A Guide for the Dissection of the Dogfish (Squalus Acanthias)

By Lawrence Edmonds Griffin

A Guide for the Dissection of the Dogfish is a book by Lawrence Edmonds Griffin. It covers the examination and dissection of the spiny dogfish, a small shark that abounds along the coasts of the United States.

• Language: English
• Publisher: DigiCat
• Release date: May 29, 2022
• ISBN: 8596547017172

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Lawrence Edmonds Griffin

A Guide for the Dissection of the Dogfish (Squalus Acanthias)

EAN 8596547017172

DigiCat, 2022

Contact: [e-mail]

Table of Contents

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS

DISSECTION OF THE ABDOMINAL VISCERA

RESPIRATORY ORGANS

VASCULAR SYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

THE SKELETON

MUSCULATURE

The small sharks which abound along the coasts of the United States are commonly called dogfish by fishermen and others. The dogfish of inland waters belongs to an entirely different group. Two species of sharks are caught in numbers and used in laboratory work, the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and the smooth dogfish (Eugaleus galeus). The first is easily distinguished by the sharp spine in front of each dorsal fin. Squalus acanthias is often referred to under the synonym Acanthias vulgaris, while Eugaleus galeus is more frequently named either Mustelus canis or Galeus canis. The histories of these names and systematic descriptions of the species are contained in Samuel Garman’s Monograph on the Elasmobranchs.

Several sizes of dogfish are furnished by dealers. We consider it best to purchase large, fully developed specimens. The small specimens may be a little more convenient to handle, but the large ones have the important advantage of being sexually mature, while blood vessels and nerves are dissected better in large than in small specimens. Also, a number of structures are very different in mature animals from their condition in young ones. Dealers should be requested to furnish fish with fins and tails complete instead of trimmed. It is an advantage to issue to the class equal numbers of both sexes.

An entire specimen and an extra head may be required by each student for a thorough dissection. It would be better if the head were cut off just behind the pectoral fins, instead of in front of them as is usually done, so that the vagus and hypobranchial nerves may be dissected more completely.

The spiny dogfish, which is the particular subject of this guide, is the species most frequently supplied to laboratories. However, the spiny and smooth dogfishes are so much alike that the latter may be easily dissected with these directions. Where marked differences between the forms exist the structure of Eugaleus is described separately.

The student of anatomy should realize that dissection is for the purpose of enabling him to see for himself the structures which exist, and that no dissection is satisfactory until the anatomical arrangements mentioned in the text can be completely demonstrated in his specimen.

The importance of knowing the structure of the elasmobranch is so great in comparative anatomy and embryology that it is worth while to make a thorough dissection of one of this class. As the dogfish is frequently the first major vertebrate form to be studied in detail, these directions have been written to conform to the needs of the student who is beginning comparative anatomy. The arrangement of sections in this guide is intended to permit the omission of some which it may not be considered desirable to include in the work of a class.

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS

Table of Contents

The spindle-shaped body tapers from near the middle toward both head and tail; the head is flattened on both the dorsal and ventral sides, while the remainder of the body is nearly round, with a lateral compression which is not pronounced except in the caudal portion.

The general color of the back and sides is gray; darkest above, where the skin is spotted with scattered, small, round, light spots. The color of the upper parts shades into the yellow white of the ventral surface.

Can head, trunk, and tail regions be distinguished? If so, what characters determine the extent of each?

A little above the middle of the side of the body is the lateral line, (distinguished partly by color, partly by being slightly elevated), which extends from the back of the head to the tail. Cut through the skin across the lateral line at several points along the body and notice the canal which lies in the dermis under the lateral line. This is the lateral line canal, which opens to the surface by numerous pores (too minute to be seen), and contains a series of special sense organs along its dorsal and inner surfaces. Near the base of the caudal fin the lateral line canal passes into a groove which continues the lateral line to within a short distance of the edge of the fin. The lateral line canal in its development begins as a groove along the side of the body which becomes closed by the fusion of its edge except in this terminal portion.

The open groove does not appear in Eugaleus.

In the midline of the body are two triangular dorsal fins, each attached to the body for about half its length. The basal portion of each is thick and muscular, and contains supporting cartilages embedded in the muscles. The remainder of the fin is flexible and semi-transparent, horny fin-rays being faintly visible between the layers of skin. In front of each fin is a strong spine which seems to serve both as a cutwater and a weapon of defense. (Eugaleus has no spines.)

The broad, paired, pectoral fins, having the general characteristics of the dorsals, spring from the ventral edges of the body just back of the head. A hard bar of cartilage connecting the bases of the pectoral fins can be felt through the skin of the ventral surface of the body. This is the ventral