One Book: Our Past at Last Volume 10

By Bertha Peoples

Bertha Peoples' 'One Book', Our Past, at Last - provides the reader with Planet Earth's prehistory and our complete Human history from 600 million years ago up into our modern era.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Bertha Peoples
• Release date: Jan 4, 2022

Book preview

The Ottoman Turkish Empire

1600 - by this time, the Ottoman Turks had not only ignored the latest in military and naval technology; - but they had over-extended themselves.

1650 - the Ottoman Turks continued their expansionist campaign into Europe and Africa while, at the same time, they were pinned down in Asia with Persia. The Ottoman Empire, with its loosely-structured government, lacked political unity.

1700 - although the military machine was the heart of the Ottoman Empire; - the Ottoman Turks respected the self-ruled communities and institutions of non-Moslems; and they increasingly relied on their loyalty and military support. As their ambitious, greedy subjects continued to feather their own nests; - the Ottoman Empire grew poorer and poorer, until it eventually collapsed.

1831 - Syria (part of the Ottoman Empire since 1516) was conquered by the Egyptians.

England’s Glorious Revolution

1688 - England’s political leaders refused to recognize James II (a direct descendant of the Stuart male line) and pushed him off the throne.

The English feared that James II would reverse one hundred fifty years of history; - and reinstate Roman Catholicism as England’s primary religion.

1688 - James II’s daughter Mary and William of Orange (her Protestant-Dutch husband) posed no such threat.

1688 - William and Mary assumed the English throne, allowing England to (once again) function as a constitutional state.

1689 - during Innocent XI’s pontificate, the Papacy and the French Crown were almost completely divided.

1689 - King Louis XIV of France declared war on Great Britain.

1689 - William III of Orange organized a League of European States, which Pope Innocent XI joined.

King William’s War

King William’s War - the War of the League of Augsburg - joined together Spain, Austria, and the Protestant States of Europe - to successfully defeat the tyrannical Catholic King Louis XIV of France.

War of the Spanish Succession - Stabilization of Western Europe

1700 - King Charles II died, leaving a huge inheritance to be settled. Even though much preparation had already-been-made, several recent marriage alliances meant that claims were long in dispute: The Hapsburg emperor, King Louis XIV of France, Archduke Charles of Austria, and others, disputed over this inheritance. However, King Louis XIV of France passed his share on to his grandson.

1700 - the English were concerned about the Spanish-American trade; - the Dutch were concerned about the fate of the Spanish Netherlands; and the general population was concerned that the European empire (and the world) would pass on undivided to Bourbon or Hapsburg.

1700 - treaties were established to satisfy both the Bourbon and the Hapsburg dynasties; - but King Louis XIV ignored those agreements.

1700 - King Louis XIV accepted (on his grandson’s behalf) the bequest under Charles II’s Will – of the entire Spanish inheritance.

1701 - a new Grand Alliance - between the Emperor, the United Provinces, and England - was established; - but King Louis XIV of France (who recognized the deposed King James’s claims to the throne of England) opposed this alliance.

1713 - after twelve years of fighting (in the War of the Spanish Succession) the Peace of Utrect forced King Louis XIV to make concessions. Under these treaties, the Crowns of Spain and France could not be united.

1714 - the first Bourbon king assumed the Spanish throne, and received Spain and the Indies.

1714 - after agreeing to defend the Dutch against French aggression; - the Emperor received the Spanish Netherlands.

1714 - France made overseas concessions to Great Britain; - and King James II was expelled from France.

1714 - King Louis XIV acknowledged that when Anne of England (the last Stuart monarch) should die; - the right of succession would belong to the Protestant House of Hanover.

1714 - the Hapsburgs also profited in Italy.

With only minor adjustments, the Stabilization of Western Europe endured for seventy-five years; - but not everyone was pleased: The Emperor refused to renounce his claim to the throne of Spain. Nevertheless, the 1713 - 1714 Peace of Utrecht effectively defined the divisions of Western Europe north of the Alps. The United Provinces in the (modern) Netherlands remained a valuable asset; - but Belgium, in the Austrian Netherlands became a nuisance. Germany and France had long fought over Lorraine; - but, earlier, King Louis XIV of France captured Alsace and Lorraine. And Spain and Portugal (which both contained large empires) changed very little until 1871.

1714 - after Queen Anne died, Great Britain (the new European power) was more closely connected to the European continent under King George I (Elector of Hanover).

1748 - in divided-Italy, south of the Alps, the few remaining members of the European royal houses - hoping to profit from the dynastic leftovers - tried to pick up the pieces.

1748 - only one old aristocratic ruling-family - the Savoy - remained on the Italian Peninsula. Their Dukes - who ruled Piedmont (on the south side of the Alps) and Sardinia - tried to cling to power.

1748 - the Papacy, and the decaying republics of Venice, Genoa, Lucca, and San Marino, still maintained their Italian independence; - unlike the other Italian states already under foreign rule.

The War of Spanish Succession (1701 - 1714) began a new age with many new problems: A new Age of Overseas Expansion replaced the Age of Dynasticism. The new rulers became responsible, not only for their respective royal houses, but for the nation, which often extended far beyond Europe. Those who signed the new peace treaties were seeking peace and security - through a balance of power.

Islamic-Expansion 1032 - 1900

961 - The Byzantines reconquered Crete from the Arabs.

1042 – Rise of the Seljuk Turks

1050 – mid-11th century, Spanish city of Toledo was recaptured from the Arabs

1052 – Pisa recaptured Sardinia from the Arabs.

1063 – Alp Arslan (1063 – 1072) was elected Sultan of the Seljuk Turks.

1064 – the Seljuks conquered Armenia.

1071 – Romanus IV was defeated and captured by the Seljuks, in the Battle of Manzikert, in Asia Minor.

1072 – Malik Shah (1072 – 1092) succeed Alp Arslan as Sultan of the Seljuk Turks.

1075 – Sultan Malik Shah subdued Syria and Palestine.

1085 – Alfonso VI (of Leon and Castile) took Toledo from the Arabs.

1086 - the Almoravid dynasty revived Mohammedan rule in Spain

1088 - the Patzinak Turks settled between the Danube and the Balkans

1092 - the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah died; the capital was moved from Iconium to Smyrna

1096 - the First Crusade (1096 - 1099) began; it was led by Duke Godfrey of Lorraine and Robert Guiscard’s nephew Tancred.

1097 – the crusaders defeated the Turks at Dorylaeum, and conquered Nicea.

