47 Palm Street: Werk-en-Rust, Georgetown, Guyana, South America.

By RUTHY E.A RICHARDS-LEVI

This story based on truth as told by our ancestors is a tale about Jacob Levi my Great Grandfather and his journey in 1881 from the Pale Settelement in Russia through London and eventually to South America. He arrived after serving an apprenticship and became the head director of the Sugar Plantaion. He marries a slave girl ...How does thia work

• Language: English
• Publisher: yummies partnership
• Release date: Oct 8, 2019
• ISBN: 9781999646448

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Land Map showing Uman in the Pale Settelement Region

Land Map

Map of The Pale Settlement region from 1761-1917.

Map source :Atlas of modern Jewish History by Evyatar Freisel. ©

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Uman, Village, The Pale Settelement circa 1881

UMAN, VILLAGE, THE PALE SETTLEMENT. circa 1881

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How do you know the Jews of Uman from the local Russians?

Easily, in the Eighteenth century the Jewish folk who lived in the region of The Pale wore modest clothing, men and women covered their heads men grew long peyotes and had their ever present tszits. Married women wore long sleeved dresses with high collars and they covered their pretty long hair with colourful scarves, young ones kept their hair in 2 fat braids. The Orthodox Christian Russians of the town tolerated them but they were suspicious of their ways hated inwardly and envied them.

The Prayer Tallits covered their shoulders and tszits swaying with every step. The bearded men of age walked in a permanent haste running to do a mitzvah or to their work and families. They shared the same village but totally separated lives in every aspect language, dress food and belief and much more.

Uman was at this time period in the area then known as the Pale Settlement first initiated by Catherine The Great in 1791 to contain and restrain the Jewish Population. Jews had been in Russia for centuries and they could trace back their origins to the 14 th Century. Now they had been restricted to this special area of Russia which also incorporated what is now called Prussia and Poland. They were forbidden to live or prosper in their cities such as Kiev and were thus forced to live in shtetls and villages like Uman, which was some 300 km from Kiev was a perfect settlement….It looked like a scene from Fiddler on the Roof but without the melodic lilt of the happy tunes. Career paths open to Jews were severely limited restricting social acceleration and mobility only allowing a tiny percentage to attend university.

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In a nutshell the restrictions were as follows

Jews were forbidden to settle anywhere in cities and were forced to live outside the towns, agricultural communities and in designated shtetls naturally this included forced national conscription which could last anywhere from 3 years to a lifetime.

Deeds of Sale and leases of real estate in the name of Jews outside of the towns and shtetels were cancelled and repossessed.

Jews were prohibited from trading on Sundays and Orthodox Christian holidays.

All exemptions given and enacted into law by the lenient emperor Alexander II whose assassination was blamed on the Jews were revoked in their entirety.

The new Emperor Alexander III of Russia was determined to crush and bind the Jewish people and forbade almost every positive aspect of life. Finally, in 1892 they became disenfranchised and lost the right to vote.

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Jacob Moshe Levi our protagonist was born in circa 1868 and by 1881 he had lived his whole life in Uman with his family Mother ,Father and older sister Esther. He and his fellows had a hard, poverty-stricken life. Agriculture was their life seasons and weather dictated every movement and the religious laws their spiritual lives. In winter the small wooden walled shack they dwelled in with its tin roof and small stove let in the fierce eastern winds and in summer it was just like an oven but it was their home and they were justly proud of it. The shul or Synagogue was the most important building in Uman for them and it was also most exquisitely decorated with blue, gold and white paint and the precious Torah scroll. Men and women prayed separately divided by a curtain .It was here they prayed twice daily and it served as educational institution and welfare post for those who had fallen on hard times. Simply it was a sanctity form the dystopian reality of the outside world where they could dream of Jerusalem and peace on earth. The Great Czar Alexander III ruling from afar ,who never visited left his footprint on their lives.

The ever-changing draconian laws were designed to have maximum negative impact on the lives of the Jewish population in particular enabled them to make sport of the serious issues …they joked if the Czar could tax the air he would …as it was they paid over the odds for survival and the existence they endured was pitiful. Hovel homes with no running water closets shared with several families….It was hard.

Keeping kosher was difficult but they did it the butcher was kosher ,baker too and the home was kosher. Struggle to survive was from morning till night and they even slept with one eye open as at any time danger could come, always watching the door to see if an unwelcome visitor like the Cossacks was coming to inflict more pain in yet another purge.

The soldiers were conscripted and received bonuses when they were cruel to the Jew. Many thought themselves superior and even noble for their religious beliefs and never forgave the Jews for their perceived blood libel and they blamed them for all their woes. Too much rain Blame the Jews, too much Sun the same ,poor harvest the Jews and so on …It was wretched .Each new birth of a precious Jewish child increased the population but sustained and fuelled the hatred and jealousy .

Orthodox Christian Easter Festival was when it was the worst time for danger. With celebrations of the death and resurrection of the Christ Saviour being revived and the story of the crucifixion would be whipped up from the pulpits of the Orthodox Christian Church and they relished retelling the story with more gusto each year. They failed to inform the congregations that the Romans were the ones who invented this strange method of death and that Christians now rejoiced with the resurrection 3 days later which meant that it was decreed and now He the Christ was their saviour. So how could they be judged so harshly .The Jews stuck doggedly to the Torah never wavering from it and enduring even misery and death to continue being Jewish.

