Investigator’s Manual: A Field Guidebook

By James T. Born

The world of law and investigations are truly a wonderous marriage. The author felt that over fifty years ago, as he walked up the steps of the Los Angeles Police Academy, when he first entered into a career in law enforcement. Jim, as he prefers to be called, enjoyed this new world and endeavored to learn everything he could about it. During his career, Jim attended 88 investigative training programs and completed 38 law enforcement related correspondence courses. In his spare time, he managed to obtain his Associates in Arts Degree in Police Science and his Bachelors of Science Degree in Criminal Justice Administration. Today, he is a District Court Certified Forensic and Fingerprint Expert; and has held a California State Private Investigators License for over 40 years. Jim has taught Crime Scene Technology to law enforcement officers throughout the United States. In his giveback to those who want to enter into the field of law enforcement, or private investigation, he wrote his Manual. Come with him into this new world, and give back to your community through knowledge and practice of what you learn within the covers of this book.
Mark 5:09 “Blessed are the peace-makers: for they shall be called the children of God.” KJV

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Oct 22, 2018
• ISBN: 9781546260837

James T. Born

As the author of this text book, I bring with it over fifty years of proud and faithful law enforcement and private investigative experience. I hold an Associate in Arts Degree in Police Science and a Bachelor of Science Degree in CriminalJustice Administration. I have completed 85 related law enforcement schools and have completed 28 correspondence courses. I have over ten years in law enforcement, having held the highest rank of Sheriff's Captain (Chief Deputy Coroner and Chief of Detective Bureau), and have been licensed as a Private Investigator for over forty years. My records of service are unblemished and I have more times than none, graduated at the top of my classes. I have served eleven years in the U.S.Navy (Active duty and reserve combined), recipient of twenty­ three service medals to include the Meritorious Service Medal and the Bronze Star Medal for valor. I served twelve years in the U.S. Army reserve, retiring as at pay grade E-8 (Master Sergeant). I later was appointed by the Governor of the State of Nevada ,to the Nevada National Guard Reserves as a Captain. I was then later promoted by the National Guard, to the rank of Major. During this period, I was the Assistant Chief Provost Marshal and Military Police Training Officer for the State of Nevada. My military career has traveled from serving with Navy Special Warfare in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam to serving as an advisor to President Ronald Reagans Rapid Deployment Force (RDF-A) to becoming the Senior Military Police Instructor at the Camp Parks Military Police School in California. I have authored five books, a complete 350hour Security Training Program and a complete 600 hour Police Academy. In my spare time, I was for eleven years, a lie Detection Examiner and for several years I taught Crime Scene Technology for SEARCHIE Fingerprint laboratories. As an TRAC investigator I reinvestigated numerous homicides for defense attorney's as well as the Public Defenders Office.

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2018 James T. Born. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 10/18/2018

ISBN: 978-1-5462-6084-4 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-5462-6085-1 (hc)

ISBN: 978-1-5462-6083-7 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018911277

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DISCLAIMER

The information presented, and that you may derive from this book, is based upon the Author’s personal opinions, his views, his ways of doing things and his personal understanding of the law. Collectively, they are based solely upon his 50 years of training and experiences.

This book is provided for information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or opinions of any kind, or of any advertising or solicitation. No Attorney-Client or Investigator-Client, privilege, advisory, fiduciary or other relationship is created or otherwise implied, between the Author, his Publisher and the person(s) utilizing this book.

Your use of these procedures and samples, is done so at your own personal risk. You should not try anything that you read or see in this book, without first seeking the advice of a licensed Attorney-at-Law. The Author is not an Attorney and therefore cannot give you legal advice.

Neither the Author, Publisher or his/there employees, agents, suppliers, interns and contractors will be held liable for any damages, losses, causes of action or of any nature, for any matter, act, or thing that occurs or may derive from any matter, act or thing, from the use or misuse of the information or procedures in this book.