1098 – Crusaders defeated the Turks at Antioch.

1099 – Crusaders took Jerusalem; Godfrey, appointed defender of the Holy Sepulcher, defeated the Egyptians at Ascalon.

1100 - Baldwin I (1100 - 1118) was proclaimed King of Jerusalem

1104 - the Crusaders took Acre

1113 - Pisa conquered the Balearic Islands

1122 - the Byzantines exterminated the Patzinak Turks

1125 – the Almohades conquered Morocco.

1144 - the Seljuks seized Edessa

1145 - Pope Eugene III proclaimed the Second Crusade (1145 - 1153)

1146 - Nureddin (1146 - 1174) became Sultan of Syria.

1147 - the Crusaders perished in Asia Minor; - and the Second Crusade soon ended in disaster.

1150 - Alauddin Husain, Sultan of Ghor, destroyed the empire of Ghazni

1150 - by the mid-12th-century, Toledo, the major Arab city of Spain, was again Christian; and Portugal had emerged as a Christian monarchy

1171 - Saladin (1170 - 1193) of Damascus subdued Egypt.

1176 - Saladin conquered Syria

1183 - Saladin seized Aleppo

1187 - Saladin defeated the Christians at Hattin, and seized Jerusalem; and Mohammed of Ghor conquered the Punjab

1189 - the Third Crusade (1189 - 1193) began.

1191 - Richard I conquered Cyprus and sold it to the Templars

1192 - Richard I returned from the Crusade, and was captured by Duke Leopold of Austria

1192 - Richard I was handed over to Harry VI and imprisoned.

1193 - Saladin died.

1194 - Richard I was released, and crowned king for the second time; Henry VI conquered Sicily and was crowned King of Sicily

1202 - the Fourth Crusade (1202 - 1204) against Constantinople began, with Venice taking the lead

1203 - Mohammed of Ghor completed his conquest of Upper India

1204 - the Crusaders took Constantinople, and established the Latin Empire (1204 - 1261)

1206 - the Declaration of the Sultanate of Delhi (1206 - 1290) occurred.

1212 - Venice reconquered Crete.

1217 - the Crusade against the sultanate of Egypt failed

1228 - the Sixth Crusade, led by Emperor Frederick II, began.

1229 - Frederick II, crowned King of Jerusalem, signed treaty with the Sultan of Egypt

1232 - Mohammad I (1232 - 1272), established the Nasrid dynasty in Granada, Spain

1236 - the Arabs lost Cordoba to Castile

1244 - the Egyptian Khwarazmi seized Jerusalem

1248 - the Seventh Crusade (1248 - 1250), was led by King Louis IX of France

1250 - King Louis IX, who landed in Egypt, in 1249, was captured by the Saracens (Arabs).

1250 - by the mid-13th-century, the great Arab center of Seville, in Spain, had fallen to the king of Castile; and the Kingdom of Aragon had absorbed the Arab city of Valencia, Spain

1258 - the Mongols seized Baghdad, and overthrew the Caliphate.

1259 - Kubilai Khan (1259 - 1294), the great Mongol ruler, came to power in China.

1260 - the Egyptian Mamelukes (Turkish mercenaries) defeated the Mongols, near Nazareth, and Islam was saved

1266 - Balban (1266 - 1287) was proclaimed Sultan of Delhi.

1270 - the French King Louis IX died, while on the Eighth Crusade (1270).

1287 - Sultan Balban of Delhi died, and was succeeded by Kaikobad (1287 - 1290).

1288 - Osman I (1288 - 1326) founded the Ottoman Empire

1290 - Kaikobad, Sultan of Delhi, murdered; was succeeded by Jalaluddin (1290 - 1296)

1291 - the Mamelukes (Turkish mercenaries) conquered Acre; and brought an end to Christian rule in the East and the Crusades. The Knights of St John of Jerusalem settled in Cyprus.

1294 - the Mongol ruler, Kubilai Khan, died, leaving the Mongol throne in China vacant until 1336.

1296 - Jalaluddin of Delhi, murdered, was succeeded by Alauddin Khilji (1296 - 1316)

1299 - treaties were signed between Venice and the Turks; and between France and Germany

1299 - the Khan who ruled Persia (Iran) converted to Islam, ending the Mongol threat against Islam. Since then, Persian rulers have always been Moslem. (13th-century Persia is the modern Iran.)

1301 - Osman I defeated the Byzantines at Baphaion

1316 - Muberak (1316 - 1320), proclaimed Sultan of Delhi; was the last of the Khilji rulers

1320 - Gharzi Khan, (1320 - 1351), the new Sultan of Delhi, established the Tughlak dynasty

1326 - Caliph Osman I (1288 - 1326), founder of the Ottoman Empire, died.

1333 - during the reign of Caliph Yusuf I (1333 - 1354), Arabic civilization in Granada peaked.

1336 - Timur Lame (1336 - 1405) succeeded Kubilai Khan (1259 - 1294), who died in 1294.

1349 - in Spain, the last major Arab offensive was defeated

1351 - Firoz Shah (1351 - 1388) was proclaimed Sultan of Delhi

1354 - the Turks seized Gallipoli

1363 - the Mongol emperor, Timur Lang, began his conquest of Asia

1366 - the Turks established Adrianople as their new capital

1368 - Timur Lame (1368 - 1405) ascended the throne of Samarkand, China

1375 - the Mamelukes seized Sis; and ended Armenian independence

1379 - Timur Lame (by blood, a mixed Turk and Mongol) overran Persia.

1380 - Timur Lame continued his 35 successful military campaigns in Persia, Georgia, Russia, Egypt, etc.

1382 - the Turks captured Sofia

1389 - Bajezet I (1389 - 1403) was proclaimed Emir of the Turks in Ankara and the Balkans

1393 - Bajezet subdued Bulgaria

1396 - Bajezet defeated a Christian army, led by Sigismund of Hungary, at Nicopolis

1398 - Timur Lame conquered Delhi, India

1401 - Timur Lame conquered Damascus and Baghdad, Iraq (Persia)

1402 - Timur Lame defeated Bajazet at Ankara and took him prisoner

1403 - Bajezet died, and was succeeded by Suleiman I (1403 - 1411)

1405 - Timur Lame died, and was succeeded by Shah Rokh (1406 - 1447)

1409 - Venice recaptured Dalmatia

1443 - Janos Hunyady, the Hungarian national hero, defeated the Turks at Nish

1444 - Vladislav III of Poland and Hungary was killed by the Turks in the Battle of Varna

1447 - Scanderbeg defeated Murad II, and gained independence for India, Persia, and Afghanistan

1448 - Murad II (1421 - 1451), Ottoman Turkish Sultan, defeated Janos Hunyady at Kossovo

1451 - Mehemet II (1451 - 1481) was proclaimed Ottoman Turkish Sultan

1453 - Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II (1451 - 1481), took Constantinople, killed emperor Constantine XI, and ended the Byzantine empire

1456 - the Turks conquered Athens.

