A History of Pharmaceutical Education at Howard University 1868–1981

By Howard University College of Pharmacy

The significance of history to individuals was demonstrated by the worldwide popularity of Alex Haley’s book Roots. People around the world have shown an increased interest in genealogy and have attained a sense of dignity and pride in their being. They have acquired a sense of direction in their life’s pursuits.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Mar 29, 2019
• ISBN: 9781514476574

Howard University College of Pharmacy

Roy Clifford Darlington was born on February 22, 1908, in Indianapolis, Indiana. He graduated from Washington High School, Massilon, Ohio, in 1927, as an honor student. Following his graduation from high school and during the Great Depression, he worked at various jobs and played semi-pro baseball. On January 3, 1938, two months before his thirtieth birthday, he enrolled in the Ohio State University College of Pharmacy. In June 1941, he received the Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (B.S. Pharm.) degree, cum laude, and in August 1943, he received the Master of Science (M.S.) degree with a major in pharmaceutical chemistry--both degrees at Ohio State University. It was also at Ohio State University that he received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in pharmacy in August 1947, becoming the first black in the United States to earn this degree. The author joined the faculty of the Howard University College of Pharmacy in September 1943. Following receipt of his doctorate degree, he was promoted to the rank of associate professor and later to the rank of professor in 1949. He was the first chairman of the Department of Pharmacy and held the position from 1959 to 1973. He served as an assistant dean from 1971 to 1973; as acting dean of the College from July 1, 1972 to January 1, 1973; and as associate dean of the College from July 1, 1973, to December 31, 1975. He contributed to the scientific and professional literature by publication of his research findings. Primary among his interests was health professions education. More than 30 articles and several chapters in textbooks written by him concerned medical, dental and pharmaceutical education. Two of the books are Prescription Pharmacy, and the Handbook of Non-Prescription Drugs (through five editions). He was elected to Phi Eta Sigma, a national honorary fraternity; Rho Chi, the national honorary pharmacy society; Beta Kappa Chi, a national honorary chemical society; and Sigma Xi, a national honorary scientific society.

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A HISTORY OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AT HOWARD UNIVERSITY

1868-1981

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HOWARD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

ROY C. DARLINGTON, Ph.D.

PROFESSOR EMERITUS

EDITED BY TERRI SMITH MOORE, PhD, MBA, RPh, CPH

Copyright © 2016 by Howard University College of Pharmacy.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

While much care has been taken in preparing this book, the author, editor, publisher and university assume no liabilities of any kind with respect to the accuracy, completeness or any other aspect of the contents of this book.

Rev. date: 03/28/2019

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CONTENTS

Introduction

Preface

Foreword

Chapter I The Founding of Howard University

Chapter II The Status of Pharmaceutical Education in 1868

Chapter III The Initiation of Pharmaceutical

Education at Howard University

Chapter IV Pharmaceutical Education—

The Early Years (1868 to 1900)

Chapter V A Summary of Pharmacy Programs at Howard Unversity

Chapter VI The Two-Year Program (1868-1906)

Chapter VII The Three-Year Program (1904 to 1935)

Chapter VIII The Four-Year Bachelor of Science in

Pharmacy Degree Program (1922 to 1964)

Chapter IX The Five-Year Program (1960 to 1973)

Chapter X The Four-Year Accelerated B.S.

in Pharmacy Degree Program

Chapter XI Student Visits to Pharmaceutical Companies

Chapter XII The Pharmacy Alumni

Acknowledgements

This Manuscript is

dedicated to three of the

loveliest ladies in my life.

My granddaughters—Charleen, Roystene and Tina.

INTRODUCTION

R oy Clifford Darlington was born on February 22, 1908, in Indianapolis, Indiana. His mother, Cora, was the oldest of six children (four girls and two boys) born to John and Dora Garvin. His earliest remembrances were the weekly visits of his mother, a live-in domestic worker, to the foster homes in which he had been placed. After his mother died at the age of twenty-eight in 1918, he lived with his grandfather and step grandmother, along with two aunts, an uncle and three cousins. His grandfather was the only employed member of the household. There was always a shortage of food and living with hunger became a way of life for his family.

In 1919, he was adopted by Marshall and Priscilla Boyd of Massillon, Ohio, who were former neighbors of his grandfather in Indianapolis. The Boyds had moved to Massillon to enable Mr. Boyd to obtain work with the Republic Steel Corporation. From age eleven to age nineteen, he lived with the Boyds. Neither of them could read nor write at the time he went to live with them. He later taught Mrs. Boyd to read and to sign her name.

During the entire period of his residence with the Boyds, he lived in houses without plumbing, water or electricity. Among his daily chores were carrying water (as far as two blocks), cutting wood and gathering coal from freight trains that passed his house. He also washed the dishes, made the fires, removed the ashes, cleaned the lamp chimneys, filled the lamps with kerosene, shopped for groceries and household items, and cleaned the house.

In addition, he became a wage-earner while still a teenager. During his first two years in high school he worked forty hours a week at night at the Fidelity Rubber Company. He was allowed to keep $1.00 of the $9.00 he earned weekly. He held full-time jobs during the summers, but was not allowed to buy suitable clothing to wear to school. At the conclusion of his third year in high school, he dropped out to work full-time to earn money to buy clothes for himself so that he could discontinue wearing second-hand and patched clothing. He graduated from Washington High School in June 1927, as an honor student.