AUTHOR

Investigator’s

Manual

1.psd

By

JAMES T. BORN

PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR

ABOUT THIS BOOK

This Investigator’s Manual, is a field guide to the world of investigations, and is a tool to help you uncover the very mystery that surrounds man’s desire to learn the facts, when they are otherwise difficult to ascertain. Through time, the profession of Detectives and Private Investigators, has evolved from riding from town to town, likened to the old wild West, looking to find a cattle rustler, to a new age of enlightenment, where science has taken over the job of the old western horse, with a tall man riding upon it, wearing a brown trench coat, and carrying a Pinkerton badge right next to his six-shooter. Maybe things were simpler back then, but times have changed and we need to evolve with them. Our world has turned into a nightmare of civil litigation, every act or movement must follow the path of laws that hold our society together like glue. Step off that path, and you can find yourself in litigation, where your freedom and financial wellbeing come into jeopardy. This is where a good Private Investigator comes in, and this is the reason for this book. It is an advanced tool, for him or her, to help that person who has become victimized. The need to find out who, what, why, when, where and how, is of paramount importance in the courtrooms of America. If that isn’t accomplished, or is wrongly performed, innocence or guilt becomes misplaced, and needless suffering ensues because of it.

Let this book be your classroom, and let it bring about a better understanding of how to do things the right way. In it, you will find the Author’s fifty years of successful methods of catching the bad guy, while deploying the most modern forensic and practical approaches used today. As shameful as it is, what many of us understand about this profession, is learned from watching television. You will find in this book a no non-since, legal approach, to solving crimes and conducting investigations, of most every nature, and it will certainly cause you to look at television detective stories in a different light. This book is the real thing.

AUTHOR

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

The author, Jim, as he prefers to be called, has for the past 50 plus years, been continuously active in the field of Law Enforcement and Private Investigations. Jim is a California Licensed Private Investigator, with over 40 years of continuous licensing in that state alone.

As an 8th Judicial District Court, Certified Forensic Expert, and Fingerprint Expert, when collectively combined, with Jim’s former position as a Sheriff’s Captain, Chief of Detective Bureau and Training Bureau, he brings to this Hand Book a wealth of his knowledge, training and experience. He has authored several books, technical manuals and training courses, to include a complete 600 Hour, multi-state accredited, advanced, Police Academy Curriculum, entitled Law Enforcement Officer Training Program.

In 1965, Jim was assigned to a Top-Secret Naval Unit (BSU-1). Today that unit has changed names and is a major component of Naval Special Warfare Group. In 1967, following eighteen months of intense Special Warfare Training, he was selected to deploy to Vietnam. Jim became the Navy’s first SEAL Tactical Assault Boat (STAB) Captain. While in Vietnam, Jim also served as Assistant Boat Captain, on a Heavy SEAL Support Craft (HSSC), which he helped to build, in between his warfare training in the States. Jim’s unit inserted and extracted Navy SEAL Team patrols, deep into the hidden reaches, of the rivers, streams, swamps and back water ways of the infamous Mekong Delta. Jim served with Mobile Support Team Two, Detachment Alpha (Project Zulu). His unit’s mission was to counter ambush enemy forces that were actively ambushing Navy River Patrol Boats along the Mekong River and its tributaries. The unit did perform other covert operations. Jim performed 39 combat missions while there, and received a total of 29 medals, during his military career (active and reserve service).

Those medals included the Bronze Star Medal for Valor, 3 Republic of South Vietnam Gallantry Crosses, 3 Presidential Citations, various meritorious unit awards, and the Meritorious Service Medal.

On one occasion, during Jim’s service in Vietnam, his unit responded to a South Vietnamese Army French Fort, that looked like the French Foreign Legion Fort in the 1939 movie Beau Geste, starring Gary Cooper. The Fort was located off of a small canal, which we Map referenced as Check Point Juliette. The Fort was under heavy attack by some 250 North Vietnamese Regulars and Viet Cong Guerillas, who had by then, penetrated the Constantine wire surrounding the Fort.

It was later learned that over 100 innocent civilians from a nearby small village, had barricaded themselves within the mud walls of the Fort. Jim’s unit consisted of fourteen men, now facing impossible survival odds. The midnight sky was filled with tracers and parachute flares, the sound of impacting bullets and explosions close by, brought Jim into reality that the program was about to be over for him. While firing his 50 Caliber Machinegun, Jim made-a-decision, that he didn’t know then, but does now, that changed his life forever, and in time, became a reasoning for him to write this book. Jim became spiritually led to devote his life to his Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. Jim knows now, some 51 years later, that his decision, made at that midnight hour, of his life, allowed him to come home alive.