1456 - after expelling the Turks from Belgrade, Janos Hunyady of Hungary died.

1463 - the Turks conquered Bosnia

1467 - the Turks conquered Herzegovina

1479 - with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, Aragon allied with Castile against the Islamic Moors in Granada

1481 - Bajazet II (1481 - 1512) was proclaimed Ottoman Turkish Sultan

1487 - the Spaniards recaptured Malaga from the Arabs

1489 - Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, became the ruler of Bijapur, India

1492 - the Spanish conquered Granada, destroying the Moorish kingdom; the monarchy of Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon and Castile was consolidated

1492 - Bajazet II of Turkey invaded Hungary and defeated the Hungarians at the Save River

1492 - Sikander II Lodi, Sultan of Delhi, annexed Bihar

1493 - the Turks invaded Dalmatia and Croatia

1499 - in the war between the Turks and Venice; the Venetian fleet was defeated at Sapienza; and Lapanto surrendered to the Sultan

1500 - Pope Alexander VI proclaimed 1500 a Jubilee Year; and imposed taxes to pay for a new crusade against the Turks

1500 - Ferdinand of Aragon suppressed a Moorish revolt in Granada, Spain,

1501 - after the Moors in Granada successfully resisted a Spanish army; - Ferdinand declared Granada a Christian kingdom.

1501 - after Henry VII of England declined the Pope’s request to lead a Crusade against them; the Turks took Durazzo from Venice

1501 - Ismail I (1487 - 1524), Sheikh of Ardabil, conquered Persia, and founded the Safavid dynasty (1501 - 1736)

1503 - Venice abandoned Lepanto and signed a treaty with the Turks

1515 - Sultan Selim I (1512 - 1320) of Turkey conquered eastern Anatolia and Kurdistan

1516 - Sultan Selim I defeated Egyptian forces near Aleppo and annexed Syria

1517 - the Turks seized Cairo, Egypt; - Mecca surrendered to Selim I, and Arabia fell under Turkish rule

1520 - Sultan Selim I died, and was succeeded by his son, Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)

1521 - Suleiman I conquered Belgrade, and began his invasion of Hungary

1522 - Suleiman I seized Rhodes from the Knights of St John

1525 - Babur, a descendant of Timur Lame and Chinghis Khan, invaded the Punjab, in India

1526 - the Mongol emperor, Babur (1525 - 1530), founded the Moghul dynasty (1526 - 1771), in Delhi, & restored the Islamic empire

1526 - the Battle of Mohacs - the Turks defeated the Hungarians, killing King Louis II; Suleiman I seized Buda, and declared Pressburg (Bratislava) the capital of Hungary

1529 - the Turks attacked Austria, and laid siege to Vienna; but were forced to abandon the siege

1530 - the Knights of St John, expelled from Rhodes, in 1522, by Suleiman I, were re-established in Malta by Charles V

1532 - Suleiman I invaded Hungary, where his attack on Carinthia and Croatia was unsuccessful; - and the Hungarians expelled him

1540 - in Constantinople, a treaty between Venice and Turkey was signed

1540 - Sher Shah, an Afghan rebel, was proclaimed emperor of Delhi

1541 - Suleiman I seized Buda, and annexed Hungary

1545 - the Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I of Turkey was signed.

1546 - the Turks occupied Moravia

1548 - the Turks occupied Tabriz, Persia

1551 - the Turkish attempt to capture Malta was unsuccessful; but the Turks did seize Tripoli

1553 - Suleiman I made peace with Persia

1556 - at age fifteen, Akbar the Great (1556 - 1605) conquered a large part of central India, and was proclaimed Moghul emperor of India.

1556 - Akbar married a Hindu, Rajput princess. He tolerated the Hindu religion, and even allowed Portuguese missionaries to visit India.

1560 - Turkish galleys (ships) surrounded the Spanish fleet, led by the Duke of Medina, off Tripoli

1562 - an eight-year truce between Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand I, and Suleiman I of Turkey was signed

1562 - Rajah of Jaipur, in India, submitted to the Moghul emperor, Akbar the Great

1565 - from May through September, the Knights of St John, led by Jean de La Valette, defended Malta against the Turks.

1565 - in September, the Turks learned Spanish troops were advancing, and they abandoned their- siege of Malta.

1566 - Sultan Suleiman I of Turkey died, and was succeeded by Selim II (1566 - 1574).

1566 - despite the truce of 1562, the Ottoman Turks resumed the Turko-Hungarian war.

1567 - when his armies seized Chittoor and Ranthambor; - Akbar the Great subjected most of present day Rajasthan.

1568 - Peace was established between Selim II of Turkey and Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II

1569 - Don Juan of Austria quelled a Morisco rebellion in Granada, Spain

1570 - the Turks sacked Nicosia, Cyprus, and declared war on Venice

1571 - Pope Pius V (1566 - 1572) formed an alliance with Spain and Venice against the Turks

1571 - the Turks seized Famagusta, Cyprus, and massacred its inhabitants; Don Juan defeated the Turkish fleet off Lepanto

1573 - the Peace of Constantinople ended the war between the Turks and Venice

1574 - Sultan Selim II of Turkey died, and was succeeded by Murad III (1574 - 1595); Spain lost Tunis to the Turks

1575 - the Moghul emperor Akbar conquered Bengal

1578 - Mohammed Khudabanda (1578 - 1586) proclaimed Shah of Persia

1581 - the Moghul emperor Akbar conquered Afghanistan

1586 - Abbas I (1586 - 1628) proclaimed Shah of Persia

1590 - Peace treaty between Shah Abbas I of Persia and Turkey; Shah Abbas I conceded Tabriz and Georgia to Turkey

1590 - the Moghul emperor Akbar conquered Orissa

1592 - the Moghul emperor Akbar seized Sind

1594 - the Moghul emperor Akbar seized Kandahar; the Turks conquered Raab at the Austro-Hungarian border

1595 - Sigmund Bathory defeated the Turks at Giurgevo

1595 - Sultan Murad III of Turkey died, and was succeeded by Mohammed III (1595 - 1603)

1596 - the Turks defeated the Imperial army at Kereztes, northern Hungary

1597 - Sigmund Bathory ceded Transylvania to Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II (1576 - 1612)

1601 - the Moghul emperor Akbar annexed Khandesi.