The Jews refused to convert to Christianity to have an easier life. Heaven Forbid so they were pursued and they faced a choice of converting to Christianity or be dammed to endure never ending scorn. In this atmosphere each Jew could expect a life that was seldom sweet or long only Shabbat was a feast and they would look forward to it as their weekly reprieve. The other villagers would sometimes violate the Jewish Shabbat by working on the Saturday louder and harder than on the other days. The Christians saw it as their mission to convert them. On Sunday the Russian Christians day of rest was when the Jews would work and they would be kicked and spat upon, pushed, ridiculed and children were taught to do the same by older siblings and parents, and so it went on.

What to do ,this was the life and Baruch Hashem one day they would be free and able to worship Hashem in Israel the promised land and be able to celebrate and live without fear and despair. Parents dreamt that if they didn’t make it then their children would one day be able to really live in peace and they would have a home in a Jewish home land …for this they lived, hoped and prayed. For this they kept the traditions and remained Jews despite all normal contingence stating it was obviously no way to survive. They chose to stay pursuing the difficult Stoney pathway narrow illogical steep winding road up to the airless mountain to keep being Jews regardless of all they endured.

The future generations would one day find the happiness in the Land of milk and Honey.

The Levi family Father Avram, Abba, Mother Hannah, daughter Esther and son Jacob lived in a two roomed wooden shack in the centre of Uman. It was always clean, neat and tidy and welcoming. On Shabbat a tiny emaciated chicken adorned the Shabbat Table surrounded by vegetables chopped pickled herrings and two home baked plaited Challot loaves. All was lit by two candles and the blessing was spoken by Mother with the candle light illuminating the room with the tranquillity of the holy light erasing the harshness of their reality. Around the Special table they ate heartily and dreamt of happy times and sang hopeful tunes . Avram read the Torah portion for the week and they all listened attentively and enjoyed what was to be their last Shabbat together although they knew that not.

The Rabbi had taken up the habit of praying each morning very early in the caves above the village which he had fashioned into a secret safe alternative shul a storage place for the scroll and an alternative synagogue. In the morning after his bar mitzvah Jacob was eligible to join the minion, so while all were still asleep Jacob rose early and joined Rabbi Jonathan. Jacob had been chosen to make up the minion of 10 men to say the daily prayers for thanking Hashem and entreating God to give well-being to the Jews of Uman and the world.

They had much to pray about. Yet another decree had come from the Czar: All the Jews in the region were to be taxed double and were to be compelled to join the army for up to 30 years conscription.They would no longer be allowed to leave the country or to travel freely within to major cities in the region. The Jews rightly protested. Rabbi’s decision to make the cave a shul had protected the Torah scrolls from the mob. The ten men left at four am just before the cockerels announced the new dawn and they had just finished their prayers. Thanking God and asking for God’s help and support when the thunderous horses and shouts of the Cossacks and local people arose from the village …the shout went out from the attackers Jews out, end of our woes Jews out !!!Smashing glass, screaming shouting some even singing Orthodox Christian hymns even women and children took part in the destruction.

The Pogrom leaders came armed with cutlasses guns, machetes, knives and fire. They surrounded the hovels and kicked in doors smashed windows and killed everyone they found inside regardless of age or gender. Those that tried to flee were captured and thrown into the river to drown or had their heads beaten against the trees. So many Jews were killed that the river ran red with their blood of the souls. After all was done the piles of bodies were piled in large pits and their bodies looted of their gold and treasures. The women of the village looted the homes stealing the furniture, pots pans and clothing anything of value was looted. They hid in the safety of their shul cave.

When nightfall fell only then did the total destruction of the thousands of Jewish souls end and the clear up begin with the total acquisition of their former neighbour’s property become a formal fact.

This minion of ten men above in the caves were the sole survivors of the carnage and they said Kaddish for the souls who had been massacred. They came down and wailed when they saw the total destruction of the synagogue and realised the wisdom of the Rabbi in taking the precious scroll to safety. Quickly apprising the situation Jacob wept when realised he was now an orphan and had lost everyone and everything. They would walk gingerly towards their old homes, sparks of hope alight with candles in the windows but around their tables were other people strangers …if they dared ask for their relative they were met with drunken humour, scorn, guns and knives. Leave while you can !

It was the end of yet another purge and the Rabbi instructed them and advised the group to dissipate and gave them each a blessing, travellers prayer and a portion of the welfare fund .They visited the grave of Rabbi Nachman and remembered his words that every journey was travelling towards Jerusalem. They slept in the cave and left after prayers going their separate ways. The Rabbis wise words on parting were If in order to survive you need to remove your outward signs do so, you must survive and thrive later your descendants will live in the holy land as Jews but you must do whatever it takes to enable them to live. Go in Peace. Reciting Psalm 107, and the story of Job who lost everything only to have it returned multiplied. Rabbi quoted these in parting and added his advice. Some went out on the sea in ships, they were merchants on the mighty waters. They saw the works of the Lord, his wonderful deeds in the deep…have courage those who will go by ship and be brave. Be Jewish inside always even if you cannot show it without just stay alive. Shalom."

At this time Jews were systematically expelled and evicted from the pale settlement’s region from 1881 -1914 more than two million Jews left Russia.

It was not always so the former ruler was Czar Alexander II father of Czar Alexander III. He was a reformer he emancipated the serfs from serfdom and he built major infrastructure installations in the land like railways bridges and housing. In