Vascular Access Catheter Materials and Evolution

By Joseph D. Giusto

This brief, yet interesting, history gives insight to the ancient materials and devices first applied to bodily drainage catheters and its leading to modern materials and modern vascular access systems. The latter are currently performing as feeding tubes, drug delivery and blood sampling, some directly into the heart, especially as used in the field of oncology.
Elastomeric materials, natural and synthetic and flexible plastics, polyurethanes, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, Teflon, and Nylon, all have been studied for vascular catheters.
This scientific article also describes the clinical investigations by early leaders in this field, whose courage goes far beyond belief, some actually using their own bodies for experimentation.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Jun 24, 2014
• ISBN: 9781499039795

Book preview

THE EVOLUTION OF THE VASCULAR CATHETER

If documentation were available from the very first time a catheter was used it would most likely indicate that the tube was a hollowed out reed or some such natural material. Also, it probably would describe its use as a tool in urology needs.

A catheter is defined as any of various tubular medical devices whose design is for insertion into body canals, vessels, passageways or cavities, to allow injection or withdrawal of fluids or other substances or to maintain the patency of a passageway.

Thus, it is the imagination, solely, that can limit what could be used as a catheter, and, of course, the consequences of choice and body part affected.

A few of the rigid catheter materials include glass or metal. The latter instruments consisted of bronze, unearthed in Pompei excavations and from that period to the early 1700’s, silver copper, brass, wax and even horn had been used. In the 1840’s, silver plated and steel catheters were used. The problem with these urinary catheters was rigidity. The challenge for more flexibility was offered by Solingen’s spiral catheter (1706) and in 1871 by Lewis Sayre of New Jersey with his vertebrate silver catheter. Independently, T.H. Squire of Elmira, New York, had a remarkably similar solution.¹

Better as they were, bendable metal was not the answer to patient comfort. In 1877, the J. Elwood Lee Company, Conshohoken, Pennsylvania produced the first of today’s woven textile catheter with a few layers of flexible varnish.²

The French were not standing still and had their own versions of flexible catheters. In fact, at the end of the nineteenth century, French urologist J. J. Cazenave used as a starting material, a cylinder of ivory. After a series of chemical processing it was indeed transformed into a softened draining