1602 - war (1602 - 1627) broke out between Persia and Turkey

1603 - Sultan Mohammed III of Turkey died, and was succeeded by Ahmad I (1603 - 1617)

1604 - Shah Abbas of Persia took Tabriz from the Turks

1605 - the Moghul emperor of India, Akbar, died, and was succeeded by his son, Jahangir (1605 - 1627)

1606 - a peace treaty between the Turks and Austrians was signed at Zsitva-Torok

1613 - the Turks invaded Hungary

1616 - the Tartars of Manchu (1616 - 1620) invaded China

1617 - Mustafa I (1617 - 1618) succeeded Sultan Ahmed I of Turkey

1618 - Othman II (1618 - 1622) proclaimed Sultan of Turkey

1620 - the Turks defeated a Polish army at Jassy

1622 - Mustafa I (1622 - 1623), second reign as Sultan of Turkey

1623 - Murad IV (1623 - 1640) proclaimed Sultan of Turkey

1623 - Shah Abbas I of Persia conquered Baghdad

1627 - Shah Jahan (1627 - 1666) succeeded his father, Jahangir, and became the Great Moghul emperor of India (1627 - 1658)

1636 - the Manchus proclaimed the Ch’ing Dynasty at Mukden

1638 - Murad IV recovered Baghdad from Persia.

1640 - Sultan Murad IV of Turkey died, and was succeeded by Ibrahim (1640 - 1649).

1644 - Ming dynasty in China ended; Manchu dynasty (1644 - 1912) in power

1645 - the Turk-Venetian war (1645 - 1669) over Crete began

1649 - Sultan Ibrahim, deposed and murdered; was succeeded by his son, Mohammed IV (1649 - 1687)

1656 - Albanian Mohammed Kiuprili became grand vizier to Sultan Mohammed IV of Turkey

1658 - Aurangzeb (1658 - 1707) imprisoned his father, Shah Jahan, and succeeded him as Moghul emperor in India

1660 - the Prince of Transylvania died in battle against the Turks; Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, dispatched an army against the Turks

1661 - Mohammed Kiuprili, Grand Vizier of Turkey died, and was succeeded by his son, Ahmed Kiuprili (1661 - 1676)

1662 Manchu emperor, Shun Chih (1644 - 1662), died, and was succeeded by his eight-year-old son, K’ang-hsi (1662 - 1722)

1663 - the Turks declared war on the Holy Roman Empire, invaded Transylvania and Hungary, and overran the Nova Zamky fortress, in Slovakia

1664 after the Austrians defeated the Turks at St Gotthard on the Raab River; the Truce of Vasvar was signed

1667 - Shah Abbas of Persia died, and was succeeded by his son, Suleiman (1667 - 1694)

1667 - Aurangzeb banned the Hindu religion in India

1671 - the Turks declared war on Poland

1673 - the Polish army, led by John Sobieski, defeated the Turks at Khorzim; John Sobieski (1674 - 1696) was elected king of Poland

1674 - Sivaji Bhonsia (1627 - 1680) declared his independence from Moghul emperor Aurangzeb; - and founded the Mahratta state

1676 - Ahmed Kiuprili died, and was succeeded as Grand Vizier of Turkey by Kara Mustafa, his brother-in-law

1682 - the Turks proclaimed Emerick Tokolyi - King of Hungary

1683 - Poland and Austria formed an alliance against the Turks

1683 - in July, the Turks began their siege of Vienna.

1683 - in September, King John Sobieski of Poland and Charles, Duke of Lorraine, expelled the Turks from Vienna.

1683 - the Manchus conquered Formosa, and it remained in Chinese possession until 1895

1684 - the Holy Roman Emperor, Poland, and Venice established the Holy League of Linz against the Turks

1686 - Duke Charles of Lorraine recaptured Buda from the Turks, who had held it for 145 years

1686 - Russia declared war on Turkey

1687 - Turkish forces, led by Suleiman Pasha, were defeated in the Battle of Mohacs; the Venetian bombardment badly damaged the Parthenon and the Propylaea at the Acropolis, and Athens

1687 - Sultan Mohammed IV of Turkey, deposed; was succeeded by Suleiman III (1687 - 1691)

1690 - the Turks conquered Belgrade

1691 - the Turks were defeated a Szcelankem; and Mustafa Kiuprili was killed.

1691 - Sultan Suleiman III of Turkey died, and was succeeded by Ahmad II (1691 - 1695).

1692 - imperial troops captured Grosswardein from the Turks

1694 - Hussain (1694 - 1721) succeeded Shah Suleiman of Persia.

1695 - the Russo-Turk War began; after failing to take Azov, Peter the Great returned to Moscow

1695 - Mustafa II (1695 - 1703) succeeded Ahmad II, as Sultan of Turkey

1696 Peter the Great took Azov from the Turks; Russia conquered Kamchatka.

1697 Peter the Great (Peter Michailoff) began his one and a half-year journey to Prussia, Holland, England, and Vienna - to study European ways of life.

1697 - Prince Eugene defeated the Turks at Zenta

1699 - the Peace of Karlowitz was signed by Austria, Russia, Poland, and Venice - with Turkey.

1700 - Charles XII of Sweden defeated Peter the Great at Nerva. Soon after, he invaded Courland and Poland; - and seized Warsaw, Cracow.

1703 - Ahmad III (1703 - 1730) succeeded Mustafa II, as Sultan of Turkey

1707 - Aurangzeb, Moghul emperor of Hindustan, India, died, and was succeeded by Bahadur Shah (1707 - 1719).

1708 - to better govern his nation, Peter the Great divided Russia into eight districts.

1709 - in the Battle of Poltava, Peter the Great defeated Charles XII of Sweden.

1711 - war broke out between Russia and Turkey

1712 - War of Succession - between Shah Bahadur’s four sons in India - began.

1713 - Peace of Adrianople was concluded between Turkey and Russia

1713 - Charles XII of Sweden was imprisoned by the Turks at Bender, Moldavia. He was released in 1714

1714 - Tripoli won her independence from the Turks

1716 - Prince Eugene defeated the Turks at Peterwardein; and conquered Temesvar, the last Turkish possession in Hungary

1717 - Prince Eugene defeated the Turks at Belgrade; the Mongols occupied Lhasa

1718 - the Peace of Passarowitz ended the war between the Holy Roman Empire and Turkey

1719 - Mohammed Shah (1719 - 1748), the Great Moghul, succeeded his grandfather, Bahadur Shah.

