Modern Law of Criminal Procedure in Kenya

By Munyao Sila

The law on criminal procedure in Kenya has tremendously changed after the Constitution of Kenya of 2010. New institutions with an impact on the criminal process such as the National Police Service, the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, and the Supreme Court were created. Certain rights that were hitherto unavailable were entrenched in the constitution, including the right to bail irrespective of the offence and the right to legal representation. The superior courts have had a busy time in the interpretation of the current law, and groundbreaking jurisprudence has emerged. There is no doubt that the study of criminal procedure has significantly changed.

This book covers all important aspects of criminal procedure, taking into consideration the changes brought about by the Constitution of 2010. It fills a void created by the lack of updated texts on the law of criminal procedure. It utilizes simple, easy-to-understand language and makes reference to both local and international case law. This book will prove to be an invaluable companion to students of criminal procedure, legal practitioners, researchers, and the general public.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Partridge Publishing Africa
• Release date: Oct 25, 2014
• ISBN: 9781482803747

Munyao Sila

The author is a judge in Kenya. He holds an LLB degree from the University of Nairobi and an LLM degree from the University College London. Prior to his appointment as judge, he practiced law and taught Criminal Procedure and Land Law at Moi University School of Law.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

DEDICATION

Chapter 1 UNDERSTANDING CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

1.1 Introduction to Criminal Procedure

1.2 Systems of Criminal Procedure

1.3 The Adversarial System of Criminal Procedure

1.4 The Inquisitorial System of Criminal Procedure

Chapter 2 THE COURT SYSTEM IN KENYA AND JURISDICTION TO TRY CRIMINAL CASES

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Courts and their Jurisdiction.

2.3 The Superior Courts

2.3.1. The Supreme Court

2.3.2 The Court of Appeal

2.3.3. The High Court

2.4 The Subordinate Courts

2.4.1 Magistrates Courts

2.4.2 Special Magistrates Courts

2.5 Kadhis’ Courts

2.6 Courts Martial

2.7 Effect of Limitation of Jurisdiction of Subordinate Courts

Chapter 3 INVESTIGATING CRIME

3.1. Introduction

3.2 Role of the Police in Investigations

3.3 Statements

3.3.1 Recording of Statements

3.3.2 Who May Take Down a Statement

3.3.3 Confessionary Statements

3.3.4 Admission of Confessionary Statements in a Trial

3.3.5 Confession Implicating a Co-accused

3.4 Identification Parades

3.5 Search and Seizure

3.5.1 Search and Seizure with a Warrant

3.5.2 Search and Seizure without a Warrant

3.6 Illegally Obtained Evidence

3.7 The Investigatory Role of the Courts- Inquests.

3.8 Commissions of Inquiry

Chapter 4 ARREST

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Constitutional Safeguards on Arrest

4.3 How an Arrest is Conducted

4.3.1 Arrest without Warrant

4.3.2 Arrest with Warrant

4.3.3 The Use of Force in Arrest

4.3.4 Arrest by Private Person

4.3.5 Arrest by Magistrates

4.3.6 Other Persons Who May effect Arrest

4.4 Arraignment in Court after Arrest

4.5 Habeas Corpus

4.6 Extradition

Chapter 5 PROSECUTION OF OFFENCES

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions

5.3 The Role of the Prosecutor

5.4 Discretion to Prosecute

5.4.1 The Decision to Prosecute or Not to Prosecute

5.4.2 The Power to Terminate Proceedings

5.5 Private Prosecutions

5.5.1 Instituting a Private Prosecution

5.5.2 Principles to be Applied in Granting Leave to Prosecute

5.5.3 Who May Institute a Private Prosecution?

5.5.4 Control of Private Prosecutions

Chapter 6 CHARGES

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Joinder of Charges/Counts

6.3 Joinder of Persons

6.4 Framing of Charges

6.5 Effect of Misjoinder of Counts or Persons, and Defects in the Charge Sheets

6.6 Duplicity in Charges

6.7 Filing Charges in the Alternative

6.8 Filing of Conspiracy and other Charges

6.9 Charges in Common Intention

6.10 Charges against Companies

6.11 Uncertain or Vague Charges

6.12 Non – Existent Charges

6.13 Amendment of Charges

6.13.1 The Time When an Amendment to the Charge Can be Carried Out

6.14 Charges and Limitation of Time

Chapter 7 PLEA

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Types of Plea

7.3 Failure to Take Plea

7.4 Recording of Plea

7.5 Language in Plea

7.6 Plea of Guilty in Joint Offences

7.7 Plea of Guilty in Serious or Capital Offences

7.8 Plea of Guilty in Absence of Accused

7.9 Change of Plea

7.10 The Consequences of Failure to Correctly Take a Plea

7.11 Plea Bargaining and Plea Agreements

Chapter 8 BAIL

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Anticipatory Bail

8.3 Police Bail

8.4 Bail Pending Trial

8.4.1 Assessing Compelling Reasons

8.4.2 Making Bail Applications Pending Trial

8.5 Bail Pending Appeal

8.5.1 Bail Pending Appeal for Trials Held By the Magistrates Courts

8.5.2 Bail Pending Appeal for Appeals to the Court of Appeal

8.5.3 Considerations in an Application for Bail Pending Appeal

Chapter 9 LEGAL REPRESENTATION

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Representation of the Accused

9.2.1 The Right of an Accused to be Represented by Counsel

9.2.2 Right to Legal Representation at State Expense

9.2.3 Is There a Right to Self -Representation?

9.2.4 Children and Legal Representation

9.3 Legal Representation of the State in Criminal Prosecutions

Chapter 10 TRIAL

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The Case for the Prosecution

