The Middle Ages

By Mikael Eskelner

When we talk about the Middle Ages, we talk about a historical period that extends from the 5th century to the 15th century. Ten centuries of history that begins with the fall of the Roman Empire of the West, in the year 476 A.D. and that is terminated at the end of the fifteenth century, in 1492, with the discovery of the American continent. The Middle Ages was a period of European history that left deep traces on the continent. Marked by important historical events, the beginning and end of this period was marked by major cultural, political, religious, social and economic changes, becoming one of the most fascinating periods in history.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Cambridge Stanford Books
• Release date: Nov 10, 2019
• ISBN: 9780463818558

Mikael Eskelner

Mikael Eskelner is the pen name of a history and science author that aims to organize and collect technical, historical and scientific information.The student or the scientist, will be able to satisfy his needs of consultation and of study, by means of a work supported by abundant number of sources and bibliographical references.

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Historical summary of the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages was one of the three major periods in the analysis of the more permanent system of European history: classical civilization or ancient times; medieval, ancient or ancient. Medieval; and modern. Medieval first appeared in Latin in 1469, is a media rhythm or medieval. During early use, there were many variants, including a stroke or middle age, which was first recorded in 1604, as well as medium-sized kimchi or medieval, which was first recorded in 1625. Medieval (or sometimes called medieval adjective) or medieval refers to the Middle Ages, from the atrium.

Medieval writers divide the story into periods such as six eras or four fields and regard their time as the last before the end of the world. When they refer to their own era, they are called modern. In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch called the pre-Christian era an antique (or ancient), and the Christian period was a new star (or new). Leonardo Bruni is the first historian (1442) to use the tripartite system in the history of the Florentine people. In the medium term, 11 and 12 between the fall of the Roman Empire and the revival of urban life. The end of the century." After the 17th century German historian Christoph Cellarius divided the story into three periods, the three-party staging became commonplace: ancient, medieval and modern.

The most common starting point in the Middle Ages was around 500. Bruni’s earliest date was 476. Future start dates are sometimes used outside of Europe. For the whole of Europe, it is generally considered that 1500 is the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no recognized deadline. Depending on the circumstances, events such as Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Christopher Columbus's First Way to America in 1492, or Protestant Reform in 1517 are often used. British historians often used the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 to commemorate the end of this period. The most commonly used date in Spain II. King Ferdinand died in 1516, Queen Isabella I died in 1504 or Granada in 1492.

Historians in Romanian countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two periods: the earlier high period and the later low period. An English-speaking historian, followed by a German colleague, usually divides the Middle Ages into three sections: early, advanced and late. Nineteen. Throughout the centuries, the entire Middle Ages was often referred to as the dark age, but by adopting this division, at least among historians, the term was used only in the early Middle Ages.

Later Roman Empire

The largest space expansion of the Roman Empire was in the Second Empire. In the century. The next two centuries witnessed the slow control of Romans in remote areas. Economic problems, including inflation, and external pressures on the border led to the emergence of a crisis of the third century, with the new emperor replacing the emperor who ascended the throne. Throughout the third century, military costs grew steadily, mainly because the war with the Sasania Empire was revived in the middle of the third century. The size of the army has doubled, and the cavalry and smaller units replaced the Roman legion as the main tactical force. The demand for income leads to an increase in taxes, a decrease in the number of intellectuals or landlords, and a willingness to bear the administrative burden of home. The central government needs more officials to meet the needs of the military, leading civilians to complain that the tax collectors in the empire are more than taxpayers.

Emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305) divided the empire into the eastern half and the western half in 286. The empire is not divided by residents or rulers, because in one division, legal and administrative announcements are considered valid in another. After the civil war, in 330 years, Emperor Constantine (about 306 to 337) rebuilt the Byzantine city and changed its name to the eastern capital of Constantinople. Diocletian’s reforms strengthened the government’s bureaucracy, reformed taxes, and strengthened the military. Although it took up the empire’s time, it did not solve the problems it faced: excessive taxation, declining birth rates, cross-border pressures, etc.. The civil war between rival emperors was widely known in the middle of the 4th century, depriving soldiers of the Imperial border and allowing invaders to invade. For most of the 4th century, Roman society was stabilized in a new form different from the early classical period. The gap between the rich and the poor continued to widen and the viability of small towns declined. Another change is the transformation of Christianity or empire into Christianity, a gradual process that took place in the 2nd and 5th centuries.