When Jim arrived back in the United States, he left active service and entered into the military reserve forces, where he remained until he completed 23 years of service (11 in the Navy and 12 in the Army). His life had changed, and he promised himself to devote the remainder of his life to serving the oppressed. Jim would later go on to transfer into, and then retire from, the Army (USAR) as a Master Sergeant (E-8), with the 6th U.S. Army, as a Senior Military Police Instructor, at Camp Parks Military Police School, and as a Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare Instructor. Jim was also trained and certified as a U.S. Army Criminal Investigator (CID).

Jim was selected to serve on President Ronald Reagan’s Rapid Deployment Force (RDF-A) during the Cold War, doing so for two years as an advisor to the Department of the Army on Military Police deployment during potential activation that would occur in times of war. He was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal for his work.

For twelve years, in between all of these various activities, Jim was a Lie Detection Examiner, he performed well over 1000 lie detection examinations; employing Psychological Stress Evaluation (PSE), more commonly known as Voice Stress Analysis. Jim, has attended seven colleges and universities and has an Associates in Arts Degree in Police Science from Los Angeles Pierce College, where he also has a teaching credential for Police Science, and he has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Criminal Justice Administration from Pacific Western University. Jim graduated from 88 Trade/Vocational/Technical and Military Schools, compiling 3,903 hours of related Law Enforcement Training. In addition, he completed 38 law enforcement related correspondence courses, totaling another 1,006 hours of training.

While a Licensed Nevada Private Investigator, it was Jim’s investigative report into the potential new owners of the Las Vegas Hotel/Casino New York, New York, made to the Nevada State Gaming Commission, that became the final requirement that paved the way for the Casino to be built. Jim has appeared on the Jenny Jones Show, Sex Lies and Private Eyes. He has appeared on six episodes of the CBS Network Television series Case Closed. On one occasion, CBS sent Jim and one of his investigators to Montana, with a film crew, to investigate a presiding County Judge, accused of killing his wife. Jim has also appeared as a guest speaker on various live radio talk shows. In 2018, he was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who, Lifetime Achievement Award. As the Author of this Manual, it is important for the reader to know, that; collectively, experience and training received from reliable sources, some of which are mentioned above, went hand-in-hand, into the very foundation of this Manual.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Disclaimer

ABOUT THIS BOOK

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR

Chapter 1 IN THE BEGINNING

A Brief History of Private Investigation

Chapter 2 HUMAN INTERACTION

What exactly is Human Interaction?

Understanding Yourself

Understanding our Needs

Maslow’s Theory of Motivation and Human Needs

Relationships with Others

Characteristics of a Positive Person

Human Relations

Communicating Factors

Chapter 3 "HOW TO CONDUCT AND

RECORD A TAPED INTERVIEW"

Use the Best Equipment

Place of the Interview

Preliminary Matters

Be Prepared

Use a little Common Sense

Confessions

Chapter 4 INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES VICTIM-WITNESS-SUSPECT

Interviewing Victims

Victim Questioning Technique

Dying Declarations

Interviewing Witnesses

Statements

Interviewing Suspects

Emotions

Perception

Suspect Interrogation Techniques

Use of Force

Types of Interviewee’s (Sources)

Necessary Qualities

Approach Techniques

Chapter 5 INTERVIEW ETHICS AND STANDARDS

Attitude

Chapter 6 REPORT WRITING

Legal Considerations of Report Writing

TYPES OF REPORTS

Telephone or Verbal Conversation Record Form

New Client Information Form

Voluntary Statement Form

Case Activity Report Form

Daily Activity Report Form

Vehicle Safety Inventory Report Form

Continuation Sheet Report Form

Field Interview Report Form

Witness Information Report Form

Victim Information Report Form

Suspect Information Report Form

Crime Scene Sketch Form

Crime Scene Log Report Form

Witness Interview Worksheet Form

Report of Driver Involved in Accident Form

Evidence Chain of Custody Form

Chapter 7 RECOGNITION OF CON GAMES

Introduction

Con Games (Confidence Games)

