model concepts, which may be entirely new to you. You will still need a good grounding in HTML (especially form elements) to put your expertise to work in JavaScript.
If you’ve programmed in Java before
Despite the similarity in their names, the two languages share only surface aspects: loop and conditional constructions, C-like dot
object references, curly braces for grouping statements, several keywords, and a few other attributes. Variable declarations, however, are quite different, because JavaScript is a loosely typed language. A variable can contain an integer value in one statement and a string in the next (though I’m not saying that this is good style). What Java refers to as methods, JavaScript calls methods (when associated with a predefined object) or functions (for scripter-defined actions). JavaScript methods and functions may return values of any type without having to state the data type ahead of time.
Perhaps the most important aspects of Java to suppress when writing JavaScript are the object-oriented notions of classes, inheritance, instantiation, and message passing. These aspects are simply non-issues when scripting. At the same time, however, JavaScript’s designers knew that you’d have some hard-to-break habits. For example, although JavaScript does not require a semicolon at the end of each statement line, if you type one in your JavaScript source code, the JavaScript interpreter won’t balk.
If you’ve written scripts (or macros) before
Experience with writing scripts in other authoring tools or macros in productivity programs is helpful for grasping a number of JavaScript’s concepts. Perhaps the most important concept is the idea of combining a handful of statements to perform a specific task on some data. For example, you can write a macro in Microsoft Excel that performs a data transformation on daily figures that come in from a corporate financial report on another computer. The macro is built into the Macro menu, and you run it by choosing that menu item whenever a new set of figures arrives.
More sophisticated scripting, such as that found in Toolbook or HyperCard, prepares you for the object orientation of JavaScript. In those environments, screen objects contain scripts that are executed when a user interacts with those objects. A great deal of the scripting you will do in JavaScript matches that pattern exactly. In fact, those environments resemble the scriptable browser environment in another way: They provide a finite set of predefined objects that have fixed sets of properties and behaviors. This predictability makes learning the entire environment and planning an application easier to accomplish.
Formatting and Naming Conventions
The script listings and words in this book are presented in a monospace font to set them apart from the rest of the text. Because of restrictions in page width, lines of script listings may, from time to time, break unnaturally. In such cases, the remainder of the script appears in the following line, flush with the left margin of the listing, just as they would appear in a text editor with word wrapping turned on. If these line breaks cause you problems when you type a script listing into a document yourself, I encourage you to access the corresponding listing on the to see how it should look when you type it.
As soon as you reach Part III of this book, you won’t likely go for more than a page before reading about an object model or language feature that requires a specific minimum version of one browser or another. To make it easier to spot in the text when a particular browser and browser version is required, most browser references consist of a two-letter abbreviation and a version number. For example, IE5 means Internet Explorer 5 for any operating system; NN6 means Netscape Navigator 6 for any operating system. If a feature is introduced with a particular version of browser and is supported in subsequent versions, a plus symbol (+) follows the number. For example, a feature marked IE4+ indicates that Internet Explorer 4 is required at a minimum, but the feature is also available in IE5, IE5.5, and so on. Occasionally, a feature or some highlighted behavior applies to only one operating system. For example, a feature marked IE4+/Windows works only on Windows versions of Internet Explorer 4 or later. As points of reference, the first scriptable browsers were NN2, IE3/Windows, and IE3.01/Macintosh. Moreover, IE3 for Windows can be equipped with one of two versions of the JScript .dll file. A reference to the earlier version is cited as IE3/J1, while the later version is cited as IE3/J2. You will see this notation primarily in the compatibility charts throughout the reference chapters.
Note, Tip, and Caution icons occasionally appear in the book to flag important points.
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On the icons point you to useful examples and code listings found on this book’s companion .