10.2.1 Appearance On the Part of the Complainant

10.2.2 Withdrawal of Complaint

10.2.3 Evidence of the Prosecution

10.2.4 Determining Whether or Not to Put the Accused on his Defence

10.3 The Defence Case

10.4 Right to Make Submissions before Judgment

10.4.1 Written Submissions

10.5 Right of Accused to be Availed of the Prosecution Evidence in Advance

10.6 Right of Court to Summon Witnesses on its Own Motion

10.7 Adjournments

10.8 Trial of persons who are of Unsound Mind

10.9 Trial of Children

10.10 Place of Trial

10.10.1 The Power to Transfer Cases

10.11 Death or Transfer of Trial Magistrate/Judge

Chapter 11 JUDGMENT

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Formalities and Content of a Judgment

11.3 The Holding of Guilty but insane

11.4 Convicting on Lesser Offence

11.4.1 When Offence Proved is Included in Offence Charged

11.4.2 Persons Charged With Any Offence May Be Convicted of Attempt

11.4.3 Charges of Certain Offences Respecting Infant and Unborn Children, and Abortion

11.4.4 Charge of Manslaughter in Connexion With Driving of Motor Vehicle

11.4.5 Charge of Administering Oaths

11.4.6 Charge of Rape

11.4.7 Charge of Defilement of a Girl Under 14 years of age

11.4.8 Charge of Burglary, etc.

11.4.9 Charge of Stealing

11.4.10 Charge of Obtaining by False Pretences

11.4.11 Charge of Stock Theft

11.4.12 Misdemeanours and Felonies

Chapter 12 SENTENCE

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Mitigation before sentence

12.3 Punishments

12.4 Nature and Types of Sentence

12.4.1 Death Sentence

12.4.2 Imprisonment

12.4.3 Fines

12.5 Non-Custodial Sentences

12.5.1 Expulsion from the Country

12.5.2 Forfeiture

12.5.3 Suspension or Forfeiture to Carry on Business

12.5.4 Compensation

12.5.5 Costs

12.5.6 Security for Keeping the Peace

12.5.7 Cancellation of Certificate of Competency (Driving Licence) in Traffic Offences

12.5.8 Community Based Orders (CBOs)

12.5.9 Probation

12.5.10 Detention at the President’s Pleasure

12.5.12 Corporal Punishment

12.5.13 Discharge

12.5.14 Reconciliation

12.6 General Punishment for Misdemeanours

12.7 Concurrent and Cumulative Sentences

12.8 Factors Influencing Sentencing

12.9 Sentencing of Minors

12.10 Traffic Offenders

12.11 Post Sentence

12.11.1 Remission

12.11.2 Presidential Pardon

Chapter 13 APPEALS

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Appeals to the High Court

13.3 The Record of Appeal

13.4 Summary Rejection or Allowance of an Appeal

13.5 Hearing of an Appeal

13.6 Duty of A First Appellate Court

13.7 Additional Evidence in Appeals

13.8 Appeals to the Court of Appeal

13.9 Right of Appeal on Applications for Revision

13.10 Appeals Against Interlocutory Orders

13.11 Appeals against Sentence and Enhancement of Sentence on Appeal

Chapter 14 REVISION

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Extent of Revision

14.3 Procedure for Initiating a Revision

Chapter 15 WITNESS PROTECTION

15.1 Understanding Witness Protection

15.2 Development of Witness Protection

15.3 Need for Witness Protection

15.4 Forms of Witness Protection

15.5 Development of Witness Protection in Kenya

15.5.1 The 2006 Witness Protection Act

15.5.2 The 2009 Witness Protection Act

ENDNOTES

TABLE OF CASES

Aboud Rogo Mohamed & Another v Republic Nairobi High Court, Criminal Case No. 793 of 2010, (2011) eKLR

Achoki v R (2000) 2 EA 283

Adan Keynan Wehyliye v Republic Criminal Case No. 233 of 2003 (2005) eKLR

Adan v R (1973) EA 445

Ademba v Republic (1983) KLR 442

Agnes Wairimu Mburu v Republic High Court at Nairobi,

Criminal Appeal No. 90 of 2002, (2006) eKLR

AG v Oluoch (1972) EA 392

Akhuya v R (2002) 2 EA 323

Albanus Mwasia Mutua v R Nairobi, Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal 120 of 2004, (2006) eKLR

Alhaji Mujahid Dukubo Asari v Federal Republic of Nigeria S.C. 20a/2006

Alloys Omondi Nanga v Republic Kisumu Criminal Appeal

No. 7 of 2006, [2006] eKLR

Amwona & Others v KBL High Court, Misc. App. No 19 of 2004

Anasuerus Najared Likhanga v Republic Court of Appeal at Kisumu, Criminal Appeal No. 93 of 2005, (2006) eKLR

Ann Njogu & 5 Others v R Nairobi High Court, Miscellaneous

Criminal Application No. 551 of 2007, (2007) eKLR

Antony Murithi v O.C.S Meru Police Station & 2 others High Court at Meru, Petition No. 79 of 2011, (2012) eKLR

Anyangu v Republic (1968) E.A. 239

Assanand & Sons (U) Ltd vs East African Records Ltd (1959) E.A. 360

Atito v Republic [1975] EA 278

Attorney General v Shimanyula (1990) KLR 157

Avone v R (1969) EA 129

Avril Atieno Adoncia v Republic, High Court at Nairobi, Miscellaneous Criminal Application No. 876 of 2007, (2008) eKLR

Ayor v Uganda (1968) EA 303

Baland Singh v R (1954) 21 EACA 209

Balbir Sain Joshi v R (1951) 18 EACA 228

Barton v R (1980) 147 CLR 75 at 94-95, 110

Bassan & Another v R (1961) EA 521

Bassan & Another v Republic. (1961) EA 521

Baya v R (1984) KLR 657

Bennault Oinamo v R (1976) KLR 159

Berger v. United States, 295 US 78, 8-89 (1935)

Bernadetto v The Queen (2002) 1 WLR 2237

Bhag Singh v Republic [1941] 1 TLR (R) 133

Billy Elias Nyonje v R, High Court at Kakamega,

Criminal Application No. 34 of 2002 (unreported)

