Smart Cities in Application: Healthcare, Policy, and Innovation

By Stan McClellan

This book explores categories of applications and driving factors surrounding the Smart City phenomenon. The contributing authors provide perspective on the Smart Cities, covering numerous applications and classes of applications. The book uses a top-down exploration of the driving factors in Smart Cities, by including focal areas including “Smart Healthcare,” “Public Safety & Policy Issues,” and “Science, Technology, & Innovation.”  Contributors have direct and substantive experience with important aspects of Smart Cities and discuss issues with technologies & standards, roadblocks to implementation, innovations that create new opportunities, and other factors relevant to emerging Smart City infrastructures.

• Features an exploration of Smart City issues and solutions from a variety of stakeholders in the evolving field
• Presents conversational, nuanced, and forward thinking perspectives on Smart Cities, their implications, limitations, obstacles, and opportunities
• Includes contributions from industry insiders who have direct, relevant experience with their respective subjects as well as positioning and corporate stature

• Language: English
• Publisher: Springer
• Release date: Jul 15, 2019
• ISBN: 9783030193966

Book preview

Part ISmart Healthcare

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Stan McClellan (ed.)Smart Cities in Applicationhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19396-6_1

Personalizing Healthcare in Smart Cities

Eduardo Pérez-Roman¹  , Michelle Alvarado² and Meredith Barrett³

(1)

Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA

(2)

Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

(3)

Science and Research, Propeller Health, Madison, WI, USA

Eduardo Pérez-Roman

Email: [e-mail]

1 Introduction

2 Overview of Personalized Healthcare Within the Context of Smart Cities

2.1 Patient Scheduling and Resource Planning

2.2 Healthcare Associated Infections

2.3 Remote Technologies

2.4 Treatments and Diagnosis

3 Personalizing Healthcare in Smart Cities: The Propeller Health Case Study

4 Challenges for Personalized Healthcare within the Context of Smart Cities

4.1 Regulation

4.2 Finances

4.3 Developing a Culture of Health

5 Conclusions

References

Keywords

Healthcare personalizationSmart healthScheduling systemsPatient portalsSmart room technologyAppointment schedulingHealthcare associated infections (HAI)Touchless disinfectionCAUTIRemote healthcareMachine learningSmart medicationSmart diagnosisHealthcare regulationAffordable Care Act (ACA)

1 Introduction

Healthcare personalization is a new opportunity for health care organizations in their pursuit of better outcomes in their service provision process [1]. Healthcare personalization focuses on patient-centered health care, personalized health planning, and patient engagement. Much of previous research in this area has viewed service variability as something bad that must be limited. However, patient heterogeneity with variability in service needs provides an opportunity to deliver more value for patients through the personalization of services. One major gap in the literature on customization is the lack of research on service personalization. Strategies for manufacturing firms are considerably different from strategies for service firms and they need to be considered in a separate manner [2–4].

Recent research has established that service personalization is challenging mostly because it deals with two types of variability sources: service personnel and customers [5]. One of the challenges involves deciding between reducing and accommodating customer introduced variability [6]. There are five phases in which customer-based variability can occur: customer arrival, customer requests, customer capability with respect to their expected involvement with the process, effort that customers are willing to exert, and subjective preferences of how service should be provided. In addition, there is variability that is not attributable to the customers but still impact their outcomes. For example, employees can be heterogeneous in skill levels.

Research in patient healthcare personalization is limited. A smart city can help hospitals achieve better healthcare services through patient healthcare personalization. A smart city allows for the introduction of intelligent management systems that support the digital collection, processing, storage, transmission, and sharing of patient information such as personal information and social information. In addition, the infrastructure of a smart city can help in solving many health hazard problems by supporting different sections of healthcare systems including the intelligent management and supervision of health data, medical equipment and supplies, communication systems, automated management, and supervision of public health [7].

Current research on patient healthcare personalization considers the following two approaches: (1) patient health outcomes and (2) resource utilization and system cost. The patient health outcomes perspective has been applied to model the factors in definitive care that maximized patient outcomes [8–11]. Research considering resource utilization and systems cost for patient healthcare personalization is limited. Most of the available studies compare patient driven methods for scheduling appointments [12] or queuing systems in which customers had a state-dependent probability of not being served [13].

Patient healthcare personalization and smart health are two areas of research that are strongly connected and that will positively impact the future of the concepts of patient wellness and well-being [14]. Both areas of research require large volume of data. Data sources include biomedical sensors, (e.g., temperature, heart rate), genomic driven data (gene expression, sequencing data), payer–provider data (pharmacy prescription, insurance records), and social media data (patients’ status, feedback) actuators, to observe and to predict the best course of action to improve patients’ outcomes. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of personalized healthcare within the context of smart cities. Section 3 presents a case study that combines the use of smart cities and patient personalization concepts in healthcare. Section 4 presents challenges for personalized healthcare within the context of smart cities and Sect. 5 provides a summary of the chapter with concluding remarks.

2 Overview of Personalized Healthcare Within the Context of Smart Cities

In the last two decades, a number of healthcare systems have been introduced including digital healthcare systems (software and/or internet-connected devices), electronic health record systems, hospital-based systems, and finally smart healthcare system. Through investigating the relevant literature, we present four areas within the healthcare setting where personalized healthcare within the context of smart cities is applied. The four areas are patient scheduling and resource planning, management of healthcare associated infections, remote technologies, and patient treatments and