Acknowledgments
efore closing, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of many folks who helped make this edition possible: Eric Krock, Tom Pixley, Vidur
Apparao, and especially the ever-patient, all-knowing Brendan Eich (Mozilla); Martin Honnen (Netscape DevEdge Champion); Tantek Celik (Microsoft’s Macintosh development group); Brenda McLaughlin, Walt Bruce, Michael Roney, Debra Williams Cauley, Neil Romanosky, Eric Newman, Cordelia Heaney, Jerelind Charles, and Victoria Lee O’Malley (Hungry Minds, Inc.); technical reviewer David Wall; cookie man
Bill Dortch (hIdaho Design); Red and his friends (Mars, Incorporated); and fellow scripters and newsgroup kibitzers, who unwittingly advised me as to where scripters were having trouble with the language. Above all, I want to thank the many readers of the first three editions of this book (with both titles, Harry Sebastian’s JavaScript Handbook and JavaScript Bible) for investing in this ongoing effort. I wish I had the space here to acknowledge by name so many who have sent e-mail notes and suggestions: Your input has been most welcome and greatly appreciated. Now it’s time to get down to the fun of learning JavaScript. Enjoy!
Contents at a Glance
Foreword..................................................ix
Preface....................................................xi
Acknowledgments..........................................xix
Part I: Getting Started with JavaScript....................1
Chapter 1: JavaScript’s Role in the World Wide Web and Beyond.......3
Chapter 2: Authoring Challenges Amid the Browser Wars............11
Chapter 3: Your First JavaScript Script...........................19
Part II: JavaScript Tutorial — Summary..................29
Chapter 4: Browser and Document Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1
Chapter 5: Scripts and HTML Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -23
Chapter 6: Programming Fundamentals, Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -35
Chapter 7: Programming Fundamentals, Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -47
Chapter 8: Window and Document Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -61
Chapter 9: Forms and Form Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -75
Chapter 10: Strings, Math, and Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -89 Chapter 11: Scripting Frames and Multiple Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -99 Chapter 12: Images and Dynamic HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -109
Part III: Document Objects Reference....................35
Chapter 13: JavaScript Essentials...............................37
Chapter 14: Document Object Model Essentials....................61
Chapter 15: Generic HTML Element Objects......................105
Chapter 16: Window and Frame Objects........................217
Chapter 17: Location and History Objects.......................321
Chapter 18: The Document and Body Objects....................339
Chapter 19: Body Text Objects................................409
Chapter 20: HTML Directive Objects............................473
Chapter 21: Link and Anchor Objects...........................493
Chapter 22: Image, Area, and Map Objects......................505
Chapter 23: The Form and Related Objects......................527
Chapter 24: Button Objects..................................549
Chapter 25: Text-Related Form Objects.........................569
Chapter 26: Select, Option, and FileUpload Objects................589
Chapter 27: Table and List Objects.............................613
Chapter 28: The Navigator and Other Environment Objects.........665
Chapter 29: Event Objects...................................711
Chapter 30: Style Sheet and Style Objects.......................777
Chapter 31: Positioned Objects................................855
Chapter 32: Embedded Objects...............................901
Chapter 33: XML Objects....................................919
Part IV: JavaScript Core Language Reference.............925
Chapter 34: The String Object................................927
Chapter 35: The Math, Number, and Boolean Objects..............951
Chapter 36: The Date Object.................................967
Chapter 37: The Array Object.................................987
Chapter 38: The Regular Expression and RegExp Objects..........1007
Chapter 39: Control Structures and Exception Handling...........1033
Chapter 40: JavaScript Operators.............................1069
Chapter 41: Functions and Custom Objects.....................1093
Chapter 42: Global Functions and Statements...................1127
Part V: Putting JavaScript to Work....................1147
Chapter 43: Data-Entry Validation............................1149
Chapter 44: Scripting Java Applets and Plug-ins..................1177
Chapter 45: Debugging Scripts...............................1217
Chapter 46: Security and Netscape Signed Scripts...............1239
Chapter 47: Cross-Browser Dynamic HTML Issues................1259
Chapter 48: Internet Explorer Behaviors.......................1273
Chapter 49: Application: Tables and Calendars..................1285
Chapter 50: Application: A Lookup Table.......................1299
Chapter 51: Application: A Poor Man’s
Order Form..............1311
Chapter 52: Application: Outline-Style Table of Contents...........1321
Chapter 53: Application: Calculations and Graphics...............1355
Chapter 54: Application: Intelligent Updated
Flags..............1365
Chapter 55: Application: Decision Helper.......................1375
Chapter 56: Application: Cross-Browser DHTML Map Puzzle........1399
Chapter 57: Application: Transforming XML Data Islands...........1415
Part VI: Appendixes...............................1431
Appendix A: JavaScript and Browser Object Quick Reference.......1433
Appendix B: JavaScript Reserved Words........................1447
Appendix C: Answers to Tutorial Exercises......................1449
Appendix D: JavaScript and DOM Internet Resources..............1465
Appendix E: What’s on the ..................................1469
Appendix F: Examples from Parts III and IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -117
Index...................................................1473
End User License Agreement................................1512
Installation Instructions....................................1516
Contents
Foreword........................................ix
Preface..........................................xi
Acknowledgments................................xix
Chapter 1: JavaScript’s Role in the World Wide Web and Beyond . . . 3
Competition on the Web...................................4
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)..........................4