1722 - Mir Mahmud conquered Afghanistan, and proclaimed himself Shah (1722 - 1725)

1725 - Ashraf (1725 - 1730) succeeded Mir Mahmud as Shah in Afghanistan and Persia

1726 - the Holy Roman Empire and Russia formed an alliance against Turkey

1729 - Portugal lost Mombasa to the Arabs

1730 - Sultan Ahmad III of Turkey, deposed, was succeeded by Mahmud I (1730 - 1754)

1730 - Ashraf, Shah of Persia, was murdered

1734 - war broke out between Turkey and Persia

1735 - the Turko-Persian War ended

1736 - Nadir (1736 - 1747) was chosen Shah of Persia

1736 - war broke out between Russia and Turkey

1738 - the Turks seized Orsova; and drove the Imperial troops back to Belgrade

1739 - as the Turks approached Belgrade, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI, signed a peace treaty with the Turks

1739 - Nadir Shah of Persia sacked Delhi

1743 - the Turko-Persian War was resumed

1747 - Nadir Shah of Persia, murdered, was succeeded by his grandson Shah Rukh.

1747 - Ahmed Shah (1747 - 1773) became King of Afghanistan

1754 - Othman III (1754 - 1757) succeeded Mahmud I, as Sultan of Turkey

1757 - Mustafa III (1757 - 1774) succeeded Othman III, as Sultan of Turkey

1758 - the Chinese occupied eastern Turkestan

1768 - Ali Bey (1768 - 1773), leader of the Mamelukes, was chosen Sultan of Egypt

1774 - Abdul Hamid I (1774 - 1789) succeeded Mustafa III as Sultan of Turkey

1787 - Turkey declared war on Russia.

1788 - Austria declared war on Turkey

1789 - the Austrians seized Belgrade

1789 - Selim III (1789 - 1807) succeeded his uncle, Abd al- Hamid, as Sultan of Turkey

1792 - the Peace of Jassy ended the war between Russia and Turkey

1794 - Agha Mohammed (1794 - 1797) founded the Kajar Dynasty in Persia

1796 - Agha Mohammed of Persia seized Khurasan in Khuzistan; and made Teheran his capital

1796 - Kia-King (1796 - 1820) succeeded Kau-Tsung, the Great Manchu emperor of China

1797 - Faith Ali (1797 - 1832) was proclaimed Shah of Persia

1799 - Britain joined the Russo-Turk alliance

1805 - Establishment of modern Egypt: Mehemet Ali (1805 - 1849) was chosen Pasha of Egypt.

1807 - Sultan Selim III of Turkey, deposed, was succeeded by Mustafa IV (1807 - 1808).

1808 - Sultan Mustafa IV of Turkey was succeeded by Mohammed II (1808 - 1839).

1817 - the government of Turkey granted a partial independence to the Serbs

1821 - a reign of terror began between the Greeks and the Turks

1822 - the Greeks adopted a liberal republican constitution and proclaimed their independence; a Turkish fleet captured the island of Chios and massacred the inhabitants; the Greeks set fire to the Turkish admiral’s vessel; and the Turks invaded Greece

1824 - the Turks seized the Greek island of Ipsara; but were defeated at Mitylene

1826 - the Russians issued their ultimatum to Turkey over Serbia; Russia declared war against Persia

1826 - Dost Mohammed (1826 - 1863) was proclaimed Emir of Kabul

1827 - Russia, France, and Britain urged the Turks to make peace with Greece; but they refused and entered Athens, instead.

1827 - the Treaty of London - the allies agreed to force the Sultan to make peace with Greece; in the Battle of Navarino, the Turk and Egyptian fleets were destroyed; Sultan Mohammed II questioned the allies’ right to mediate the war

1827 - Russia defeated Persia, and seized Armenia

1828 - Russia declared war on Turkey; and Egypt’s pasha, Mehemet Ali, agreed to Britain’s demand to quit Greece

1829 - the Peace of Adrianople ended the Russo-Turk war; Turkey acknowledged the independence of Greece

1831 - the Egyptians conquered Syria. Since 1561, Syria had been part of the Ottoman empire

1832 - Mehemet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt, defeated the Turks in Syria

1833 - Egypt and Syria were ceded to Mehemet Ali, who founded the Egyptian dynasty that ruled Egypt until 1952

1839 - Sultan Mohammed II of Turkey was succeeded by Abdul Majid (1839 - 1861).

1841 - Turkey’s sovereignty was guaranteed by the five Great Powers.

1848 - Nasir-Din (1848 - 1896) was proclaimed Shah of Persia

1853 - the Turks rejected the 1826 Russian ultimatum; Czar Nicholas I ordered the occupation of the Danubian principalities

1853 - Turkey declared war on Russia. In the Crimean War (1853 - 1856) that followed - the Russians destroyed the Turkish fleet off Sinope

1854 - Britain, France, and Turkey (the ‘allies’) declared war on Russia; seized Sebastopol, and defeated the Russians at Balaklava and Inkermore, and Austria occupied the Danubian principalities.

1861 - Sultan Abdul Majid of Turkey was succeeded by Abdul Aziz (1861 - 1876).

1876 - Sultan Abdul Aziz of Turkey was succeeded by Murad V (1876).

1876 - Sultan Murad V of Turkey was succeeded by Abdul Hamid II (1876 - 1909).

1896 - Shah Nasir-Din of Persia was assassinated.

1909 - Sultan Abdul Hamid II of Turkey was succeeded by Mohammed V Rashad (1909 - 1918).

1918 - Sultan Mohammed V Rashad of Turkey was succeeded by Mohammed VI Wahid-al-Din (1918 - 1922).

1922 - Sultan Mohammed VI Wahid-al-Din of Turkey was succeeded by Abd al-Majid II (1922-1924) as Caliph only.

Overseas expansion in the Americas

1492 - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain financed the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World.

1492 - on August 3, in his flagship Santa Maria, Columbus sailed from Palos Spain.

1492 - on October 12, Columbus discovered Watling Island in the Bahamas; - and, on October 18, he discovered Cuba.

1492 - on December 6, he discovered Haiti; - and on December 25, the Santa Maria was wrecked off Haiti.

1493 - after returning to Palos, Columbus left Spain on his second voyage (September 25, 1493 – June 11, 1496); - during which he discovered Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica.