During the period following his graduation from high school and during the Great Depression that started in 1929, he worked at various jobs and played semi-pro baseball. Following the election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he worked on the WPA for $15.00 per week. From 1934 to December 1937, he worked at the Republic Steel Corporation.

On January 3, 1938, two months before his thirtieth birthday, he enrolled in the Ohio State University College of Pharmacy. During his undergraduate studies, he supported himself by working as a busboy, waiter, dishwasher, bellhop, bartender and in other assorted jobs. In June 1941, he received the Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (B.S. Pharm.) degree, cum laude, and in August 1943, he received the Master of Science (M.S.) degree with a major in pharmaceutical chemistry—both degrees at Ohio State University. It was also at Ohio State University that he received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in pharmacy in August 1947, becoming the first black in the United States to earn this degree.

As a Fellow of the American Pharmaceutical Association, he received $400.00 to assist him during his studies for the master’s degree. As a Fellow of the American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education, he received $1,500.00 in financial aid during his doctoral studies. During his graduate studies, he worked as a part-time pharmacist.

Dr. Darlington joined the faculty of the Howard University College of Pharmacy in September 1943, as an instructor at an annual salary of $1,800.00. Following receipt of his doctorate degree, he was promoted to the rank of associate professor and later to the rank of professor in 1949.

He wrote the syllabi for all courses in the Department of Pharmacy and taught these courses to freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior pharmacy students during the 1940’s and 1950’s.

He was the first chairman of the Department of Pharmacy and held the position from 1959 to 1973. He served as an assistant dean from 1971 to 1973; as acting dean of the College from July 1, 1972 to January 1, 1973; and as associate dean of the College from July 1, 1973, to December 31, 1975.

Beginning in 1942, he contributed to the scientific and professional literature by publication of his research findings. Primary among his interests was health professions education. More than 30 articles and several chapters in textbooks written by him concerned medical, dental and pharmaceutical education. Two of the books are Prescription Pharmacy, published by J.B. Lippincott Company, and the Handbook of Non-Prescription Drugs (through five editions), and published by the American Pharmaceutical Association.

The author was the recipient of many honors and awards. In 1947 during the centennial celebration of the establishment of the Massillon, Ohio, Public Schools, he was selected as one of the twenty-five outstanding students, living and dead, who had attended the Massillon public schools. Among the other honorees were Lillian and Dorothy Gish, movie stars, and Paul Brown, an outstanding college and professional football coach. He was elected to Phi Eta Sigma, a national honorary fraternity; Rho Chi, the national honorary pharmacy society; Beta Kappa Chi, a national honorary chemical society; and Sigma Xi, a national honorary scientific society.

In 1961, he was honored by the Student Council and alumni of the Howard University College of Pharmacy. In 1970, he was presented the Distinguished Alumnus Award by the Ohio State University College of Pharmacy. In 1974, he received the Black Educator of the Decade Award from the Student Council of the Howard University College of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences. He was selected an Outstanding Educator of America for the 1974-1975 academic year. In 1976, upon his retirement, he received an Outstanding Service Award from the College of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences at Howard University. He also received the Sherwood L. Catlett Award from the North Jersey Pharmaceutical Association in 1976. In 1978, the National Pharmaceutical Foundation presented the author with its first award for Distinguished Service to Minority Development in Pharmacy.

The author resided in Washington, DC, with his wife, Wilmoth. He was the father of two sons, Charles and Roy, Jr., and he has three granddaughters, Charleen, Roystene and Tina.

PREFACE

P rior to the publication of this manuscript, very little had been written and published concerning pharmaceutical education at Howard University. Information concerning the early years of the Howard University College of Pharmacy may be found in the book, Howard University Medical Department, which was edited by Daniel S. Lamb, M.D., and was published in 1900.

Two histories of Howard University have been published. They were written by professors in the History Department of Howard University. The first book, Howard University: The Capstone of Negro Education, was written by Walter Dyson and was published in 1941. It covered the period from 1867 to 1940. The second book covered the period from 1867 to 1967 and was written by Rayford W. Logan and was entitled Howard University—The First Hundred Years, 1867-1967. The book comprised a part of the University’s centennial celebration and was published in 1969.

The two books combined contained about one paragraph concerning the College of Pharmacy. The name of James T. Wormley was mentioned because he was the first graduate of Howard University. He also was the first pharmacy graduate of the University.

Other information concerning the College and pharmaceutical education may be found in the Medical Department and School of Medicine catalogues, Howard University bulletins and College of Pharmacy deans’ annual reports to the presidents of Howard University.

The significance of history to individuals was demonstrated by the worldwide popularity of Alex Haley’s book, Roots. People around the world have shown an increased interest in genealogy and have attained a sense of dignity and pride in their being. They have acquired a sense of direction in their life pursuits.

James Baldwin, the noted author, in commenting on Roots, said:

Alex Haley’s taking us back through time to the village of his ancestors is an act of faith and courage, but this book is also an act of love, and it is this which makes it haunting … It suggests with great power how each of us … can’t but be the vehicle of history which produced us.

It has also been said that the writing of history is an act of daring. It is because of this void in the history of American pharmaceutical education that this writer dared to undertake this project. Further, as educated professionals, pharmacists have a need for knowledge of their educational and professional roots. It is important for current Howard University pharmacy faculty and students and those who follow them to be able to note the accomplishments and contributions of their predecessors. This is the primary purpose of this book. It has the additional purpose of contributing significantly to the history of American pharmacy and pharmaceutical education.

Several offices and their personnel were most cooperative and greatly