CGI Scripting............................................5
Of Helpers and Plug-ins....................................6
Java Applets.............................................7
JavaScript: A Language for All...............................7
JavaScript: The Right Tool for the Right Job.....................9
Chapter 2: Authoring Challenges Amid the Browser Wars.....11
Leapfrog..............................................12
Duck and Cover.........................................12
Compatibility Issues Today................................13
Developing a Scripting Strategy............................16
Chapter 3: Your First JavaScript Script...................19
The Software Tools......................................19
Setting Up Your Authoring Environment......................20
What Your First Script Will Do..............................23
Entering Your First Script..................................24
Examining the Script.....................................25
Have Some Fun.........................................27
Chapter 4: Browser and Document Objects..............-1
Scripts Run the Show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1
JavaScript in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2
The Document Object Model.............................-8
When a Document Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -11
Object References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14
About the Dot Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17
What Defines an Object? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -21
Chapter 5: Scripts and HTML Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -23
Where Scripts Go in Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -23
JavaScript Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -27
When Script Statements Execute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -28
Viewing Script Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -30
Scripting versus Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -32 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -33
Chapter 6: Programming Fundamentals, Part I . . . . . . . . . . . -35
What Language Is This? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -35
Working with Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -35
Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -36
Expressions and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -38
Data Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -42
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -44
Chapter 7: Programming Fundamentals, Part II . . . . . . . . . . . -47
Decisions and Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -47
Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -48
About Repeat Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -50
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -51
About Curly Braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -54
Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -55
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -59
Chapter 8: Window and Document Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . -61
Document Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -61
The Window Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -62
Window Properties and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -65
The Location Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -68
The History Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -69
The Document Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -69
The Link Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -73
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -73
Chapter 9: Forms and Form Elements.................-75
The FORM Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -75
Form Controls as Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -77
The Button Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -79
The Checkbox Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -79
The Radio Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -80
The SELECT Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -82
Passing Form Data and Elements to Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -83 Submitting and Prevalidating Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -85 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -87
Chapter 10: Strings, Math, and Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -89
Core Language Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -89
String Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -90
The Math Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -93
The Date Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -94
Date Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -96
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -97
Chapter 11: Scripting Frames and Multiple Windows . . . . . . . -99
Frames: Parents and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -99
References among Family Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -101 Frame Scripting Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -103
Controlling Multiple Frames — Navigation Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . -103 More about Window References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -106 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -107
Chapter 12: Images and Dynamic HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -109
The Image Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -109
More Dynamism in HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -115
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -116
Chapter 13: JavaScript Essentials......................37
JavaScript Versions......................................37
Core Language Standard — ECMAScript......................38
Embedding Scripts in HTML Documents......................38
Browser Version Detection................................44
Designing for Compatibility................................53
Language Essentials for Experienced Programmers.............57
Onward to Object Models.................................60
Chapter 14: Document Object Model Essentials............61
The Object Model Hierarchy...............................61
How Document Objects Are Born...........................64
Object Properties.......................................64
Object Methods.........................................65
Object Event Handlers...................................66
Object Model Smorgasbord................................68
Basic Object Model......................................68
Basic Object Model Plus Images............................69
Navigator 4–Only Extensions..............................69