BMO v Republic (2010) eKLR

Bob Ayub v R Court of Appeal at Kisumu, Criminal Appeal No. 106 of 2009, (2010) eKLR

Bonface s/o Muhindi v R (1957) EA 566

Boucher v The Queen (1954) 110 CC 263, 270

Boye v R Criminal Appeal No. 19 of 2001 (UR)

Brarufu Gafa v R (1950) 17 EACA 125

Bukenya v AG (1972) EA 326 (U)

Bukenya vs Uganda (1967) EA 341

Ceretta Medardo v Republic High Court at Malindi, Criminal Appeal No.73 of 2004, (2004) eKLR; See also Republic v Mohammed

[1981] K

Charles Kuria Macharia v R, Muranga High Court,

Criminal Appeal No. 418 of 2013, (2013) eKLR

Chengo v R (1964) EA 122 (T)

Cherere Mwangi v R Nairobi High Court Miscellaneous

Application No.553 of 2004, (2004) eKLR

Chirau Ali Mwakwere v Robert M. Mabera & 4 Others Nairobi High Court, Petition No. 6 of 2012 (2012) eKLR

Chiro Sonje Mbaga v Republic Court of Appeal, Criminal Appeal

No. 357 of 2008, (2010) eKLR

Cholmondeley v R. Court of Appeal at Nairobi,

Criminal Appeal No. 116 of 2007, (2008) eKLR

Connelly v DPP (1963) 3 All ER 510 at 519 (1964) AC 1254 at 1277

Crispus Karanja Njogu v Attorney General Nairobi High Court,

Criminal Application No. 39 of 2000 [2005] eKLR

Dalmar Musa Ali v R Nairobi Criminal Appeal No.58 of 2007,

(2008) eKLR

Daniel Chege Kamundia & 2 Others v Republic (2006) eKLR

Daniel Chege Kamundia & 2 others v R Nairobi Criminal

appeals nos.722, 723 and 724 of 2003 (2006) eKLR

Daniel Kamau Njoroge v Republic Court of Appeal at Nakuru,

Criminal Appeal No. 13 of 1994, (1994) eKLR

David Mwita Wanja & 2 others v R, Nairobi Criminal Appeal

No. 117 of 2005 (2007) eKLR

David Njoroge Macharia v Republic Court of Appeal at Nairobi,

Criminal Appeal No. 497 of 2007, (2011) eKLR

David Onyago Oloo v R (1986) KLR 711

Desiderio Kuwanya v R (20 EACA) 281

Dominic Karanja v R (1986) KLR 612

Dominic Kimaru Tanui v Republic Eldoret High Court,

Criminal Appeal No. 12 of 2012, (2014) eKLR

Dominic Mutie Mwalimu vs. R Nairobi Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal No. 217 of 2005, (2008) eKLR

DPP v Humphrys (1976) 2 All ER 497 at 527-528, (1977) AC 1 at 46

DPP vs Samuel Gichuru & Another, Nairobi High Court,

Criminal Revision Case No. 926 of 2011 (2012)eKLR

Edong s/o Etat v R (1954) 21 EACA 338

Elirema v Republic [2003] 1 EA 50

Emmanuel Mushina Mwalili v Republic, High Court at Nairobi,

Criminal Appeal No.25 of 2004, (2006) eKLR

Erastus Waweru Githunga v Attorney General & Another, Nairobi High Court Miscellaneous Application No. 126 of 2005, (2005) eKLR

Eric Mailu v R, Nairobi High Court Miscellaneous Application No. 24 of 2013, [2013] eKLR

Esther Wambui Ngure v R (2008) eKLR

Eustace v R. (1970) EA 393

Evaline Wangari Njeri & another v Republic (2008) eKLR

Faretta v California 422 US 806 (1975)

Festus Mbuthia Mwangi v R, Court of Appeal at Nyeri,

Criminal Appeal No. 250 of 2004, (2006) eKLR

Floriculture International Limited and Others High Court Misc. Civil Application No. 114 of 1997 (unreported)

Francis Anyango Juma v DPP and Another High Court at Nairobi,

Petition No. 160 of 2012, (2012) eKLR

Francis Kamunya Ruchunu & Another v Republic, Nairobi

High Court, Criminal Appeal Case No. 827 of 2003, (2006) eKLR

Francis Saisi Omae v Republic Court of Appeal at Eldoret,

Criminal Appeal No. 1 of 2007, (2009) eKLR

Gachunga & Another v R, Nairobi Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal No. 11 of 2006, [2007] eKLR

Gachuru v R [2005] 1 EA 56

Galgalo and another v R (2005) 1 EA 63

Gathitu v Republic (1985) KLR 1

Gathuri Njuguna v R (1965) EA 538

Gathuri Njuguna v Republic (1965) EA 538

George Gitau Wainaina v AG High Court at Nairobi

Criminal Revision No. 6 of 2003 (2008) eKLR

George Gitonga Mwenda v R, High Court at Embu,

Criminal Appeal No.90 of 2009, (2011) eKLR

George Ngodhe Juma & 2 Others v AG High Court at Nairobi,

Criminal Application No. 345 of 2001, [2003] eKLR

George Otieno Dida & Another v Republic [2011] eKLR

Gerald Macharia Githuku v R Nairobi Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal No. 119 of 2004, (2007) eKLR

Githunguri v R (1985) 1KLR 91

Githunguri v R (1986) KLR 1

Goddy Mwakio v R Court of Appeal at Nairobi,

Criminal Application No. 8 of 2010, (2011) eKLR

Godfrey. Ngotho Mutiso v R [2010] eKLR

Gouriet v Union of Postal Office Workers (1978) AC 435

Grace Nyoroka v Republic Court of Appeal at Meru,

Criminal Appeal No.246 of 2006, [2007] eKLR

Grace Wambui Njoroge & 4 others v Republic (2006) eKLR;

James Muturi Kuria & 5 Others v Republic (2006)eKLR

Greenfield Investments Limited vs Barber Alibhai Mawji,

Court of Appeal at Nairobi, Civil Application No. 5 of 2012 (2013) eKLR

Gregory & Another v Republic through Nottingham &

2 Others [2004] 1 KLR 547.

Habib Kara Vesta and others v Republic (1934) 1 EACA 191

Henry Odhiambo Otieno v Republic Court of Appeal at Kisumu,

Criminal Appeal No. 83 of 2005, (2006) eKLR.

