Essential Mechanisms in Neurological Pediatric Rehabilitation

By Ass. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Azzam

This book is useful for physical and occupational therapists, especially pediatric physical therapists and pediatric occupational therapists.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Partridge Publishing Singapore
• Release date: Mar 8, 2019
• ISBN: 9781543750119

Ass. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Azzam

Dr.Ahmed Mohamed Azzam is an Egyptian assistant professor in pediatric rehabilitation from Mansoura city in the heart of the Niles Delta. Currently, he becomes ass. Professor in Department of physiotherapy for developmental disturbance and pediatric surgery, Faculty of physical therapy, Cairo university, Egypt. Dr. Azzam has been awarded his PH.D degree in pediatric rehabilitation in Faculty of physical therapy; Cairo University, Egypt .He is holding a master degree in pediatric rehabilitation from Faculty of physical therapy, Cairo University, Egypt. After 10 years of hard work, he finally issued his series of rehabilitation (essential mechanisms of neurological pediatric rehabilitation, essential mechanisms of orthopedic pediatric rehabilitation and Azzam scale in practical guide to occupational therapy). Dr. Azzam aimed at making pediatric rehabilitation interesting and of direct application to physiotherapy and occupational therapy .In our books text is linked with graphs, tables and diagrams to enable physiotherapy, occupational therapy students and readers to grasp real mechanisms that is essential for safe pediatric rehabilitation practice. Dr.Azzam sincerely hope that your reading of pediatric rehabilitation and occupational therapy books not only profitable to you but also stimulate your permenant interest in the fascinating subject of physiotherapy.

Book preview

Copyright © 2019 Ass. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Azzam. All rights reserved.

ISBN

978-1-5437-5010-2 (sc)

978-1-5437-5011-9 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019935855

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

www.partridgepublishing.com/singapore

03/06/2019

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Preface

This book is a compact and accessible guide to the wide range practice of occupational therapy. I feel too much gratitude to our professor Dr. Emam El negmy for his deep, continuous guidance, support, advices and consultation from time to time. Also too much gratitude to all our professors in department of physiotherapy for growth and development disturbance and pediatric surgery for their support and advices. underlying mechanisms necessary to be awarded in pediatric rehabilitation are discussed as they are presented to the clinician giving background information and guidance. The main aim of this book is introducing understanding mechanisms used to be a base of evaluating the level of gross and fine motor skills, balance,tone disturbance, co ordination, gait deviation, muscle flexability, facilitatory techniques and inhibitory techniques should be included in the treatment program… This book is divided into 7 main chapters. The first is about basic underlying mechanisms present in pediatric rehabilitation. Furthermore it gives more light on pyramidal and extra-pyramidal role in fine and gross motor skill control, also more light on the characteristics of upper and lower motor neuron lesion. In chapter 2 the reader learn the underlying mechanisms necessary in understanding of Lower Motor Neuron Diseases(-brachial plexus injury (Erbs palsy- klumpks paralysis- whole arm type-Fascial palsy). Chapter 3 demonstrated the underlying mechanisms of different types,evaluative and treatment techniques in cerebral palsy. Chapter 4 learn the reader about underlying mechanisms of common syndromes referred to rehabilitation clinic pediatric. In chapter 5the reader learn underlying mechanism of precautions should be followed when we evaluate and treat pediatric physical problems in addition to learning underlying mechanisms necessary to understanding Medical genetics behavior. In chapter 6demonstrate underlying mechanisms of personality and cognitive development that may be affected with gross and fine motor skills .This book is useful for physical and occupational therapist specially pediatric physical therapists and pediatric occupational therapists.

Ahmed Azzam

Contents

Chapter 1

Introduction

Underlying mechanism of upper and lower motor neuron lesion

Underlying mechanism of spasticity

Underlying mechanism of atrophy

Underlying mechanism of recovery in upper motor neuron lesion (Neural plasticity)

Underlying mechanism of recovery in lower motor neuron lesion

Underlying mechanism of quick stretch

Underlying mechanism of prolonged stretch

Underlying mechanism of ant-fontanels clinical significance

Underlying mechanism of physiotherapy training

Underlying mechanism of pyramidal and extra-pyramidal tracts

Chapter 2

Lower Motor Neuron Diseases

Brachial plexus injury (Erb’s palsy- klumpks paralysis- whole arm type):

Underlying mechanism of brachial plexus injury

Underlying mechanism of Erb’s point stimulation

Underlying mechanism of proximal and distal lesion in Erb’s palsy

Underlying mechanism of Erb’s engram

Underlying mechanism of catching engram

Under lying mechanism of neuro-muscular electrical stimulation in Erb’s palsy children

Under lying mechanism of scapular mobilization in improvement of shoulder flexion

Under lying mechanism of developmental considerations during mobilization

Underlying mechanism of weight bearing ex . In Erb’s palsy

Underlying mechanism of serratus anterior stimulation in proximal lesion of Erb’s palsy