Internet Explorer 4+ Extensions............................71
Internet Explorer 5+ Extensions............................75
The W3C DOM..........................................76
Mixing Object Models....................................92
Simulating IE4+ Syntax in NN6.............................99
Where to Go from Here..................................102
Chapter 15: Generic HTML Element Objects..............105
Generic Objects........................................106
Chapter 16: Window and Frame Objects.................217
Window Terminology...................................217
Frames..............................................218
Window Object........................................225
FRAME Element Object..................................299
FRAMESET Element Object...............................305
IFRAME Element Object.................................310
popup Object.........................................316
Chapter 17: Location and History Objects................321
Location Object........................................321
History Object.........................................332
Chapter 18: The Document and Body Objects.............339
Document Object......................................340
BODY Element Object...................................399
Chapter 19: Body Text Objects........................409
BLOCKQUOTE and Q Element Objects......................410
BR Element Object.....................................411
FONT Element Object...................................412
H1...H6 Element Objects.................................414
HR Element Object.....................................415
LABEL Element Object..................................418
MARQUEE Element Object...............................420
Methods.............................................424
Event Handlers........................................424
Range Object.........................................425
selection Object.......................................441
Text and TextNode Objects...............................445
TextRange Object......................................448
TextRectangle Object...................................470
Chapter 20: HTML Directive Objects....................473
HTML Element Object...................................473
HEAD Element Object...................................474
BASE Element Object...................................475
BASEFONT Element Object...............................477
ISINDEX Element Object.................................478
LINK Element Object....................................479
META Element Object...................................484
SCRIPT Element Object..................................487
TITLE Element Object...................................490
Chapter 21: Link and Anchor Objects...................493
Anchor, Link, and A Element Objects.......................493
Chapter 22: Image, Area, and Map Objects...............505
Image and IMG Element Objects...........................505
AREA Element Object...................................520
MAP Element Object....................................524
Chapter 23: The Form and Related Objects..............527
The Form in the Object Hierarchy..........................527
FORM Object..........................................528
FIELDSET and LEGEND Element Objects.....................545
LABEL Element Object..................................547
Chapter 24: Button Objects..........................549
The BUTTON Element Object, and the Button, Submit,
and Reset Input Objects...............................549
Checkbox Input Object..................................555
Radio Input Object.....................................559
Image Input Object.....................................565
Chapter 25: Text-Related Form Objects.................569
Text Input Object......................................570
Password Input Object..................................582
Hidden Input Object....................................582
TEXTAREA Element Object...............................583
Chapter 26: Select, Option, and FileUpload Objects.........589
SELECT Element Object.................................589
OPTION Element Object.................................607
OPTGROUP Element Object...............................609
File Input Element Object................................610
Chapter 27: Table and List Objects.....................613
The Table Object Family Hierarchy.........................614
TABLE Element Object..................................628
TBODY, TFOOT, and THEAD Element Objects.................643
CAPTION Element Object................................645
COL and COLGROUP Element Objects......................646
TR Element Object.....................................648
TD and TH Element Objects..............................652
OL Element Object.....................................656
UL Element Object.....................................659
LI Element Object......................................660
DL, DT, and DD Element Objects..........................662
DIR and MENU Element Objects...........................663
Chapter 28: The Navigator and Other Environment Objects...665
clientInformation Object (IE4+) and navigator Object (All)......666
mimeType Object......................................684
plugin Object..........................................688
Looking for MIME Types and Plug-ins.......................691
screen Object.........................................698
userProfile Object......................................703
Chapter 29: Event Objects...........................711
Why Events
?........................................712
Event Propagation......................................713
Referencing the event object.............................732
event Object Compatibility...............................734
Dueling Event Models...................................735
Event Types..........................................738
NN4 event Object......................................741
IE4+ event Object......................................745
NN6+ event Object.....................................762
Chapter 30: Style Sheet and Style Objects...............777
Making Sense of the Object Names........................778
Imported Style Sheets...................................779
Reading Style Properties.................................780
STYLE Element Object...................................780
styleSheet Object......................................782
cssRule and rule Objects.................................792
currentStyle, runtimeStyle, and style Objects................796
filter Object...........................................840
Chapter 31: Positioned Objects.......................855
What Is a Layer?.......................................855