Herman Milde v Republic [1937] 1 TLR (R) 129

Hermanus Phillipus Steyn v. Giovanni Gnecchi-Ruscone

Supreme Court Application No. 4 of 2012,(2013)eKLR

Hibuya v R (1996) LLR 425

Imbindi v R (1983 ) KLR 344

In the matter of the Interim Independent Electoral Commission

Supreme Court Application No. 2 of 2011, (2011) eKLR

Irungu v R (2008) 1 EA 126

Isaack Tulicha Guyo v Republic Court of Appeal at Nairobi,

Criminal Application No. 16 of 2010, (2010) eKLR

Israel Kamukolse v R [1956] EACA 521

Jago v District Court (NSW) (1989) 168 CLR 23 at 38-39

James Githui Waithaka & Another vs. Republic,

Nyeri Criminal Appeal No. 115 of 2007 (unreported)

James Humphrey Oswago v Ethics & Anti-Corruption Commission

Nairobi High Court, Petition No. 409 of 2013, (2014) eKLR

James Maina Wanjohi v R Nairobi High Court, Miscellaneous Criminal Application No. 706 of 2007, (2007) eKLR

James Muturi Kuria & 5 Others v Republic High Court at Nyeri,

Criminal Appeal No. 124-129, (2006) eKLR

James Muturi Kuria & 5 Others v Republic , High Court at Nyeri,

Criminal Appeal No. 127-129 of 2001, (2006) eKLR

James Nduku Gitau v R, High Court at Nairobi,

Criminal Appeal No. 1235 of 2002, (2006) eKLR

James Omari Nyabuto & another v Republic Court of Appeal at

Kisumu, Criminal Appeal No. 194 of 2008, (2009) eKLR

Jane Mwikali Rumuti v Republic (2009) eKLR

Jeremano M’Ngai v R (1980) KLR 18

Jethwa and Another v Republic (1969) EA 459

Jivraj Shah v Republic [1986] KLR 605

J.K. v Republic Eldoret High Court, Criminal Appeal No. 83 of 2007

J.M.A v R Court of Appeal at Nyeri, Criminal Appeal

No. 348 of 2007, (2009) eKLR

JNM V Republic High Court at Garissa, Garissa

Criminal Appeal No. 66 of 2012, (2013) eKLR

John Kahindi Karisa & 2 Others v Republic Mombasa High Court, Criminal Case No. 23 of 2010, (2010) eKLR

John Kinywa Miriti v Republic, Court of Appeal at Nairobi,

Criminal Appeal No.325 of 2007, (2011) eKLR

John Muoki Mbatha v Republic Machakos Criminal Appeal

No. 72 of 2007 (unreported)

John Mwangi v R (1983) KLR 652

John Onyango Obala v R, Kisumu, Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal No. 4 of 2010, (2011) eKLR

John Swaka v DPP & 2 Others, High Court at Nairobi,

Constitutional Petition No.318 of 2011, (2013) eKLR

John v Rees & Others (1969) 2 All E.R 274

John Wachira Wandia and Another v republic (2006) eKLR

John Wachira Wandia and Another v Republic, Court of Appeal at

Nyeri, Criminal Appeal No. 57 & 58 of 2004, (2006) eKLR

Jopley Constantine Oyieng v R. (1988) KLR

Josephine Akoth Onyango & Another v DPP & Others Nairobi

High Court, Petition No.471 of 2013, (2014) eKLR

Joseph Mwaura Njuguna & 3 Others v Republic. Court of Appeal at Nairobi, Criminal Appeal No.5 of 2008 (unreported)

Joseph Victor Achoka & 2 Others vs Republic, Court of Appeal at

Kisumu, Criminal Appeal No. 201 of 2005, (2006) eKLR

Joshua Kinyua Miriti v R [2011] eKLR

Josphat Karanja Muna v R Court of Appeal at Nyeri,

Criminal Appeal No. 298 of 2006, (2010) eKLR

Judy Nkirote v R, High Court at Meru, Criminal Appeal

No. 48 of 2010 (2013) eKLR

Julius Kamau Mbugua v R Nairobi Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal 50 of 2008, (2010) eKLR

JWW v R Court of Appeal at Kisumu, Criminal Appeal

No. 11 of 2011, (2013) eKLR

Kababi v R (1976-80)1 KLR 1616

Kagoye s/o Bandala v R (1959) EA 900

Kaimoi v R [2005] 1 EA

Kaisa v R (1975) EA 260

Kalihose v R (1960) EA 760

Kamundi v R (1973) EA 540

Kanji v Halai (1976-80) 1 KLR 938

Kaplotwa s/o Tarino v R (1957) EA 553

Kariuki Kamau v R (1954) 21 EACA 203

Kariuki v Republic (1984) KLR 809

Kella v Republic (1967) EA 809

Kenya Commercial Bank Limited & 2 Others v Commissioner of

Police and Another High Court at Nairobi, Petition No. 218

of 2011, (2013) eKLR

Keshallilla (Juma Shabani) v R (1963) EA 184 (T) (CoA)

Khalif v R [1973] EA 364

Kibilo v R (1971) EA 101

Kigecha Njunga v R [1965] EA 773

Kigotho v R (1967) EA 445

Kihoro v Attorney General of Kenya (1993) 3 LRC 390

Kimani v Kahara (1985) KLR 79 at 86

Kimiti v Mwenda & 3 Others Nyeri Court of Appeal,

Civil Appeal 129 of 2004 (2010) eKLR

Kingsley Chukwu v R Nairobi Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal No. 257 of 2007, (2010) eKLR