Chapter 8 MARITAL INFIDELITY INVESTIGATIONS

Considerations

Signs of an Unfaithful Partner

Chapter 9 SCIENTIFIC AIDS TO INVESTIGATION

Informational Disclaimer

Equipment Source Information

MISCELLANEOUS SCIENTIFIC AIDS AVAILIBLE

Serial Number Restoration

Gunpowder Detection

Tire and Footprint Casting with plaster and silicone rubber

Chapter 10 FINGERPRINTS

About Fingerprints

FBI Basic Fingerprint Patterns

Fingerprint Comparison Chart

Minuti

How to Identify Basic Fingerprint Patterns

Comparison Characteristics

LATENT PRINT COLLECTION

PROCESSING THE CRIME SCENE FOR PRINTS

"LATENT PRINT DEVELOPING-CHOOSING

THE RIGHT PROCESS"

TYPES OF POWDERS

MAGNETIC POWDER PROCEDURE

TYPES OF FINGERPRINT POWDER APPLICATORS

HOW TO APPLY FINGERPRINT POWDERS

HOW TO LIFT LATENT FINGERPRINTS

Iodine Fuming

Ninhydrin Spray

Silver Nitrate

Chapter 11 DEVELOPING EVIDENCE

Evidence and the Law

The Bill of Rights

STORAGE OF EVIDENCE

TYPICAL EVIDENCE ROOM LAYOUT

Aspects of Evidence Management

Evidence Continuity

TYPES OF EVIDENCE

Brady v. Maryland Case

Preparing Evidence for Court

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EVIDENCE

Role of the Investigator

PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING EXEMPLARS

Legal Standard Phrases

Expert Testimony Rule 702

Evidence Collection Starts at the Crime Scene

Crime Scene Notes as Evidence

MARKING EVIDENCE

Recommended Evidence Collection Tools

METHODS OF MARKING EVIDENCE

DNA EVIDENCE

TYPES OF CRIME SCENE SEARCH PATTERNS

GRID SEARCH PATTERN

SPIRAL METHOD

ZONE SEARCH

EXAMPLE OF FINISHED CRIME SCENE SKETCH

EXAMPLE OF A PHOTO SKETCH

EXPLODED VIEW OR PROJECTION

SKETCH EVIDENCE

CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY EVIDENCE

Chapter 12 INTRODUCTION TO LAW

Introduction

Definitions

General Consent Laws

"Express Consent to Search for

ElectronicEavesdropping Devices Form"

Express Consent to Search for Evidence Form

"Express Consent to Search for

Fire Cause and Origin Form"

Consent to Collect Biological Evidence Form

Property Receipt Form

Understanding the Elements of Law

Police and Civil Liability

Laws Relating to Coroners

BEHELER AND GARRITY RULINGS

FEDERAL DRUG LAWS

TESTIFYING IN A COURT OF LAW

POLICE SEARCH WARRANTS

Civil Action for Deprivation of Rights

Miranda v. Arizona Decision

Chapter 13 ELECTRONIC COUNTER-SURVEILLANCE

De-Bugging

History of Eavesdroping

Hidden Video Cameras

Hidden Room-Voice Transmitters

Laser Surveillance-Listening Device

Infrared Audio Surveillance

Telephone Listening Devices

Covert Transmitters

18 U.S.C. SECTION 2232

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

RADIO FREQUENCIES

Frequencies Used By The Average Joe

18 U.S.C Section 2510 (2)

Freedom of Information

Privacy and Electronic Surveillance

Tactical Bug Frequencies

High Risk Bug Frequencies

Reported by Spy-Nexus TCSM Commercial Sweep Rates

TCSM De-Bugging Equipment

"How to Locate a GPS Tracker on a Vehicle?

How to check an i-Phone for Bugs

Are you being Video Recorded?

Title 18 U.S.C. Section 2512 1968

Chapter 14 METHODS OF SURVEILLANCE

Introduction

SURVEILLANCE GO-BAG CONTENTS

18 U.S. Code § 981 - Civil forfeiture

Foot and Mobile Surveillance

Chapter 15 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Introduction

Causes of Accidents

Arriving and Assessing the Accident Scene

Locating Witnesses

Photograph the Accident Scene

Mark the Evidence for Reconstruction

Conduct Visual and Mechanical Inspection of the Vehicles

Vehicle Examination Check List Inspection Reference

U.S. Department of Transportation

Examination of tire Marks at Hit-and-Run Collision

Manufacture Tire Tread Patterns

Identification of Skid Trace Evidence

Items you should have in your Traffic Collision Kit

What to include in the Sketch

Legal Traffic Road Terminology

Legal Definition of an Intersection

Road Flares

Types of Road Flare Patterns

Methods of Measurements

Determining Speed from Skid Marks

COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION

Speed Nomograph

Formula for Determining Drag Factor

Calculating Super-Elevation or Grade

Using a Clip Board to Measure Grade

Example of Nomograph Use

Taking Skid Trace Measurements

Locating the Skid Marks’