NN4 Layer Object......................................856
Positioned Elements in the Modern DOM....................874
Chapter 32: Embedded Objects.......................901
APPLET Element Object..................................902
OBJECT Element Object..................................907
EMBED Element Object..................................913
The Odd Case of the PARAM Element.......................917
Chapter 33: XML Objects............................919
Elements and Nodes....................................919
XML Element Object....................................921
Chapter 34: The String Object........................927
String and Number Data Types............................927
String Object..........................................930
String Utility Functions..................................945
URL String Encoding and Decoding........................949
Chapter 35: The Math, Number, and Boolean Objects.......951
Numbers in JavaScript...................................951
Math Object...........................................957
Number Object........................................960
Boolean Object........................................965
Chapter 36: The Date Object.........................967
Time Zones and GMT...................................967
The Date Object.......................................969
Validating Date Entries in Forms...........................983
Chapter 37: The Array Object.........................987
Structured Data.......................................987
Creating an Empty Array................................988
Populating an Array....................................989
JavaScript 1.2 Array Creation Enhancements.................991
Deleting Array Entries...................................991
Parallel Arrays.........................................992
Multidimensional Arrays.................................995
Array Object Properties..................................996
Array Object Methods...................................998
Chapter 38: The Regular Expression and RegExp Objects...1007
Regular Expressions and Patterns........................1007
Language Basics......................................1009
Object Relationships...................................1013
Using Regular Expressions..............................1017
Regular Expression Object..............................1023
RegExp Object.......................................1027
Chapter 39: Control Structures and Exception Handling.....1033
If and If. . .Else Decisions...............................1034
Conditional Expressions................................1038
Repeat (for) Loops....................................1039
The while Loop.......................................1044
The do-while Loop.....................................1045
Looping through Properties (for-in)........................1046
The with Statement...................................1047
Labeled Statements...................................1048
The switch Statement..................................1050
Exception Handling....................................1053
Using try-catch-finally constructions.......................1055
Throwing Exceptions...................................1059
Error Object..........................................1063
Chapter 40: JavaScript Operators.....................1069
Operator Categories...................................1069
Comparison Operators.................................1070
Equality of Disparate Data Types.........................1072
Connubial Operators...................................1073
Assignment Operators.................................1076
Boolean Operators....................................1078
Bitwise Operators.....................................1082
Object Operators......................................1083
Miscellaneous Operators................................1087
Operator Precedence..................................1089
Chapter 41: Functions and Custom Objects..............1093
Function Object.......................................1093
Function Application Notes..............................1102
Custom Objects.......................................1108
Object-Oriented Concepts...............................1120
Object Object........................................1123
Chapter 42: Global Functions and Statements............1127
Functions...........................................1128
Statements..........................................1137
IE/Windows Objects....................................1140
Chapter 43: Data-Entry Validation.....................1149
Real-Time Versus Batch Validation........................1149
Designing Filters......................................1151
Building a Library of Filter Functions......................1152
Combining Validation Functions..........................1156
Date and Time Validation...............................1158
Selecting Text Fields for Reentry.........................1160
An Industrial-Strength
Validation Solution.................1161
Plan for Data Validation................................1176
Chapter 44: Scripting Java Applets and Plug-ins..........1177
LiveConnect Overview.................................1177
Why Control Java Applets?..............................1178
A Little Java..........................................1179
Scripting Applets in Real Life............................1181
Applet-to-Script Communication..........................1190
Scripting Plug-ins.....................................1197
Scripting Java Classes Directly...........................1214
Chapter 45: Debugging Scripts.......................1217
Syntax versus Runtime Errors............................1217
Error Message Notification..............................1218
Error Message Details..................................1219
Sniffing Out Problems..................................1226
A Simple Trace Utility..................................1232
Browser Crashes......................................1235
Preventing Problems...................................1235
Testing Your Masterpiece...............................1236
Chapter 46: Security and Netscape Signed Scripts..........1239
Battening Down the Hatches............................1239
When Worlds Collide...................................1240
The Java Sandbox.....................................1241
Security Policies......................................1241
The Same Origin Policy.................................1242
The Netscape Signed Script Policy........................1244
The Digital Certificate..................................1246
Signing Scripts.......................................1247
Accessing Protected Properties and Methods................1251
Blending Privileges into Scripts...........................1254
Example............................................1254