Kinoti v R (2005) 1 EA 209

Kinyua v R (1973) E.A 201

Kinyua v R High Court, Criminal Application No. 669 of

2007 (2007) eKLR

Kioko v R (1983) KLR

Kipng’etich v R (1985) KLR 392

Kisongo v R (1960) EA 780

Koech v R (1968) EA 109

Kubanisi v R. (1965) EA 572

Kunga v R (1975) EA 151

Kupele Ole Kitaiga v R, Court of Appeal at Nakuru,

Criminal Appeal No. 26 of 2007, (2009) eKLR

Kuria Wagachira v R (1957) EA 808

Kuruma v R (1955) AC 197

Kusenta v R (1975) EA 274

Kuyate v R (1967) EA 815

Kyalo Muema v R Court of Appeal at Nairobi,

Criminal Appeal No.479 of 2007, (2009) eKLR

Laban Kimondo Karanja & 2 Others v Republic High Court at

Nyeri, Criminal Appeals Nos310-312 of 2001, (2006) eKLR

Lamba v Republic [1958] EA 337

Lawrence Nduttu & 6000 Others v. Kenya Breweries Limited & Another Supreme Court Appeal No. 3 of 2012[2012 eKLR]

Lilian Kalunde Musyoki v Republic Nairobi High Court,

Criminal Application No. 646 of 2004, (2004) eKLR

Livingstone v Uganda, (1972) EA 196

Lochab Brothers Ltd v Republic, Kericho High Court,

Miscellaneous Criminal Application No. 12 of 2008, (2008) eKLR

Macharia & Another v AG & Another (2001) KLR 448

Macharia v R (1975) EA 193

Magloire v Republic Nairobi High Court, Criminal Application

No. 679 of 2004, (2005) eKLR

Mahan v R (1954) 21 EACA 383

Maina Ngotho v R (1960) EA 453

Maina v R (1970) EA 370

Maitha & Another v Republic [1989] KLR 206

Malcolm Bell vs Hon. Daniel Toroitich arap Moi & Another Supreme Court, Civil Application No. 1 of 2013, (2013) eKLR

Malde & 2 Others v Republic , Court of Appeal at Nairobi, Criminal Application No.14 of 2010, (2011) eKLR

Malebe v R (1982) KLR 320

Manager, Tank Building Contractors V R (1968) EA 143 (T)

Mandi s/o Ngoda v R (1963) EA 153 (T)

Manyaki s/o Nyaganya v R (1958) EA 495

Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643 (1961)

Mariam Mohamed & Another v Commissioner of Police & Others High Court at Nairobi, Misc. Criminal Application

No. 732 of 2007, (2007) eKLR

Martino Judayi & Others v. West Nile District Administration [1963] E.A. 406

Mary Wambui Kinyanjui v R High Court at Nairobi, Misc. Crim. Application No.353 of 2006, (2006) eKLR

Matu s/o Gichimu v Republic [1951] 18 EACA 311

Matu s/o Gichimu v Rex (1951) 18 EACA 311

Mbaluka v R Machakos High Court Miscellaneous Criminal Application No. 71 of 2009 (2009) eKLR

Mbeluke v R (1971) EA 479

Menezes v R (1975) EA 209

Merali v Uganda (1963) EA 647

M’Ibui v Dyer (1967) EA 315

Misango v R (1969) EA 538

Misiani v R (1979) KLR 285

Mita v R (1969) EA 598

M’Mwendwa v R [1957] EA 429

M’Naghten’s Case (1843-1860) ALL E.R 229

Mohamed v Republic (2003) KLR 344

Monica Kemunto Jackson v Republic [2009] eKLR

Moses Miheso Lipeya v R, High Court at Kakamega High Court

Revision No. 7 of 2007 (2007)eKLR

Mose v R (2002) 1 EA 163

Mradula Suresh Kantaria v R, Nairobi High Court Miscellaneous Application No. 265 of 2005 (2005) eKLR

Mufumu v R (1959) EA 625

Muiruri v R [1980] KLR 70

Muiruri v R (2005)1 EA 293

Muiruri v R (2005) eKLR

Mulama v R (1976) KLR 24

Mulewa v R (2002) 2 EA 487

Mundia v. Republic [1986] KLR 623

Murage & Another v R (2006) 2 EA 218

Murai v Wainaina (1982) KLR 38

Muraya v R (2001) KLR 50

Murimi v R, (1967) EA 542

Mushao v R (1971) EA 201

Musoke v R (1972) EA 137

Musoke v Uganda (1972) EA 137

Muthara v R (1999) LLR 937

Muwonge v Attorney General of Uganda (1967) EA 17

Muya v R (2004) 1 EA 180

Mwaiseje and Another v R Court of Appeal,

Nairobi Criminal Appeal No. 17 of 1991, (1992) eKLR

Mwangi s/o Njoroge v Republic (1954) EACA 377

Mwangi v Republic [1982] KLR 120

Nahashon Marenya v R Nairobi H.C. Criminal Appeal 786 of 1982

Ndede v R (1991) KLR 567

Ndegwa v R Court of Appeal at Nakuru,

Criminal Appeal No. 125 of 1984, (1985) eKLR

Ndungu v R (2003) 1 EA 197

Ngoya v R (1985) KLR 309

Ngui v R [1985] KLR 268

Ngure v R (2003) 1 EA 202

Njihia v Republic (1986) KLR 422 at 424

Njiru & Others v R (2002) 1 EA 218

Njuguna Kimani v R 21 EACA 316

Njuguna v R (2007) 2 EA 370

Njuguna v Republic (1965) E.A. 583

Njunga v R (1965) EA 773

Nterekeiya Bus Service v R (1966) EA 333

Nyinge Suwato v R (1959) EA 974

Obanda v R (1983) KLR 507

Obiero v R (1962) EA 650

Ochieng v R 1985(KLR) 252

Oforo Makupa v R (1964) EA 301

Oguyo v R (1986-89) EA 430

Okale v Republic (1965) EA 555

Okang v R (1982-88) 1 KAR 276

Okello v R (1969) EA 378

Okethi Okale v R [1965] EA 555

Ombena v R. (1981) KLR 450

Omboga v R (1983) KLR 340

Omusa v R (2003) 1 EA 230 298, 300

Ondari & 17 Others v Republic [1986] KLR at 776

Onkoba v R (1989) KLR 395

Opoya v Uganda (1967)EA 752

Oscar Iyaite v Republic High Court at Bungoma, Crim. Misc. 34 of 2006 (2006) eKLR