In 376, the Emperor Valence (364-378 R.) approved the Goths fleeing the Huns to settle in the Thracian province of the Balkans. The progress of the settlement was not smooth. After the Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Goths began to attack and plunder. Valence tried to disperse the Goths and was killed in the Battle of Adrianopur on August 9, 378. In addition to the threats of the Northern Tribal Union, internal divisions within the empire, especially within Christian churches, are also problematic. The Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire in 400 years and destroyed the city of Rome in 410410, although they quickly returned from Italy. In 406, Arans, Vandals and the Soviets crossed Galia; in the next three years, they spread to Gallo and crossed the Pyrenees in 409 to reach Spain. The migration began in various ethnic groups, initially mainly Germanic, and later moved to Europe. The Franks, the Aleman and the Burgundians ended up in North Gaul, while Angus, the Saxons and Jute settled in the United Kingdom, and the saboteurs crossed the Strait of Gibraltar after conquering Africa. In the 430s, the Huns invaded the empire. Their king Attila (Attila, 434-453) led the invasion in 442 and 447 in the Balkans, 451 in Gallo and 452 in Italy. The threat of the Huns continued until Attila died in 453, when the Xiongnu alliance led by him was dissolved. The invasion of the tribe completely changed the political and demographic characteristics of the Western Roman Empire.

By the end of the 5th century, the western part of the empire was divided into smaller political units controlled by the occupying tribes at the beginning of this century. The last emperor of the West, Romulus Augustulus, was deposited in 476, traditionally marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. By 493, Italian pagans conquered the Italian peninsula. The Eastern Roman Empire, often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of Western rivals, has little power to control the lost Western territories. The Byzantine emperor retained his sovereignty over the region, but despite the fact that no new king in the West dared to upgrade to the Western emperor, Byzantine controlled many Western empire without success. In the Justinian era (527-565), the return of the Mediterranean fringe and the Italian peninsula (Gothic War) was the only and temporary exception.

Early Middle Ages

New society

At the end of the unified Roman Empire, the political structure of Western Europe changed. Although the people's movement during this period was often referred to as the invasion, it was not only a military expedition, but also the immigration of the entire people to the empire. The Western Roman elite refused to support the military or pay taxes that allowed the military to suppress immigration, thus supporting such movements. The 5th century emperors were usually controlled by military forces such as Stilijo (408), Etius (454), Aspar (471), Risimo (472) or Gondobad (516) has some or all non-Roman backgrounds. When the ranks of the Western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them had the same background. The marriage between the new king and the Roman elite is common. This led to the integration of Roman culture with the habits of invading tribes, including assemblies, which made the free male tribe members speak more on political issues than the Roman countries. The materials left by the Romans and the aggressors are often similar, while the tribes are often based on Romans. Many of the science and literary cultures of the New Kingdom are based on the knowledge traditions of Rome. An important difference is that the new policy gradually reduces the tax policy. Many new political departments no longer support their military through taxation, but rely on them to provide land or rent. This means that the demand for high taxes has decreased, so the tax system has deteriorated. War is common between kingdoms and within kingdoms. Slavery has decreased as supply has decreased and society has become more rural.

Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new countries and individuals filled the political gap left by the Central Government of Rome. The East Gothic tribe was a Gothic tribe. At the end of the 5th century (AD 526), ​​a Roman settlement settled in Rome under the Grand Teutric (AD 526) and established at least in recent times. The kingdom of cooperation between the Italians and the East Goths in the year. During the reign of Theodore. The Burgundians settled in Gaul. After the Huns destroyed an earlier empire in 436, they set up a new kingdom in the 440s. Today between Geneva and Lyon, it became the Burgundian