Handling Privilege Manager Errors........................1255
Signed Script Miscellany................................1256
Chapter 47: Cross-Browser Dynamic HTML Issues..........1259
What Is DHTML?......................................1259
Striving for Compatibility...............................1261
Working Around Incompatibilities.........................1262
A DHTML API Example..................................1269
Chapter 48: Internet Explorer Behaviors...................1273
Style Sheets for Scripts.................................1273
Embedding Behavior Components........................1274
Component Structure..................................1275
Behavior Examples....................................1277
For More Information..................................1283
Chapter 49: Application: Tables and Calendars.............1285
About the Calendars...................................1285
Static Tables.........................................1286
Dynamic Tables......................................1289
Hybrids.............................................1293
Dynamic HTML Tables..................................1293
Further Thoughts.....................................1297
Chapter 50: Application: A Lookup Table...................1299
A Serverless Database.................................1299
The Database........................................1300
The Implementation Plan...............................1300
The Code............................................1301
Further Thoughts.....................................1308
Chapter 51: Application: A Poor Man’s
Order Form.........1311
Defining the Task.....................................1311
The Form Design......................................1312
Form HTML and Scripting...............................1313
Further Thoughts.....................................1319
Chapter 52: Application: Outline-Style Table of Contents.....1321
Design Challenges....................................1321
The Implementation Plan...............................1322
The Code............................................1324
Cascading Style Sheet Version...........................1336
A Futuristic (XML) Outline...............................1343
Further Thoughts.....................................1353
Chapter 53: Application: Calculations and Graphics.........1355
The Calculation.......................................1355
User Interface Ideas...................................1356
The Code............................................1357
Further Thoughts.....................................1363
Chapter 54: Application: Intelligent Updated
Flags.........1365
The Cookie Conundrum.................................1365
Time’s Not on Your Side................................1366
The Application.......................................1367
The Code............................................1369
Further Thoughts.....................................1373
Chapter 55: Application: Decision Helper...................1375
The Application.......................................1375
The Design..........................................1376
The Files............................................1377
The Code............................................1378
Further Thoughts.....................................1397
Chapter 56: Application: Cross-Browser DHTML Map Puzzle . . . 1399
The Puzzle Design.....................................1399
Implementation Details.................................1401
Lessons Learned.......................................1414
Chapter 57: Application: Transforming XML Data Islands.....1415
Application Overview...................................1416
Implementation Plan...................................1418
The Code............................................1418
Dreams of Other Views..................................1428
What About NN6?......................................1429
Appendix A: JavaScript and Browser Object Quick Reference . . . 1433 Appendix B: JavaScript Reserved Words 1447
Appendix C: Answers to Tutorial Exercises.................1449
Chapter 4 Answers.....................................1449
Chapter 5 Answers.....................................1450
Chapter 6 Answers.....................................1451
Chapter 7 Answers.....................................1452
Chapter 8 Answers.....................................1456
Chapter 9 Answers.....................................1457
Chapter 10 Answers....................................1461
Chapter 11 Answers....................................1463
Chapter 12 Answers....................................1463
Appendix D: JavaScript and DOM Internet Resources........1465
Support and Updates for this Book.........................1465
Newsgroups..........................................1465
FAQs................................................1466
Online Documentation..................................1467
World Wide Web.......................................1467
Appendix E: What’s on the ...............................1469
System Requirements..................................1469
Disc Contents.........................................1469
Appendix F: Examples from Parts III and IV............-117
Chapter 15 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -117
Chapter 16 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -253
Chapter 17 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -336
Chapter 18 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -354
Chapter 19 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -397
Chapter 22 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -453
Chapter 23 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -471
Chapter 24 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -479
Chapter 25 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -492
Chapter 26 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -503
Chapter 27 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -514
Chapter 28 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -531
Chapter 29 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -543
Chapter 30 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -566
Chapter 31 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -572
Chapter 34 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -600
Chapter 35 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -614
Chapter 37 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -616
Index........................................1473
End User License Agreement.....................1512
Installation Instructions.........................1516
Getting Started with JavaScript
JavaScript’s Role in the
World Wide Web and Beyond
any of the technologies that make the World Wide Web possible have far exceeded their original visions.