Otieno Clifford Richard v R High Court at Nairobi,

Misc. Civil Application No. 720 of 2005, (2006) eKLR

Pandya v R C (1957) EA 336

Panju v R (1973) EA 282

Patrick Kibanda Onzere v R, Kakamega Criminal Application

No. 49 of 2007, (2008) eKLR

Paul Mburu Kamau v PCIO Coast Province and

Another Mombasa HCCR Application NO.8 of (2006) eKLR

Paul Mwangi Murunga v R Nakuru Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal 35 of 2006, (2008) eKLR

People (A.G) v O’Brien (1965) I.R 142

Peter Kamonjo Njoroge v Republic [2006] eKLR

Peter Odhiambo Owino v Republic Nairobi Court of Appeal,

Criminal Appeal No. 291 of 2007 (2010) eKLR

Peter Oduor Ngoge vs Honorable Ole Kaparo &

Others (Supreme Court Petition No. 2 of 2012) (2012) eKLR

Pett v. Greyhound Racing Association [1968] 2 All E.R 545, at 549

Philip Muswi v R (1956) 23 EACA 622

Prabhulal v R (1971) EA 52

Prosecution v. Sam Hinga Norman, Moinina Fofanah and

Alieu Kondowa Case No. SCSL-04-14-T

Protus Madakwa alias Collins & Two Others vs. Republic,

Criminal Appeal No. 118 of 2007 (Nairobi) (unreported)

Pugach v. Klein, 193 F. SMpp. 630, 634-35 (D.D.C. 1961).

Raghbir Singh Lamba v Republic (1958) E.A 337

Raila Odinga & 5 Others vs Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & 3 Others, Supreme Court Petitions 3,4 & 5 of

2013, (2013) eKLR

Ramanlal Bhat v Republic (1957) EA 332

Raphael Oduor Ngoya & 5 others v. Republic Cr. Appeal

No. 136 of 1981(Unreported)

Raphael v R (1973) EA 473

Ratilal Shal v R (1959) EA 3

Rebecca Mwikali Nabutola v R High Court at Nairobi,

Misc. Crim. Applications No.445, 448 ,452 of 2012, (2012) eKLR

Re Henderson (1950) All E.R 283

Re Mitchelstown Inquisition (1888) 22 LR Ir 279

Re Muge (1991) KLR 51

Republic through Devji Kanji v Davendra Valji Halai (1978) KLR 178

Republic v Attorney General & 3 Others Ex-Parte Kamlesh Pattni High Court at Nairobi, Civil Misc. Application No. 305 of 2012, (2013) eKLR

Republic v Attorney General & 3 Others Ex-Parte Kamlesh Pattni

Nairobi High Court, Miscellaneous Civil Application No. 305 of

2012, [2013] eKLR

Republic v Danson Mgunya & Another Mombasa High Court,

Criminal Case No. 26 of 2008, [2010] eKLR

Republic v Dorine Aoko Mbogo & Another Nakuru High Court,

Criminal Case No. 32 of 2010 (2010) eKLR

Republic v Enock Wekesa & another High Court at Kitale, Misc.

Criminal Revision No. 267 of 2010, (2010) eKLR

Republic v Ezekiel Muriuki Mungania High Court at Meru,

Criminal Appeal No. 210 of 2003(2006) eKLR

Republic v George Muchoki Kungu Nairobi High Court,

Criminal Case No. 49 of 2007 (2008) eKLR

Republic v Hassan Jama Haleys Alias Hassan Jamal &

5 Others Mombasa High Court, Misc. Application

No. 105 of 2010, (2010) eKLR

Republic v Islam A. Omar & 2 Others, High Court at Nakuru,

Criminal Case No. 57 of 2007 (2007) eKLR

Republic v Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the Goldenberg

Affair & 2 others ex Parte Eric Cheruiyot Juridical Review

application H.C. Civil Application No. 416 of 2006

Republic V J W K High Court at Bungoma,

Criminal Application No. 57 of 2009, (2013) eKLR

Republic v Kidasa (1973) EA 368

Republic v Misheck Muyuri High Court at Meru,

Criminal Case No. 204 of 2005, (2007) eKLR

Republic v Munene & Another High Court at Nairobi,

Criminal Case No. 11 of 2009, (2011) eKLR

Republic v SAO (a minor) Nairobi High Court,

Criminal Case No.236 of 2003, (2004) eKLR

Republic vs. David Geoffrey Gitonga Criminal

Case No. 79 of 2006 (Meru) (unreported)

Republic v Shadrack Musembi Kaloki, High Court at Mombasa,

Criminal Appeal No. 186 of 2004, (2006) eKLR

Republic vs. Judah Kiogora Ngaruthi & Another Meru High Court, Criminal Case No. 14 of 2008

Republic v Subordinate Court of the First Class Magistrate at

City Hall, Nairobi & Another ex parte Yougindar Pall Sennik & Another High Court at Nairobi, Criminal Application

No. 652 of 2005, (2006) eKLR

Republic v Taiko Kitende Muinya, Nairobi High Court

Criminal Case No. 65 of 2010 [2010] eKLR

Republic v Wachira (1975) EA 262

Re Speaker of the Senate & Another vs The Honorable Attorney

General & Another & 3 Others Supreme Court,

Advisory Opinion No.2 of 2013, (2013) eKLR

Richard Charo Mole v R, High Court at Nairobi,

Criminal Appeal No. 135 of 2004, (2010) eKLR

Riddlesbarger v Robson (1959) EA 841

Ridgeway v R (1995) 3 LRC 273 at 320, (1995) 129 ALR 41

Royal Media Services v Attorney General, Nairobi High Court Miscellaneous Application No. 43 of 2013 (2013) eKLR