1496 - Columbus returned to Palos from his second voyage to the New World.

1497 - the Cabot’s (John and Sebastian, father and son) reached the east coast of North America.

1497 - on November 22, Vasco da Gama, after leaving Lisbon on a voyage to India, rounded the Cape of Good Hope.

1498 - on his third voyage, Columbus discovered the Orinoco River. Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to India; - and arrived on Malabar coast.

1499 - on their first voyage to South America, Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda discovered the mouth of the Amazon River.

1500 - Portuguese navigator, Bartolomeo Diaz, drowned near the Cape of Good Hope. And Vincente Pinzon landed on the Brazilian coast at Cape Santo Agostinho. Columbus, arrested and placed in chains, was taken to Spain and rehabilitated.

1501 - the Anglo-Portuguese Syndicate began its first voyage to North America; - and Rodrigo de Bastides explored the Panama coast.

1502 - Columbus sailed on his fourth and last voyage (1502 - 1504) to Honduras and Panama.

1502 - on his second voyage, Vespucci concluded that South America was an independent continent, not tied to India.

1503 - in Madrid, a colonial office ‘Casa Contrataccion’ was established to deal with American affairs.

1510 - the American east coast was discovered up to Charleston, South Carolina.

1513 - September 26, Balboa crossed the Panama Isthmus and discovered the Pacific Ocean.

1513 - Juan Ponce de Leon discovered Florida.

1514 - Pineapples from the Americas arrived in Europe.

1517 - for the first time, coffee arrived in Europe.

1517 - Archduke Charles granted Florida merchants a monopoly on the Negro slave trade.

1518 - Juan de Grijalva explored the Yucatan coast and discovered Mexico.

1519 - Hernando Cortez entered Tenochtitlan, Mexico, where he was received by the Aztec ruler, Montezuma.

1519 - Domenico de Pineda explored the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Vera Cruz.

1520 - Magellan sailed through the Straits of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean; - and then sailed to the Philippines.

1520 - Chocolate from Mexico arrived in Spain.

1521 - Francisco de Gordillo explored the American Atlantic coast up to South Carolina; - and Magellan was killed by natives in the Philippines.

1521 - Hernando Cortes assumed control of Mexico, after he destroyed the Aztec state.

1522 - Spanish forces conquered Guatemala.

1523 - the town of Jamaica was founded by the Spanish.

1524 - Giovanni da Verrazano discovered New York Bay and the Hudson River.

1524 - for the first time, Turkeys from South America were eaten at the English court.

1526 - Portuguese vessels arrived in New Guinea.

1529 - in Mexico, a Franciscan mission was begun by Bernardino de Sahagun.

1530 - the Portuguese began to colonize Brazil.

1531 - Nicholas Villegagnon discovered the site of Rio de Janeiro.

1532 - sugar cane was first cultivated in Brazil.

1532 - Francisco Pizarro led an expedition from Panama to Peru.

1533 - in Peru, Pizarro executed the Inca.

1534 - on his first voyage to North America, Jacques Cartier sighted the coast of Labrador.

1535 - on his second voyage, Jacques Cartier reached the St Lawrence River, Quebec, and Montreal.

1536 - Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires; - and sent expeditions in search of a route to Peru.

1539 - Spain annexed Cuba.

1541 - Coronado launched an expedition from New Mexico across Texas, Oklahoma, and eastern Kansas.

1542 - after exploring Florida in 1539, and discovering the Mississippi River in 1541, Hernando de Soto explored the southeastern United States.

1544 - the silver mines of Potosi, Peru - were discovered.

1548 - in England, the cultivation of the New Guinea pepper plant began.

1548 - mining of silver, from the Zaatecar Mines in Mexico, was begun by the Spanish.

1548 - in the Battle of Peru, Pedro de la Gasco defeated and executed Gonzalo Pizarro (Francisco Pizarro’s son).

1549 - Thome de Souza founded Sao Salvador. Jesuit missionaries arrived in South America.

1555 - for the first time, tobacco from America was brought to Spain.

1560 - the tobacco plant was imported to western Europe by Jean Nicot.

1562 - the French tried to colonize Florida.

1562 - on his first journey to the New World, John Hawkins began the slave trade between Guinea and the West Indies.

1564 - the Spanish occupied the Philippines and built Manila.

1566 - Sir John Hawkins introduced sweet potatoes and tobacco into England.

1567 - Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovered the Solomon Islands in the Pacific Ocean.

1567 - Rio de Janeiro was founded.

1567 - in South America, two million Indians died of typhoid fever.

1572 - Francis Drake attacked Spanish harbors in America.

1573 - Francis Drake saw the Pacific Ocean for the first time.

1573 - at Augsburg, the first German cane-sugar refinery was established.

1573 - construction began on the Mexico City Cathedral (finished in 1813).

1574 - the Portuguese colonized Angola and founded Sao Paulo.

1577 - via Cape Horn, Francis Drake began his ‘around the world’ voyage.

1579 - Francis Drake proclaimed the sovereignty of England over New Albion, California.

1582 - the first English colony in Newfoundland was founded.

1584 - England’s Sir Walter Raleigh discovered and annexed Virginia.

1592 - Juan de Fuca discovered British Columbia.

1595 - Sir Walter Raleigh explored three hundred miles up the Orinoco River.

1596 - tomatoes from the Americas were first introduced in England.

1597 - in England, an Act of Parliament, sentenced convicted criminals, and transported them to the colonies.

1606 - the Virginia Company of London, granted royal charter, sent one hundred twenty colonists to Virginia.

1607 - Jamestown, Virginia (the first English settlement on the American mainland) was founded.

1608 - Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement in Quebec.

1609 - Henry Hudson explored the Delaware Bay and the Hudson River.

1610 - Thomas West became Governor of Virginia.

1612 - Manhattan was first used as a fur trading center by the Dutch.

1612 - tobacco was planted in Virginia.

1612 - Virginia’s earliest colonization of Bermuda began.

1613 - English colonists in Virginia destroyed the French settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia; - and prevented French colonization of Maryland.

1614 - Virginian colonists prevented French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia.

1614 - Adriane Block explored Long Island Sound, and Cornelius Jacobsen Mey explored the Lower Delaware.

1614 - the North American Pocahontas, an Indian princess, married John Rolfe; - and some of their descendants were renowned.

1616 - Sir Walter Raleigh was released from the Tower of London, to lead expedition to Guiana in search of El Dorado.