Underlying mechanism of different types of brachial plexus injuries

Underlying mechanism of facilitatory techniques used in LMN diseases

Facial palsy

Underlying mechanisms of phenomenas in facial palsy

Underlying mechanism of paralysis distribution in upper and lower motor neuron facial palsy

Underlying mechanism of crossed hemiplegia in Bells palsy

Underlying mechanism of facial expression in upper and lower motor neuron facial palsy

Underlying mechanism of facial muscles and skeletal muscles

Underlying mechanism of causes of facial palsy

Underlying mechanism of UMNF and LMNF characteristics

Underlying mechanism of pain in bell’s palsy

Underlying mechanism of adhesions in Bell’s palsy

Underlying mechanism of mouth deviation in Bell’s palsy

Underlying mechanism of treatment methods in Bell’s palsy

Chapter 3

Cerebral palsy

Underlying mechanism of stages of growth and development

Underlying mechanism of reflexes

Underlying mechanism of clinical importance of reflexes

Underlying mechanism of newborn appearance

Underlying mechanism of the common causes of cerebral palsy

Underlying mechanism of types and forms of C.P

Underlying mechanism of characteristics of different types of C.P

Underlying mechanism of physical problems of hemiplegia and spastic diaplegia

Underlying mechanism of physical and neurological examination

Postural reactions components in evaluation

Gross motor development

Graduations level of material used in Azzam reacquisition hand skill grading scale

Gait deviations in pediatric

Underlying mechanism of cerebral palsy treatment

Methods of inhibition and control of Spasticity

Facilitation of delayed mile stone

Postural reactions components training

Inhibition of involuntary and in co-ordinated movement

Underlying mechanism and effects of neuro- developmental technique

Chapter 4

Syndromes in pediatric rehabilitation

Factors affecting on growth and development

Down syndrome

Underlying mechanisms of different types of down syndromes

Evaluation of Down syndrome

Physical problems of Down syndrome

Physiotherapy for Down syndrome

Rett syndrome

Underlying mechanism of characteristics and physical problems in Rett syndrome

Physical and occupational problems in Rett syndrome

Physical therapy for Rett syndrome

William’s syndrome

Underlying mechanism of characteristics and

physical problems in William syndrome

Pathology of William syndrome

Physical and occupational therapy problems

Treatment of William’s syndrome

Guillain-Barrè Syndrome

Underlying mechanism of characteristics and physical problems in Guillain-Barrè Syndrome

Pathology

Clinical subtypes of Guillian Barree syndrome

Physical problems in Guillain-Barrè syndrome

Treatment of Guillian Barree syndrome

Arnold chiarri syndrome

Underlying mechanism of characteristics and different types of Arnold chiarri Syndrome

Types of Chiari Malformations

Causes of Chiarri Malformations

Treatment

Horner syndrome

Underlying mechanism of characteristics in Horner Syndrome

Causes of Horner syndrome include the following

Signs and symptoms

Poliomyelitis and post-polio –syndrome

Underlying mechanism of characteristics and physical problems in poliomyelitis

Pathology

Evaluation

Treatment

Underlying mechanism of post-polio syndrome

Physical problems of post-polio syndrome

Treatment of post-polio syndrome

Chapter 5

Human genetics

Principles of medical genetics

Comparision between mitosis and meiosis division

Genetic disease in Humans

Muscular Dystrophies

Underlying mechanism of characteristics and physical problems in muscular dystrophy

Pathology of muscular dystrophy

Clinical manifestation

Evaluation

Treatment

Autism

Underlying mechanism of characteristics and behavior in autism

Causes of Autism

Treatment of Autism

Precautions in pediatric rehabilitation

Chapter 6

(Developmental psychology)

Under lying mechanism of language, speech and writing skills acquisition

Personality development

Critical period (babyhood) 0-2

Early childhood

Late childhood

Adolescent

Cognitive Development

Chapter 7

References (for further reading)

Chapter 1

Introduction

1-Underlying mechanism of upper and lower motor neuron lesion:

Characteristics of upper and lower motor neuron lesion: Table (1)

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2-Underlying mechanism of spasticity:

The pyramidal system consists of pyramidal tracts which is facilitatory to muscle tone and extra-pyramidal tracts which has facilitatory and inhibitory tracts making a balance between facilitation and inhibition to muscle tone producing smooth movment. In stroke there is cerebral artery disorder either occlusion or hemorrhage causing interruption of blood supply to the pyramidal system leading to loss of the inhibitory impulses of extra pyramidal tracts and facilitatory impulses of both pyramidal and extra pyramidal tracts except two facilitatory vestibule-spinal and reticulo-spinal tracts which synapses with gamma and alpha motor neurons of stretch reflex leading to hypertonia and clumsy movement due to loss of reciprocal inhibition mechanism.

3-Underlying mechanism of atrophy:

Reflex arch is interrupted lead to loss of pumping action of muscle lead to protein catabolism inside muscle (sarcomere) decrease the muscle contour.

4-Underlying mechanism of hypotonia:

Reflex arch is damaged