Royal Media Services vs Attorney General & 2 Others,

Nairobi High Court Petition No. 59 of 2013 (2013) eKLR

R v AB (1926), I T.L.R. (R) 118

R v Ajit Singh S/o Vir Singh (1957) EA 822; Contrast with

Chhagan Raja v Gordhan Gopal (1936) 17 KLR 69

R. V. Ambari s/o Juma [1959] E. A. 85

R v Amos Karuga Karatu Nyeri High Court, Criminal Case

No. 12 0f 2006, (2008) eKLR

R v Bass(1953) 1 All ER 1064

R v Bubu (1959) EA 1094

R v Central Criminal Court exp. AJD Holdings [1992]

Crimm. L.R. 669 (Div. Ct)

R v Eusobio Kobia Rugonji & 6 Others

R v Eusobio Kobia Rugonji & 6 Others, Meru High Court

Criminal Case No. 24 of 2010, (2011) eKLR

R v Guest (1964) 3 All ER 385

R v Hashimu (1968) EA 656 (T)

R v Hudson and Hagan (1952) 36 CAR 94 at p95.

R v Ishmael (1968) EA 609 (T)

R v John Kimita Mwaniki, Nakuru High Court

Criminal Case No. 116 of 2007 (2011)eKLR

R v Kemp [1957] 1 QB 399

R v Kipkering Arap Koske & Another 16 EACA

R. v Labasha 3 EACA 48

R v Leinster (Duke), 17 Cr. App. R. 147

R v Lucy Njeri Waweru & 3 Others Nairobi High Court

Criminal Case No. 6 of 2013, (2013) eKLR

R v Maalim Komora Godana Malindi High Court

Criminal Case No. 4 of 2006, (2006) eKLR

R v Malo [1958] EA 11

R v Mohammed Ahmed Omar Nairobi High Court,

Criminal Case No. 14 of 2010, (2010) eKLR

R v Muneer Harron Isamail & 3 Others Nairobi High Court,

Criminal Revision Case No. 51 of 2009, [2010] eKLR

R v Mutwiwa (1935) 2 EAC 66

R v Mwango s/o Manaa (1936) 3 EACA 29

R v Ndede (1991) KLR 567

R v Novac & Others (1977) 65 CAR 107, at 118

R v Otim (1963) EA 253.

R v Retief [1941] 8 EACA 71.

R v Telenga (1967) EA 407

R v Tony Gachoka & Another, Court of Appeal,

Criminal Application No.4 of 1999, (1999) eKLR

R v Tyre [1972] Crimm. L.R. 55

R v Undule (1965) EA 451

R v University of Cambridge (1723) 1 Stra, 557

R v Vashanjee L Dosssani (1946) EACA 150

R. v Voisin (1918)

R v Wesley Chepchieng High Court at Eldoret,

Eldoret Crim. Case No. 4 of 2007

Sabur v R (1958) EA 126 (U)

Sagia v R (1973) EA 538

Saina v R (1974) EA 83

Samuel Kamau Macharia & Another. V. Kenya Commercial Bank

& 2 Others Supreme Court of Kenya Application No. 2 of

2012, (2012) eKLR

Samuel Ndung’u Kamau & Another vs. Republic Nairobi

Criminal Appeal No. 223 of 2006 (Nairobi)

Samwiri Senyange v Republic (1953), 20 EACA 277

S. (an infant) v Manchester City Recorder [1969] 3 All ER 1230

Sauzier (Benjamin) v R (1962) EA 50

Sebugenyi (William) v R (1959) EA 411 (u)

Seidi v R (1969) EA 280

Sentale v R (1968) EA 365

Shah v Republic (1986) KLR 528

Silverthorne Lumber Co v USA, 251 US (1920)

Sisina & Others v AG High Court at Nakuru, Misc. Civil

Application No. 345 of 2005 (2013) eKLR

Somo v. Republic [1972] EA 476

Sonah Singh v R (1958) EA 28

Southam v Smout (1964) 1 QB 308

Stephen M’riungi and 3 Others v Republic Cr Appeals

Nos 134, 135, 136 and 137 of 1982 (unreported)

Sum Model Industries Ltd vs Industrial and Commercial

Development Corporation, Supreme Court,

Civil Application No. 1 of 2011

Tadeo Oyee s/o Duru v R (1959) EA 407 (U) (CoA)

Teper v The Queen [1952] AC [480] [489]

Terrah Mukindia v R (1966) EA 425

The Prosecutor v Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Case No. ICTR -97-19-T

Thomas Oecha Anunda v R, Kisii High Court,

Criminal Appeal No. 295 of 2006, [2009] eKLR

Tumbeine Nyaru v Republic, High Court at Machakos,

Criminal Appeal No. 19 of 2005, (2006) eKLR

Turon v R (1967) EA 788

Tuwamoi v Uganda (1967) EA 90

Twagira v Uganda (2003) 2 EA 689

Uganda v Dalal, (1970) EA 355

Uganda v Matte (1974) EA 575

Uganda v Milenge (1970) EA 269

Uganda v Muherwa (1972) EA 466 (U)

Uganda v Nikolla (1966) EA 345

Uganda v Polasi (1970) EA 638

United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, at 256 (1967)

Victor Lumbasi Muge v R [2006] eKLR

Wafula v Republic Eldoret High Court Miscellaneous

Application No. 136 of 2012, (2012) eKLR

Wagachira (Kuria) v R (1957) EA 808

Wahome v R (1969) EA 580

Wainaina & Others v R (1973) EA 182

Wainaina v R (2004) 2 EA 349

Wakelin v Rex (1951) 18 EACA 185

Wakitata v R (1976-80) KLR 168

Walter Osapiri Barasa v The Cabinet Secretary Ministry of

Interior and National Co-ordination & 3 Others, Nairobi High Court Constitutional Petition No. 488 of 2013 (2014) eKLR