How to Calculate Super-Elevation

How to Measure Yaw Marks and Curved Skids

Locating Radius of a Sharp Curve

Using a Nomograph to Determine Critical Speed

Measuring Radius of a Long Sweeping Curve

Measuring Radius of a Sharp Curve

Determining Speed from Skids

Determining Speed from Curve

How to Conduct Test Skids

Report Narrative Guide

Investigators Guide

Chapter 16 FIRE CAUSE AND ORGIN

Introduction

Checklist of Observations Made at the Scene

Checklist for Arson Investigation

Examples of Charred Wood

Using Demarcation lines for Point of Origin

Examples of Burn V Patterns

Example of a Clean Burn Pattern

Color of Smoke Guide

Color of Flames Guide

Melting Points Guide

Chapter 17 MARINE ACCIDENT AND CASUALTY INVESTIGATIONS

Introduction

Brief Description of Some Necessary Nautical Definitions

Aids to Navigation

Rules of the Road

A Few Selected Causes of Boating Accidents

Reference Facts

Identification of Basic. Vessel Bottoms

Marine Accident Inves. Form Worksheet

THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE INVESTIGATOR

Their Value in Today’s Legal System

Private Investigators play an important role in our society, without them, we would live in a world where evidence brought before the courts, could only be presented at its face value (Prima Facia), or more simply, the appearance of what that evidence represents, whether or not it is truthful. Imagine living in a world like that? We did, once upon a time.

Unless evidence is legally addressed or attacked, to determine the truth behind it, which is the job of a Private Investigator, that evidence, could be accepted by the Court, as having been made under the good-faith doctrine. In my experiences and opinion, the Court is saying will take it anyway-it must be true because it wasn’t challenged. It’s then up to the Jury to decide its value.

Investigations made by Private Investigators are often the basis of legal decisions made in today in courts of law. Private Investigators often team up with licensed attorneys. In some states an attorney cannot conduct private investigations on their own, unless he or she also has a Private Investigators License. That means they cannot physically go out and gather evidence, to be brought before any Court or Tribunal. This does not restrict them from bringing forth evidence that has already been discovered, however it does restrict them from going to a crime scene and collecting evidence on their own, such as fingerprints, blood, fibers, hair, performing crime scene photography, crime scene sketching and the like. That is normally performed by the Private Investigator, having an attorney provided Court Order (sometimes called a Trac Case) to be allowed to do so.

Those valued Private Investigator licenses are not easy to obtain, and very few attorneys hold both licenses, each in themselves are necessary to do the things we talked about. In some states, every state is different, one needs to have at least ten years of experience as an Investigator, before being allowed to even start the licensing process. If you have a college degree or are an Attorney-at-Law, some of those years of qualifying experience are waived, but normally not all of them, and typically at least one year of working as an Investigator, with a Licensed Investigator is required. An attorney has the power of subpoena through the presiding Judge, to bring forth evidence to defend their client. Inclusionary of that process, all evidence must be legally obtained or it becomes Fruit of the Poisoned Tree and is deemed inadmissible as evidence before the Court. An Attorney and licensed Private Investigator relationship is the key to a successful conclusion for a client’s case.

Private Investigators perform other services within the legal system that help support their client’s case. Some clients employ Private Investigator’s to help them with civil actions in which they represent themselves as their own attorney (in proper persona). Usually this occurs because of the inhibited costs involved in hiring an attorney. I do not recommend anyone doing this, however, a large number of my cliental prefer to do this for one reason or another.

An example of this would be employing an experienced, Licensed Private Investigator to reconstruct a traffic collision. Unless there is a death, serious injury or an extensive amount of physical or monetary damages involved, an investigating Police Officer, on the scene, will normally limit his or her time because of duty time constraints, having to respond to other calls and simply because of their lack of knowledge in working that accident scene. To complicate things, few officers have ever even been to a formal traffic accident investigation school and most of them during their testimony are not cross examined to ascertain their training. Their testimony in Court, is a good example of evidence taken at face value. When the officer comes to court to testify, the Judge and the Jury see his position within the criminal justice system, he or she is wearing a uniform and has on a shiny badge, and right away they assume that his findings are fact.