1617 - on his expedition to Guiana, Sir Walter Raleigh reached the mouth of the Orinoco River.

1618 - Sir Walter Raleigh returned to England and was executed.

1619 - in America, in Jamestown, Virginia, under Governor Sir George Yeardley, the first representative colonial assembly was held.

1619 - in North America, the first Negro slaves arrived in Virginia.

1620 - in the Mayflower, the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from Plymouth, England; - and landed at New Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they established Plymouth Colony. Miles Standish was their most experienced leader.

1620 - John Carver (b. 1576, d. 1621) became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

1621 - the new governor, Sir Francis Wyatt arrived in Virginia, with new regulations for Plymouth Colony.

1621 - the English attempted to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Later, the Dutch West India Company acquired the North American coast from Chesapeake Bay to Newfoundland.

1621 - for the first time, Potatoes from the Americas were planted in Germany.

Overseas expansion in the Americas (Cont’d)

1622 - England granted some lands in Maine - to the naval commander, Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason.

1622 - William Bradford 1622 - 1652) became governor of Plymouth Colony.

1623 - the New Netherlands was formally organized as a province.

1623 - David Thomas established the first settlement in New Hampshire, at Little Harbor, near Rye.

1624 - the Virginia Company, dissolved; - Virginia became a Crown Colony, with Sir Francis Wyatt again as governor.

1624 - the Dutch settled in New Amsterdam.

1625 - in London, after a colonial office was established; - England acquired a tobacco monopoly and imposed a tobacco tax.

1625 - under Sir William Courteen, the first English settlement in Barbados began.

1626 - a French company, under Roger Conant, settled Salem, Massachusetts; - the first French settlement began on the Senegal River.

1626 - Peter Minuit bought the entire island of Manhattan from the Indians for merchandise valued at twenty-four dollars. (Minuit was the North American Dutch West Indes Company’s director-general.)

1626 - the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam was founded on the Hudson River.

1627 - Richelieu incorporated the ‘Company of New France, Canada’; - and the Swedish ‘South Sea Company’ was founded.

1629 - Edwin Sandys succeeded Wyatt as Governor of Virginia.

1630 - the Colony of Massachusetts was founded.

1630 - the ‘buccaneers’ (pirates of all nationalities) settled in Tortuga, off the northwest coast of Hispaniola.

1630 - in April, the Puritan John Winthrop and one thousand settlers (from England) made landfall in Massachusetts; - and the Plymouth Company, led by Winthrop, founded Boston. In September, Winthrop became the first governor of Massachusetts.

1631 - the English reached St Kitts, and began their settlement of the Leeward Islands.

1631 - the Dutch West India Company established a settlement on the Delaware River.

1632 - the first coffee shop opened in London.

1632 - under Lord Baltimore, the Maryland colony (named for Queen Henrietta Maria) received its charter from King Charles I of England.

1633 - in Massachusetts, Edward Winslow (1633 - 1655) became governor of Plymouth Colony; - and John Cotton began a religious movement in Boston.

1633 - the Dutch established a settlement in Connecticut.

1634 - Jean Nicolet landed on Green Bay and explored Wisconsin.

1635 - Colonization of Connecticut: English settlers led by John Winthrop the Younger established a colony in Fort Saybrook; - and religious refugees from Dorchester, Massachusetts established Windsor.

1635 - the Council of New England dissolved, - the Dutch occupied Formosa, the English Virgin Islands, and French Martinique.

1635 - in Boston, Massachusetts, English High and Latin School (the oldest secondary school in North America) was founded.

1635 - in France, the sale of tobacco was limited to doctor’s prescriptions.

1636 - in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard College, with Nathaniel Eaton as its first president, was founded. It was named after John Harvard (who endowed it by legacy).

1637 - by royal proclamation, English emigration to America was restricted.

1637 - while English traders were established in Canton; - French traders settled in St Louis, Missouri, at the mouth of the Senegal River.

1638 - after being banished from Boston, Massachusetts; - Anne Hutchinson (leader of the New England Antinomians) established a community in Rhode Island.

1638 - in Connecticut, New Haven was founded; - and on the Delaware River, Swedish settlers founded New Sweden.

1639 - Ferdinando Gorges (founder of the Colony of Maine) received a charter.

1640 - the first printing press in North America was established in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cotton goods were manufactured in Manchester.

1641 - French settled in Michigan.

1642 - Sir William Berkeley became governor of Virginia.

1642 - Montreal, Canada was founded.

1642 - sixteen thousand more settlers arrived in Boston, Massachusetts.

1643 - New Haven, Connecticut; - Plymouth, Massachusetts, and the Massachusetts Bay Colony - joined together to form - the ‘Confederation of New England’.

1644 - Connecticut joined the Colony of Saybrook; Providence and Newport were joined together, and Portsmouth joined with Rhode Island.

1646 - the English occupied the Bahamas.

1649 - Puritan exiles from Virginia settled in Providence, Maryland.

1649 - King Charles I of England, beheaded, was succeeded by Charles II (1649 - 1685).

1650 - the first coffee house in England opened at Oxford; - and tea was first drunk in England.

1650 - the extermination of the North American Indian began.

1651 - English Navigation Act - gave English ships a monopoly of foreign trade. By this Act, the English gained a trading advantage over the Dutch.

1651 - Dutch settled near the Cape of Good Hope.

1652 - Maine was joined to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

1653 - Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector, and his commissioners deprived Governor William Stone of Maryland of his office.

1654 - Treaty of Westminster: The Dutch recognized the Navigation Act (1651), and the Anglo-Dutch War came to an end.

1654 – the Dutch were driven out of Brazil by the Portuguese.

1655 – England seized Jamaica.

1657 – chocolate became a beverage in England.

1659 - Radisson and Grosellier reached Minnesota, southwest of Lake Superior.

1662 - Connecticut was granted a liberal charter.

1663 - Colbert formed New France into a province with Quebec as capital.

1664 - after New Amsterdam surrendered under Peter Stuyvesant; - Britain annexed New Netherlands from Connecticut to Delaware, and renamed it New York. And Fort Orange surrendered to Britain and was renamed Albany. Connecticut and New Haven were united.

1665 - the colony of New Jersey was founded; - and English law and administration was introduced in New York.

1666 - Puritans from Connecticut settled in New Jersey; - and the first American Bible was printed.

1668 - Isaac Newton measured the moon’s orbit, and constructed a reflecting telescope.

1668 - the government of Maine passed to Massachusetts.