Wanjema v Republic [1971] EA 493

Watoro v R (1991) KLR 281

Weeks v USA 232 U.S 382 (1914)

William Moruri Nyakiba & another v Chief Magistrate Nairobi

& 2 others High Court at Nairobi, Misc. Criminal Application

No. 414 of 2006, (2006) eKLR

Williams v Spautz (1993) 2 LRC 659 at 690, (1992) 174

CLR 509 at 548

Willis Ochieng Odero v R, Court of Appeal at Kisumu,

Criminal Appeal No.80 of 2004, (2006) eKLR

Willy John v R (1953) 23 EACA, 509

Wilson Washington Otieno & Another v R (1986-92) 2 KAR 251

W’Njuguna v R. (2004) KLR 520

Wycliffe Kisanya Lusigi v Republic Court of Appeal at Eldoret,

Criminal Appeal No. 64 of 2005, (2008) eKLR

Zakayo Kimutai Kimetto v R, Eldoret High Court,

Miscellaneous Application No. 12 of 2006, [2006] eKLR

Zaver v Rex (1952) 19 EHCH 244

THE CONSTITUTION AND LIST OF STATUTES

The Constitution of Kenya, 2010

Article 2

Article 2 (5)

Article 2 (6)

Article 22 (1)

Article 25

Article 31

Article 49

Article 49 (1)

Article 49 (1) (h)

Article 49 (f)

Article 50 (2) (b)

Article 50 (2) (g)

Article 50 (2) (g)

Article 50 (2)(g)

Article 50 (2) (h)

Article 50 (2)(h)

Article 50 (2) (m)

Article 50 (2) (o)

Article 53 (2)

Article 133

Article 157

Article 157 (4)

Article 157 (4)

Article 157 (6)

Article 157 (7)

Article 157 (8)

Article 157 (10)

Article 157 (11)

Article 159

Article 159 (2) (d)

Article 160

Article 162 (1)

Article 162 (2)

Article 162(4)

Article 162(5)

Article 163

Article 163 (3) (a)

Article 163 (3) (b)

Article 163 (3) (d)

Article 163 (4)

Article 163 (4) (a)

Article 163 (4) (b)

Article 163 (5)

Article 163 (6)

Article 163 (7)

Article 164

Article 164 (1)

Article 164 (3)

Article 165

Article 165 (3) (e)

Article 165 (5)

Article 165 (6)

Article 165 (7)

Article 169

Article 169 (1)

Article 243

Article 243(2)

Article 245 (1)

Article 245 (5)

Articles 49

Articles 50(2)(g)

Articles 157(6)(c)

Article 157 (9)

Articles 165 (6)

Articles 238

The Criminal Procedure Code, (Chapter 75 of the Laws of Kenya)

Sections 4

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 7 (1) (b)

Section 7 (2)

Section 21(1)

Section 21 (2)

Section 21(2)

Section 21(3)

Section 22

Section 22 (2)

Section 23

Section 26

Section 26 (2)

Section 27

Section 34

Section 34 (2)

Sections 38

Section 42

Section 69

Section 71

Section 74

Section 75

Section 76

Section 78

Section 78 (1)

Sections 79

Section 81

Section 82

Section 85

Section 85 (2)

Section 87

Section 89

Section 90

Section 99

Section 118

Section118

Section 119

Section 120 (1)

Section 123

Section 123 (3)

Section 134

Section 135

Sections 136

Section 136 (c)

Section 136 (c)

Section 137

Sections 137

Section 137 B

Section 137 C

Section 137 D

Sections 137 G

Section 137 H

Section 137 I

Section 137 J

Section 137 K

Section 137 L

Section 137 N

Section 150

Sections 163

section 164

Section 164

Section 166

Section 168 (1)

Section 168 (4)

Section 169

Section 169 (1)

Section 169 (2)

Section 169 (3)

Section 170

Section 171

Section 175 (2) (b)

Section 176

Section 179 (1)

Section 180

Section 181 (1)

Section 181 (3)

Section 182

Section 184

section 198 (1)

Section 200 (3)

Section 202

Section 204

Section 205

Section 207

Section 208

Section 210

Section 211

Section 213

Section 214

Section 214 (1)

Section 216

Section 219

Section 221 (1)

Section 274

Section 322 (2)

Section 329 C

Section 332 (1)

Section 347

Section 348

Section 348 A

Section 349

Section 350 (2)

Section 353

Section 354

Sections 356

Section 356

Section 357

Section 358

Section 359

Section 362

Section 364

Section 366

Section 379

Section 382

Section 385

Section 386

Section 387

Section 387 (6)

Section 388

Section 388 (4)

Section 389

The Penal Code (Chapter 63 of the Laws of Kenya)

Section 49

Section 145 (1)

Section 202

Section 203

Section 278

Section 296 (2)

Section 357 (a)

The Children Act

fifth schedule

Section 4 (3)

Sections 73

Section 186 (b)

Section 189

The Sexual Offences Act

Section 2

Section 8(1)

Section 8(3)

Section 8(4)

Section 11(1)

Section 20 (1)

The Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act

Section 4

The National Police Service Act

Fifth Schedule

Section 2 (1)

Section 10 (1)

Section 24

Section 25

Section 27 (j)

Section 28

Section 35

Section 52

Section 52 (1)

Section 52(3)

Section 52 (4)

Section 52(4)

Section 53 (1)

Section 57

Section 57 (7)

Section 58

Section 60

Sections 61(2)

Section 130

The Evidence Act

Section 25A

Section 29

Section 118A

Commission of Inquiry Act

Section 3 (1)

The Office of The Director of Public Prosecutions Act

Section 6 (1)

section 8

Section 17