A good Private Investigator will take the time to identify the types of skid trace evidence found at the scene. Was the vehicle speeding? By determining the coefficient of friction of the road surface, types of skids present, the length of skid traces, the road grade and other contributing factors, the vehicle’s speed can properly be determined. A good investigator can tell which vehicle left a particular skid trace, he can determine if a tire was low on air or simply flat. He can examine the vehicles to determine paint transfer, angles of collision, transfer damages and a host of other factors that we will discuss in Chapter 15.

Did you know that oxidation on a tail lamp bulb, is evidence that the tail light was on when the bulb was broken? We will talk about this later. Maybe you are being accused of not applying your brakes or for not having a working tail light, being the cause for the accident? A good investigator will even take the time check with nearby businesses to seek out someone who may have seen the accident occur.

The Investigator will run the license plates of cars that may have shown up on photographs taken at the time of the collision, an excellent source for finding a witness.

Another example for court involvement is when you employ a Private Investigator to follow your spouse in order to obtain proof in a divorce hearing that infidelity occurred. Perhaps you own a business and your employees are going out the back door with your merchandise. Video surveillance evidence is valuable. There is an endless number of reasons why you should employ a Private Investigator.

CHAPTER ONE

IN THE BEGINNING

A Brief History of Private Investigation

One cannot use the word Investigator without equating that profession with the term law enforcement, and one cannot equate the term law enforcement, without knowing that it came about when man first began providing protection, for himself and for others. That being said, we will now continue our journey through time, to understand how things came about.

Although one can speculate that at the prehistoric period of our history, cave-men and women started to commune for protection from wild animals and warring tribes. It would not be beyond speculation to believe that the largest or most aggressive, dominant or alpha male, of the tribe or commune was responsible for removing unwanted persons from the group or protecting others from wild beasts. These feats are the basic roots of today’s law enforcement officer. Any semblance of laws we’re given to the clans by verbal utterance or brute force.

Moving forward through time back to the period just before the great flood, we find writings that man migrated from the east to a plain in the land of Shinar; which was later called Babylonia and then Mesopotamia. The land was overrun with wild animals and people were afraid. About this time a man named Nimrod appeared, he was an extremely large and powerful man. Nimrod protected the others against the wild animals and was often called upon by groups of families to offer special protection against their enemies. Much the same duties that we see in today’s Police Officer. Nimrod also helped provide for the families by slaying the beasts for food and distributing it to the commune.

As time went on Nimrod’s success and popularity with the people made it impossible to protect everyone, so he organized the people into groups, forming the first cities. He then ordained that the cities each build a high wall around them for protection.

Within these walls the strongest were responsible for protecting others. Nimrod went on to form the cities into a single kingdom. Where he became their ruler. From this period on through the Roman era then the industrial age, the police functions fell upon the ever-developing armies.

In 1215 A.D., King John of England created the MAGNA CHARTA, to provide for Due Process of Law, for all Englishmen. This is the foundation or basis of our legal system today. It, in essence, allowed for a Police Department to act as a single unit. It provides that the punishment for any particular crime in one area must be the same punishment for a like crime in another area, thus Police personnel are somewhat restricted to enforce laws in like manner.

As populations increased, so did the crime rate, and soon it was out of control. Great Britain became the first country to organize citizens into a common or organized police force. The City of Westminster created what was called the Act of 1774. This Act was to co-ordinate police activities into a legislative Act, but it failed. Some of the cities in England continued under this principal and by 1828, greater London possessed nine official and distinct police organizations.

In 1829, Sir Charles Rowan, a distinguished army colonel, and Sir Robert Peel, promoted a scheme to pass what was known as the Metropolitan Police Act. This Act created the first and largest police department in the world. The officers were called Bobbies. As a footnote, some twenty years ago I had the privilege of training a small group of Law Enforcement Officers from around the United States in Crime Scene Technology. One of my students was a Bobbie. I was very impressed with his ability to quickly learn the subject matter. We sat for long periods of time, before and after class and discussed modern police work in his and our country. While their problems are somewhat different than ours, the policing aspects are mirrored.