Envisioned at the outset as a medium for publishing static text and image content across a network, the Web is forever being probed, pushed, and pulled by content authors. By taking for granted so much of the dirty work
of establishing the connection and conveying the bits between server and client computers, content developers and programmers dream of using that connection to generate new user experiences and operating system-independent applications. A developer community essentially taking ownership of a technology and molding it to do new and exciting things is not new. It’s the enormous popularity of the Web and the accessibility of the technologies to everyday folks who have intriguing ideas that has led to an unprecedented explosion in turning the World Wide Web from a bland publishing medium into a highly interactive, operating system-agnostic authoring platform.
The JavaScript language is a Web-enhancing technology.
When employed on the client computer, the language can help turn a static page of content into an engaging, interactive, and intelligent experience. Applications can be as subtle as welcoming a site’s visitor with the greeting Good morning!
when it is morning in the client computer’s time zone — even though it is dinnertime where the server is located. Or applications can be much more obvious, such as delivering the content of a slide show in one-page download while JavaScript controls the sequence of hiding, showing, and flying slide
transitions while navigating through the presentation.
Of course, JavaScript is not the only technology that can give life to drab Web content. Therefore, it is important to understand where JavaScript fits within the array of
standards, tools, and other technologies at your disposal. The alternative technologies described in this chapter are HTML, server programs, plug-ins, and Java applets. In most cases, JavaScript can work side by side with these other technologies, even though the hype around some make them sound like one-stop shopping places for all your interactive needs. That’s rarely the case. Finally, you learn about the origins of JavaScript and what role it plays in today’s advanced Web browsers.
Competition on the Web
Web page publishers revel in logging as many visits to their sites as possible.
Regardless of the questionable accuracy of Web page hit counts, a site consistently logging 10,000 dubious hits per week is clearly far more popular than one with 1,000 dubious hits per week. Even if the precise number is unknown, relative popularity is a valuable measure.
Encouraging people to visit a site frequently is the Holy Grail of Web publishing. Competition for viewers is enormous. Not only is the Web like a ten million-channel television, but the Web competes for viewers’ attention with all kinds of computer-generated information. That includes anything that appears onscreen as interactive multimedia.
Users of entertainment programs, multimedia encyclopedias, and other colorful, engaging, and mouse finger-numbing actions are accustomed to high-quality presentations. Frequently, these programs sport first-rate graphics, animation, live-action video, and synchronized sound. In contrast, the lowest common denominator Web page has little in the way of razzle-dazzle. Even with the help of recent advances in Dynamic HTML and style sheets, the layout of pictures and text is highly constrained compared with the kinds of desktop publishing documents you see all the time. Regardless of the quality of its content, a vanilla HTML document is flat. At best, interaction is limited to whatever navigation the author offers in the way of hypertext links or forms whose filled-in content magically disappears into the Web site’s server.
With so many ways to spice up Web sites and pages, you can count on competitors for your site’s visitors to do their darndest to make their sites more engaging than yours. Unless you are the sole purveyor of information that is in high demand, you continually must devise ways to keep your visitors coming back and entice new ones. If you design an intranet, your competition is the drive for improved productivity by the colleagues who use the internal Web sites for getting their jobs done.
These