1669 - South Carolina was founded; - and John Locke’s constitution for Carolina was approved.

1670 - the English settlement of Charles Town was established in Charleston, South Carolina. And Austria established a monopoly on Tobacco.

1670 - to enhance trade in the Hudson Bay region; - the royal charter incorporated the Hudson Bay Company.

1671 - King Charles II of England and Scotland made Sir Henry Morgan - deputy governor of Jamaica.

1672 - the missionary, Jacques Marquette, explored the area surrounding Chicago, north of the Missouri River.

1673 - after Marquette and Joliet reached the mouth of the Mississippi River, they descended into Arkansas.

1674 - the Treaty of Westminster recognized the inhabitants of New York and New Sweden - as British subjects.

1676 - under Nathanial Bacon’s ‘Declaration of the People of Virginia’ - rebels joined together against domestic and foreign rulers.

1676 - issues regarding the boundary between Eastern and Western New Jersey were settled.

1677 - Massachusetts bought part of Maine from Sir Ferdinando Gorges’ heirs.

1678 - Robert de La Salle explored the Great Lakes.

1679 - the French Jesuit, Louis Hannepin, discovered Niagara Falls.

1679 - New Hampshire separated from Massachusetts - and became a special province.

1680 - the French Colonial Empire (which stretched from Quebec, Canada, to the mouth of the Mississippi River) - was organized.

1681 - a Royal Charter was established for Pennsylvania.

1682 - La Salle claimed Louisiana territory for France; - and took possession of the Mississippi Valley.

1682 - the ‘Great Charter of Pennsylvania’ was established.

1683 - Newton’s theory on tides and gravitation was published.

1683 - the first German emigrants arrived in North America.

1684 - in England, the Court of Chancery annulled the Massachusetts charter. And Bermuda became a Crown Colony.

1685 - the first French settlers arrived in Texas.

1685 - Charles II of England died, and was succeeded by his brother James II (1685 - 1688).

1686 - in an effort to remodel the British colonies in North America, King James II of England formed the ‘Federation of New England’.

1686 - the first French settlers arrived in Arkansas.

1688 - after escaping to France, King James II of England died at Versailles; - and was succeeded by William and Mary: King William III (1689 - 1702) and Queen Mary II (1689 - 1694).

1689 - in July, a massacre of French settlers at Lachine, near Montreal, Canada, by Iroquois Indians, occurred.

1689 - William and Mary recognized the old charters of the English colonies.

1689 - Baron de La Hontan, a French explorer, visited Great Salt Lake, Utah.

1691 - Massachusetts absorbed Plymouth Colony and gained a new charter.

1692 - in Virginia, the William and Mary College was founded.

1692 - Earthquakes occurred in Jamaica.

1693 - Carolina was divided into North and South Carolina. And Kingston, Jamaica was founded.

1697 - in South America, in the Yucatan, the Spanish destroyed the last remains of the Maya civilization.

1698 - paper manufacturing began in North America.

1699 - Peter Lemoyne began the first European settlement in Louisiana - at Fort Maurepas.

1700 - Governor Earl of Bellomont established a reading room that (in 1754) became the New York Society Library.

1701 - Yale Collegiate School was founded in Saybrook, Connecticut; - and Yale College was founded in New Haven, Connecticut.

1701 - in an effort to control Illinois trade; - Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac established a settlement in Detroit.

1702 - French settlement began in Alabama.

1702 - the Asiento Guinea Company was set up to manage the slave trade between Africa and America.

1702 - King William III of England died, and was succeeded by Queen Anne (1702 - 1714).

1703 - Delaware separated from Pennsylvania and became a Colony.

1704 - the inhabitants of Deerfield, Connecticut were massacred by French and Indians.

1704 - the Boston News Letter, issued weekly, was the first successful American newspaper.

1705 - the English Navy seized Barcelona.

1706 - Charleston, South Carolina was successfully defended against French and Spanish.

1706 - the English Inventor, Henry Mill, constructed carriage springs.

1707 - British landed in Acadia, East Canada.

1709 - fourteen thousand Palatinate inhabitants emigrated to North America. Over the next century, one hundred thousand Germans emigrated to North America, and five million more Germans emigrated to North America in the mid-1800’s.

1711 - the French seized Rio de Janeiro.

1711 - during the Tuscarora War in North Carolina, Indians massacred two hundred settlers.

1712 - Antoine Crozat was granted a fifteen-year-possession of Louisiana.

1712 - slave revolts occurred in New York.

1713 - Peace Treaty of Utrect: Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain.

1714 - Queen Anne of England died, and was succeeded by King George I (1714 - 1727).

1715 - in South Carolina, Indian tribes were on the warpath.

1717 - John Law’s ‘Mississippi Company’ held a monopoly over Louisiana trade.

1718 - the Collegiate School of America was transferred to New Haven, Connecticut; - where it was renamed ‘Yale University’.

1718 - the Mississippi Company founded New Orleans, Louisiana.

1720 - financial failure of the Mississippi Company led to French national bankruptcy.

1720 - Governor William Burnet of New York extended trade to the Indians.

1720 - the first collective settlement in Vermont, New England, began.

1720 - Spain occupied Texas (1720 - 1722).

1721 - regular postal service began between London and New England. And Swiss merchants introduced rifles into America.

1727 - in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - the American Philosophical Society was founded.

1727 - coffee was first planted in Brazil. And the Quakers demanded an abolition of slavery.

1728 - Benjamin and James Franklin published ‘The Pennsylvania Gazette’ (1728 - 1765).

1729 - Baltimore, Maryland was founded; - and North and South Carolina became Crown Colonies.

1730 - in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - the Freemasons Lodge was established.

1731 - Benjamin Franklin founded a subscription library.

1731 - English factory workers were forbidden to emigrate to America.

1731 - in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - the State House Philadelphia, designed by Andrew Hamilton, was built. Later, it was renamed ‘Independence Hall’.

1732 - Benjamin Franklin’s ‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’ - was issued.

1733 - after obtaining a charter, in 1732, to establish a colony in Georgia; - James Oglethorpe founded Savannah, Georgia.

1734 - eight thousand Salzburg Protestants settled in Georgia.

1734 - the first horse race in America took place in Charleston Neck, South Carolina.

1735 - in Georgia, the sale of spirits (1735 - 1742) was prohibited.

1737 - John Wesley’s ‘Psalms and Hymns’ was published in Charleston, South Carolina.

1737 - William Byrd founded Richmond, Virginia.

Spain: The New 16th-Century European Power