Sir Charles Rowan went on to be the world’s first commissioner. He served from 1929-1840. During this period, he created 16 Divisions and Companies, all placed under control of the Crown. Sir Charles Rowan choose the color blue for the uniform instead of the original proposed red and gold, to prevent association with the already established Royal Regiments. It’s interesting to note that Canada is today using the red and gold uniform for their Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). Sir Charles Rowan called the officers New Constables. They were carefully selected and had to withstand ridged standards. They were required to perform long probationary periods. During this time the Constables were subjected to careful records of their performance.

They had demands placed upon them to control tempers, have good appearance and overall efficiency. In time the people accepted the Constables as a reliable friend and true protector.

During the colonial period in the United States, the colonies adopted the English parish constable system. Noblemen were frequently appointed as Constables.

During the period 1603-1783 A.D. – American Sheriff’s and Constables were for the most part landowners, which were appointed by the colonial governors. Their fees were generally ten percent of what-ever they collected. They also collected taxes.

In 1630 A.D., the City of Boston, MA, formed the first Night Watch, which consisted of one military officer and six soldiers. Later the City of Philadelphia formed their first night watch. Philadelphia and New Amsterdam armed their night watch with rattles and it became known as the Rattle Watch.

In 1830 A.D., Populations increased and because of a lack of laws and manpower, mob rule became common place. It became necessary for police departments to expand in order to battle mob rule.

In 1833 A.D., Philadelphia organized a small force of paid officers for a day police force and a sizable company for a night police force. This was the first United States municipal police department. About this time the City of Chicago formed its police force and had its first detective, Alan Pinkerton. He later became known as the Father of the Security Industry. In 1850, Alan Pinkerton became famous when he foiled an assassination plot on President-Elect Abraham Lincoln Alan Pinkerton left public service and started Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency, which is still in business across the United States today. This was the very first private investigator agency in the United States. Pinkerton had so many detectives that at one point the outnumbered the standing Army of the United States of America, causing the State of Ohio to outlaw the agency due to the possibility of its being hired out as a private army or militia. Pinkertons motto was We Never Sleep whose wording surrounded an eye logo on their badge, thus the term Private Eye. Pinkertons agents were hired to track down western outlaws like Jessie James, the Reno Brothers, and the Wild Bunch, including Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.

Also, in 1833 A.D., Eugene Francois Vidocq, a French soldier and criminal, founded the first known detective agency called Office of Intelligence. He ran afoul of the law by hiring other criminals and was finally arrested and shut down. The Court of Appeals dismissed his case and he went on to make significant contributions to the industry.

He is credited with keeping record keeping criminology, ballistics and for making the first plaster casting of a shoe impression. His agency grew as well and because his agency was so far above the knowledge of the police, he was often called upon to act as a pseudo law man, particularly when dealing with labor disputes. In the author’s opinion, the allowing of a private investigator firm Office of Intelligence to work criminal and other cases, normally reserved for the police, marked the transition event where the courts officially recognized the private investigator and his or her findings as being accepted within the courts and criminal justice system. We see this acceptance and free roving private detective milling around police agencies, freely accepted as an equal, in today’s old movies, like the detective roles played by Academy Award winning actor, Humphrey Bogart in such movies as Casablanca, The Maltese Falcon. While in his sleuth roles as Philip Marlow and Sam Spade. This was real and how it was during the 1920’s and 1940’s. Because these Private Detectives were once regular Police Detectives, and went on to retire, their acceptance grew because of their established friendships. One can easily see at this point that you cannot easily separate law enforcement from private investigations, they married a long time ago. Although things are a little different today, this is how they were then and yet, even today, we quietly see this communion between the police and the private investigator. It’s only been in recent years that the police were prohibited from releasing case information and stored records. Without a subpoena.

It was not until the 1920’s that a private investigator became a person accessible to the average American. During that era the social needs of Americans like infidelity, unionization and civil litigations impacted the industry. This in turn caused the profession to grow. With the need for experienced investigators, more and more retiring police detectives moved into the private investigation profession.

In 1838 A.D., serious riots forced the City of Boston to disband its paid informal watch of fifteen years and adopted a Special City Police Department.

In 1844 A.D., New York City created a consolidated agency with state authority and funds. The system became a model for all other agencies in the United